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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<head>
<title>The Age of Iron and Rust</title>
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<div id="page1" style="background-image:url('expansion1.jpg');width:765.0pt;height:990.0pt">
<p style="top:944.3pt;left:161.9pt">GMT Games, LLC • P.O. Box 1308, Hanford, CA 93232-1308 • www.GMTGames.com</p>
<p style="top:694.2pt;left:188.1pt;font-size:48.2pt"><b>RULES OF PLAY</b></p>
<p style="top:759.7pt;left:255.5pt"><b><i>Game Design by Wray Ferrell and Brad Johnson</i></b></p>
<p style="top:802.7pt;left:237.5pt;font-size:19.7pt"><b>T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S</b></p>
<p style="top:843.8pt;left:75.0pt;font-size:14.8pt"><a href="#page2"><b>Introduction</b></a></p>
<p style="top:865.1pt;left:56.2pt;font-size:14.8pt"><a href="#page2"><b>1. Components</b></a></p>
<p style="top:886.4pt;left:56.2pt;font-size:14.8pt"><a href="#page2"><b>2. New Influence Cards</b></a></p>
<p style="top:907.6pt;left:56.2pt;font-size:14.8pt"><a href="#page3"><b>3. Optional Emperor Rules</b></a></p>
<p style="top:843.9pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:14.8pt"><span style="color:gray"><b>4. Optional Non-Player Faction Rules</b></span></p>
<p style="top:865.1pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:14.8pt"><span style="color:gray"><b>5. Card Notes</b></span></p>
<p style="top:886.4pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:14.8pt"><span style="color:gray"><b>6. Example of Play</b></span></p>
<p style="top:907.6pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:14.8pt"><a href="#page12"><b>7. Historical Notes</b></a></p>
</div>
<div id="page2" style="background-image:url('expansion2.jpg');width:765.0pt;height:990.0pt">
<p style="top:33.8pt;left:289.7pt"><b>Time of Crisis</b><i> Expansion Rules</i></p>
<p style="top:932.7pt;left:330.2pt;font-size:10.0pt"><i>© 2018 GMT Games, LLC</i></p>
<p style="top:32.2pt;left:64.0pt">2</p>
<p style="top:71.9pt;left:60.0pt;font-size:19.5pt"><b><span style="color:#ffffff">Introduction</span></b></p>
<p style="top:98.8pt;left:56.2pt">This expansion adds several new options to <i>Time of Crisis</i>. You </p>
<p style="top:113.8pt;left:56.2pt">may choose to play with any combination of these additions:</p>
<p style="top:135.0pt;left:56.2pt"><b>• New Influence Cards:</b> This expansion adds a full set of 9 </p>
<p style="top:150.0pt;left:71.2pt">new influence cards, plus a recommended replacement for one </p>
<p style="top:165.0pt;left:71.2pt">card from the base game. This doubles the selection of cards </p>
<p style="top:180.0pt;left:71.2pt">available for purchase and greatly expands your deckbuilding </p>
<p style="top:195.0pt;left:71.2pt">choices.</p>
<p style="top:212.5pt;left:56.2pt"><b>• New Emperor Rules: </b>Using these rules allows you to specify </p>
<p style="top:227.5pt;left:71.3pt">the location of your Emperor, opening up new ways to gain </p>
<p style="top:242.5pt;left:71.3pt">Legacy, but also new risks to manage.</p>
<p style="top:260.0pt;left:56.3pt"><b>• Non-Player Faction Rules:</b> If you are playing with fewer </p>
<p style="top:275.0pt;left:71.3pt">than 4 players, these rules allow the open positions to be filled </p>
<p style="top:290.0pt;left:71.3pt">by your choice of three different “artificial intelligence (AI)” </p>
<p style="top:305.0pt;left:71.3pt">profiles, providing a mix of challenges working against the </p>
<p style="top:320.0pt;left:71.3pt">human players. You can even play solo against all 3 non-</p>
<p style="top:335.0pt;left:71.3pt">player factions.</p>
<p style="top:370.9pt;left:60.0pt;font-size:19.5pt"><b><span style="color:#ffffff">1. Components</span></b></p>
<p style="top:397.8pt;left:56.2pt">• This rules manual</p>
<p style="top:415.2pt;left:56.2pt">• 69 new influence cards (in suits of Red, Yellow, and Blue, </p>
<p style="top:430.2pt;left:71.2pt">each suit has 9 x 2-value, 8 x 3-value, and 6 x 4-value)</p>
<p style="top:447.8pt;left:56.2pt">• 6 replacement influence cards (6 Blue 4-value)</p>
<p style="top:465.2pt;left:56.2pt">• 3 AI mats</p>
<p style="top:482.8pt;left:56.2pt">• 4 AI instruction / card reference bi-folds</p>
<p style="top:500.2pt;left:56.2pt">• One counter sheet consisting of:</p>
<p style="top:517.8pt;left:70.0pt">o 8 Emperor tokens (1 square and 1 round in each of the 4 </p>
<p style="top:532.8pt;left:81.2pt">player colors [green, red, blue, yellow])</p>
<p style="top:550.2pt;left:70.0pt">o 3 AI mode markers (1 for each bot)</p>
<p style="top:567.8pt;left:70.0pt">o 1 Ludi Saeculares (AI reminder) marker</p>
<p style="top:585.2pt;left:56.2pt">• Wooden pieces including:</p>
<p style="top:602.8pt;left:70.0pt">o 9 AI black pawns (3 for each bot)</p>
<p style="top:620.2pt;left:70.0pt">o 9 AI cylinders (3 each of red, yellow and blue)</p>
<p style="top:749.6pt;left:168.9pt"><b>Emperor Tokens</b></p>
<p style="top:763.3pt;left:166.0pt"><b><i>(Senate/Populace)</i></b></p>
<p style="top:651.1pt;left:168.9pt"><b>Emperor Tokens</b></p>
<p style="top:664.9pt;left:188.5pt"><b><i>(Military)</i></b></p>
<p style="top:842.1pt;left:220.3pt"><b>AI Mode Markers</b></p>
<p style="top:842.3pt;left:64.5pt"><b>AI Reminder Marker</b></p>
<p style="top:71.9pt;left:397.5pt;font-size:19.5pt"><b><span style="color:#ffffff">2. New Influence Cards</span></b></p>
<p style="top:104.2pt;left:393.8pt;font-size:16.0pt"><b>2.1 Game Setup</b></p>
<p style="top:124.5pt;left:393.8pt">A full set of 9 new types of influence cards is provided to expand </p>
<p style="top:139.5pt;left:393.8pt">your deckbuilding options.</p>
<p style="top:160.7pt;left:393.8pt">First, replace the Damnatio Memoriae cards provided in the </p>
<p style="top:175.7pt;left:393.8pt">base game with the new version provided in the expansion. (You </p>
<p style="top:190.7pt;left:393.8pt">can return the old cards to the box.)</p>
<p style="top:214.3pt;left:399.4pt"><b><i>Design Note: </i></b><i>It was felt that the original </i><i>Damnatio Memoriae</i><i> </i></p>
<p style="top:229.3pt;left:399.4pt"><i>event needed to be adjusted in order to provide better balance </i></p>
<p style="top:244.3pt;left:399.4pt"><i>with the new expansion events.</i></p>
<p style="top:248.0pt;left:708.8pt;font-size:15.0pt"> </p>
<p style="top:270.0pt;left:393.8pt">Then, choose <i>one</i> of the following three options (Fixed Setup, </p>
<p style="top:285.0pt;left:393.8pt">Variable Setup, or Selective Setup) for using the expansion </p>
<p style="top:300.0pt;left:393.8pt">cards in your game.</p>
<p style="top:321.2pt;left:393.8pt">All other game setup remains unchanged from the base game.</p>
<p style="top:344.3pt;left:393.8pt;font-size:13.4pt"><b>2.1.1 Option 1 - Fixed Setup</b></p>
<p style="top:361.2pt;left:393.8pt">Choose this option if your group wants to have all deckbuilding </p>
<p style="top:376.2pt;left:393.8pt">options available and desires certainty regarding which cards </p>
<p style="top:391.2pt;left:393.8pt">will be available to be purchased.</p>
<p style="top:427.5pt;left:563.8pt">• Place both the original </p>
<p style="top:442.5pt;left:575.0pt">influence cards and the </p>
<p style="top:457.5pt;left:575.0pt">expansion influence cards </p>
<p style="top:472.5pt;left:575.0pt">beside the game board in </p>
<p style="top:487.5pt;left:575.0pt">18 face-up stacks sorted by </p>
<p style="top:502.5pt;left:575.0pt">name.</p>
<p style="top:520.0pt;left:563.8pt">• All cards will be available </p>
<p style="top:535.0pt;left:575.0pt">for purchase throughout the </p>
<p style="top:550.0pt;left:575.0pt">game.</p>
</div>
<div id="page3" style="background-image:url('expansion3.jpg');width:765.0pt;height:990.0pt">
<p style="top:32.2pt;left:695.9pt">3</p>
<p style="top:33.8pt;left:289.7pt"><b>Time of Crisis</b><i> Expansion Rules</i></p>
<p style="top:933.8pt;left:330.2pt;font-size:10.0pt"><i>© 2018 GMT Games, LLC</i></p>
<p style="top:66.8pt;left:56.2pt;font-size:13.4pt"><b>2.1.2 Option 2 - Variable Setup</b></p>
<p style="top:83.8pt;left:56.2pt">Choose this option if your group wants to introduce some strat-</p>
<p style="top:98.8pt;left:56.2pt">egy to manipulating the influence card market during the game, </p>
<p style="top:113.8pt;left:56.2pt">and does not mind uncertainty regarding which cards might be </p>
<p style="top:128.8pt;left:56.2pt">available for purchase during each player’s turn.</p>
<p style="top:146.3pt;left:56.2pt">• For each category (color/value) of card, create one stack by </p>
<p style="top:161.3pt;left:71.2pt">shuffling both the base game and expansion cards together. </p>
<p style="top:176.3pt;left:71.2pt">(For example, shuffle all of the Tribute and Princeps </p>
<p style="top:191.3pt;left:71.2pt">Senatus cards together to form one Blue 2 card stack.)</p>
<p style="top:208.8pt;left:56.2pt">• Place the nine shuffled stacks <i>face-down</i> beside the game </p>
<p style="top:223.8pt;left:71.2pt">board.</p>
<p style="top:241.3pt;left:56.2pt">• Turn the top card of each stack face-up to start the game. </p>
<p style="top:256.3pt;left:71.2pt">Only this card is available to be purchased from that stack.</p>
<p style="top:273.8pt;left:56.2pt">• Whenever a card is purchased from a stack, immediately turn </p>
<p style="top:288.8pt;left:71.2pt">the new top card face-up to show the next card available for </p>
<p style="top:306.8pt;left:71.2pt">purchase.</p>
<p style="top:332.9pt;left:61.9pt"><b>SPECIAL RULE:</b> During each player’s Buy/Trash Cards </p>
<p style="top:347.9pt;left:61.9pt">Phase, the active player may spend 1 political point to put </p>
<p style="top:362.9pt;left:61.9pt">the top (visible) card of one stack face-down on the bottom </p>
<p style="top:377.9pt;left:61.9pt">of that stack and then turn the new top card of that stack </p>
<p style="top:392.9pt;left:61.9pt">face-up. This may be done on any stack(s) as many times as </p>
<p style="top:407.9pt;left:61.9pt">the player can afford. </p>
<p style="top:440.4pt;left:235.8pt"><b><i>Design Note: </i></b><i>This abil-</i></p>
<p style="top:455.4pt;left:235.8pt"><i>ity to pay to “cycle” the </i></p>
<p style="top:470.4pt;left:235.8pt"><i>card stacks can allow you </i></p>
<p style="top:485.4pt;left:235.8pt"><i>to hunt for the card you </i></p>
<p style="top:500.4pt;left:235.8pt"><i>want to buy if you have </i></p>
<p style="top:515.4pt;left:235.8pt"><i>the political points to </i></p>
<p style="top:530.4pt;left:235.8pt"><i>pay for the privilege. You </i></p>
<p style="top:545.4pt;left:235.8pt"><i>could also use the ability </i></p>
<p style="top:560.4pt;left:235.8pt"><i>to try to bury a card type </i></p>
<p style="top:575.4pt;left:235.8pt"><i>you know your neighbor </i></p>
<p style="top:590.4pt;left:235.8pt"><i>wants. However, in both </i></p>
<p style="top:605.4pt;left:235.8pt"><i>cases, you are spending </i></p>
<p style="top:620.4pt;left:235.8pt"><i>political points that might </i></p>
<p style="top:635.4pt;left:235.8pt"><i>otherwise be used to buy </i></p>
<p style="top:650.4pt;left:235.8pt"><i>or trash cards.</i></p>
<p style="top:679.2pt;left:56.2pt;font-size:13.4pt"><b>2.1.3 Option 3 - Selective Setup</b></p>
<p style="top:696.1pt;left:56.2pt">Choose this option if your group wants to be certain about what </p>
<p style="top:711.1pt;left:56.2pt">cards will be available for purchase during the game, but would </p>
<p style="top:726.1pt;left:56.2pt">like to force some variation from game to game.</p>
<p style="top:743.6pt;left:56.2pt">• For each category (color/value) of card, choose <i>either</i> the </p>
<p style="top:758.6pt;left:71.3pt">base game cards or the expansion cards to use in that slot. </p>
<p style="top:773.6pt;left:71.3pt">(For example, choose either Tribute or Princeps Senatus </p>
<p style="top:788.6pt;left:71.2pt">to use as the Blue 2 stack for this game.)</p>
<p style="top:806.1pt;left:56.2pt">• You may select the stacks of your choice, or randomize the </p>
<p style="top:821.1pt;left:71.2pt">selection.</p>
<p style="top:838.6pt;left:56.2pt">• Place the 9 selected stacks face-up beside the board and return </p>
<p style="top:853.6pt;left:71.2pt">the other cards to the box.</p>
<p style="top:871.1pt;left:56.2pt">• Only cards from these selected stacks are available for </p>
<p style="top:886.1pt;left:71.2pt">purchase during this game.</p>
<p style="top:71.8pt;left:573.3pt"><b><i>Design Note: </i></b><i>A setup that </i></p>
<p style="top:86.8pt;left:573.3pt"><i>only uses certain cards </i></p>
<p style="top:101.8pt;left:573.3pt"><i>could significantly change </i></p>
<p style="top:116.8pt;left:573.3pt"><i>the relative desirability </i></p>
<p style="top:131.8pt;left:573.3pt"><i>of some of the events and </i></p>
<p style="top:146.8pt;left:573.3pt"><i>force players to explore </i></p>
<p style="top:161.8pt;left:573.3pt"><i>new strategies.</i></p>
<p style="top:316.4pt;left:397.5pt;font-size:19.5pt"><b><span style="color:#ffffff">3. Optional Emperor Rules</span></b></p>
<p style="top:343.2pt;left:393.8pt">During this period of Roman history, Emperors were frequently </p>
<p style="top:358.2pt;left:393.8pt">not just seated in Rome like kings. Many Emperors were generals </p>
<p style="top:373.2pt;left:393.8pt">who were crowned by their men and spent their reign campaign-</p>
<p style="top:388.2pt;left:393.8pt">ing in the field with their legions. Some were regional officials </p>
<p style="top:403.2pt;left:393.8pt">who may have never seen Rome, elevated by local popular </p>
<p style="top:418.2pt;left:393.8pt">support or outright mob rule.</p>
<p style="top:439.5pt;left:393.8pt">These rules may be used to help represent the different ways </p>
<p style="top:454.5pt;left:393.8pt">Roman Emperors were positioned during their reigns, introduc-</p>
<p style="top:469.5pt;left:393.8pt">ing some new variation into the game.</p>
<p style="top:490.8pt;left:393.8pt">When using these rules, each time a player takes over as Em-</p>
<p style="top:505.8pt;left:393.8pt">peror, that player places an Emperor token on the map showing </p>
<p style="top:520.8pt;left:393.8pt">where his Emperor is actually located. Different choices provide </p>
<p style="top:535.8pt;left:393.8pt">different avenues for gaining Legacy points, but may also pro-</p>
<p style="top:550.8pt;left:393.8pt">vide additional risks.</p>
<p style="top:572.0pt;left:393.8pt">These rules override or amend the basic game rules as noted.</p>
<p style="top:598.7pt;left:393.8pt;font-size:16.0pt"><b>3.1 Game Setup</b></p>
<p style="top:619.0pt;left:393.8pt">When using this optional rule, each player simply adds their </p>
<p style="top:634.0pt;left:393.8pt">two Emperor tokens (one round, one square) to their Available </p>
<p style="top:649.0pt;left:393.8pt">Leaders box. These tokens will be used to designate the location </p>
<p style="top:664.0pt;left:393.8pt">of your Emperors during their reigns.</p>
<p style="top:690.7pt;left:393.8pt;font-size:16.0pt"><b>3.2 Becoming Emperor</b></p>
<p style="top:711.0pt;left:393.8pt">In all cases, there is still only <i>one</i> way to become Emperor: </p>
<p style="top:726.0pt;left:393.8pt">During your player turn, you must perform a successful Place </p>
<p style="top:741.0pt;left:393.8pt">Governor action in Italia, per the base game rules in 6.3.2 </p>
<p style="top:756.0pt;left:393.8pt">(modified by applicable cards). You must still have an available </p>
<p style="top:771.0pt;left:393.8pt">Governor token to place in Italia.</p>
<p style="top:792.2pt;left:393.8pt">When you succeed at a Place Governor action in Italia, perform </p>
<p style="top:807.2pt;left:393.8pt">the steps as given in the base game rules, section 6.3.2 Place </p>
<p style="top:822.2pt;left:393.8pt">Governor, and then perform the following <i>additional</i> step:</p>
<p style="top:843.5pt;left:393.8pt">• Choose one of the following locations to place your Emperor </p>
<p style="top:858.5pt;left:408.8pt">token:</p>
</div>
<div id="page4" style="background-image:url('expansion4.jpg');width:765.0pt;height:990.0pt">
<p style="top:33.8pt;left:289.7pt"><b>Time of Crisis</b><i> Expansion Rules</i></p>
<p style="top:932.7pt;left:330.2pt;font-size:10.0pt"><i>© 2018 GMT Games, LLC</i></p>
<p style="top:32.2pt;left:64.0pt">4</p>
<p style="top:66.2pt;left:70.0pt">o <b>In Italia:</b> Place your round Emperor token on top of </p>
<p style="top:81.2pt;left:81.2pt">your Governor token in Italia. Your Emperor is a <i>Senate </i></p>
<p style="top:96.2pt;left:81.2pt"><i>Emperor</i>.</p>
<p style="top:113.7pt;left:70.0pt">o <b>In a non-Italia Province:</b> Place your round Emperor token </p>
<p style="top:128.7pt;left:81.2pt">on top of your Governor token in a province you govern </p>
<p style="top:143.7pt;left:81.2pt">that is not Italia. Your Emperor is a <i>Populace Emperor</i>.</p>
<p style="top:161.2pt;left:70.0pt">o <b>With an Army:</b> Place your square Emperor token on top </p>
<p style="top:176.2pt;left:81.2pt">of your General token with an army you command. Your </p>
<p style="top:191.2pt;left:81.2pt">Emperor is a <i>Military Emperor</i>.</p>
<p style="top:208.7pt;left:56.2pt">You may choose any available option for placing your Emperor </p>
<p style="top:223.7pt;left:56.2pt">token, regardless of the circumstances leading up to your suc-</p>
<p style="top:238.7pt;left:56.2pt">cessful Place Governor attempt in Italia.</p>
<p style="top:259.9pt;left:56.2pt">You may only ever have one of your Emperor tokens on the </p>
<p style="top:274.9pt;left:56.2pt">board at a time.</p>
<p style="top:298.0pt;left:61.9pt"><b><i>Note: </i></b><i>Once placed, your Emperor token remains as placed </i></p>
<p style="top:313.0pt;left:61.9pt"><i>until it is removed as Emperor. You may choose a different </i></p>
<p style="top:328.0pt;left:61.9pt"><i>placement for your token the next time you become Emperor.</i></p>
<p style="top:353.0pt;left:61.9pt"><b><i>Note: </i></b><i>A Military Emperor does of course move with the army </i></p>
<p style="top:368.0pt;left:61.9pt"><i>with which it is placed.</i></p>
<p style="top:392.9pt;left:56.2pt;font-size:13.4pt"><b>3.2.1 Limitations</b></p>
<p style="top:409.9pt;left:56.2pt">You may not attempt a Place Governor action in Italia if you </p>
<p style="top:424.9pt;left:56.2pt">have already been Emperor at any point during your current </p>
<p style="top:439.9pt;left:56.2pt">turn (i.e., if you were a Military Emperor who was killed in </p>
<p style="top:454.9pt;left:56.2pt">battle this turn).</p>
<p style="top:481.6pt;left:56.2pt;font-size:16.0pt"><b>3.3 Types of Emperor</b></p>
<p style="top:501.9pt;left:56.2pt">Each of the three types of Emperor has its own benefits and </p>
<p style="top:516.9pt;left:56.2pt">risks, as described below:</p>
<p style="top:539.9pt;left:56.2pt;font-size:13.4pt"><b>3.3.1 Senate Emperor</b></p>
<p style="top:556.9pt;left:56.2pt">When an Emperor token is placed with a Governor in Italia, it </p>
<p style="top:571.9pt;left:56.2pt">is a Senate Emperor.</p>
<p style="top:593.2pt;left:56.2pt">While you control a Senate Emperor, you apply the following </p>
<p style="top:608.2pt;left:56.2pt">rules:</p>
<p style="top:629.4pt;left:56.2pt"><b>Gain Legacy:</b> During the Gain Legacy phase of your turn, you </p>
<p style="top:644.4pt;left:56.2pt">gain Legacy equal to the support level of Italia minus the number </p>
<p style="top:659.4pt;left:56.2pt">of Pretender provinces, treating a negative number as zero. (See </p>
<p style="top:674.4pt;left:56.2pt">second bullet in the base game rules, section 6.6 Gain Legacy, </p>
<p style="top:689.4pt;left:56.2pt">“If you are the Emperor.”)</p>
<p style="top:710.7pt;left:56.2pt"><b>Special Advantages:</b> You have control over the Senate of Rome. </p>
<p style="top:725.7pt;left:56.2pt">No player may target you with the Damnatio Memoriae event </p>
<p style="top:740.7pt;left:56.3pt">when you are replaced as Emperor.</p>
<p style="top:761.9pt;left:56.3pt"><b>Special Disadvantages:</b> None.</p>
<p style="top:783.2pt;left:56.3pt"><b>Removal: </b>You are removed as Emperor only when another </p>
<p style="top:798.2pt;left:56.3pt">player performs a successful Place Governor action in Italia. </p>
<p style="top:813.2pt;left:56.3pt">(See 3.4 Being Removed below.)</p>
<p style="top:836.7pt;left:61.9pt"><b><i>Note: </i></b><i>This is the “default” type of Emperor carried over from </i></p>
<p style="top:851.7pt;left:61.9pt"><i>the base game, and is generally the safest, most easily-defended </i></p>
<p style="top:866.7pt;left:61.9pt"><i>position. However, it offers no additional means for improving </i></p>
<p style="top:881.7pt;left:61.9pt"><i>your Legacy gains.</i></p>
<p style="top:66.8pt;left:393.8pt;font-size:13.4pt"><b>3.3.2 Populace Emperor</b></p>
<p style="top:83.8pt;left:393.8pt">When an Emperor token is placed with a Governor in a province </p>
<p style="top:98.8pt;left:393.8pt">other than Italia, it is a Populace Emperor.</p>
<p style="top:120.1pt;left:393.8pt">While you control a Populace Emperor, you apply the follow-</p>
<p style="top:135.1pt;left:393.8pt">ing rules:</p>
<p style="top:156.3pt;left:393.8pt"><b>Gain Legacy: </b>During the Gain Legacy phase of your turn, you </p>
<p style="top:171.3pt;left:393.7pt">gain Legacy equal to <i>twice</i> the support level of the province </p>
<p style="top:186.3pt;left:393.7pt">containing your Emperor token minus the number of Pretender </p>
<p style="top:201.3pt;left:393.7pt">provinces, treating a negative number as zero. (This <i>replaces</i> the </p>
<p style="top:216.3pt;left:393.7pt">second bullet in the base game rules, section 6.6 Gain Legacy, </p>
<p style="top:231.3pt;left:393.7pt">“If you are the Emperor.”)</p>
<p style="top:252.6pt;left:393.7pt"><b>Special Advantages: </b>As a leader of the people, no player may </p>
<p style="top:267.6pt;left:393.7pt">target a province you govern with a Mob event. Additionally, </p>
<p style="top:282.6pt;left:393.7pt">at the time you become Emperor, you may immediately remove </p>
<p style="top:297.6pt;left:393.7pt">all Mob tokens from provinces you govern.</p>
<p style="top:318.8pt;left:393.7pt"><b>Special Disadvantages: </b>By turning your back on Rome, you </p>
<p style="top:333.8pt;left:393.7pt">are especially vulnerable to intrigues in the Senate. Opponents’ </p>
<p style="top:348.8pt;left:393.7pt">Place Governor attempts against you in Italia add 2 to the number </p>
<p style="top:363.8pt;left:393.7pt">of votes that are gained from rolling the dice.</p>
<p style="top:385.1pt;left:393.7pt"><b>Removal: </b>You are removed as Emperor when another player </p>
<p style="top:400.1pt;left:393.7pt">performs a successful Place Governor action in Italia OR in the </p>
<p style="top:415.1pt;left:393.7pt">province where your Emperor token is located. (See 3.4 Being </p>
<p style="top:430.1pt;left:393.7pt">Removed below.)</p>
<p style="top:453.6pt;left:399.4pt"><b><i>Design Note: </i></b><i>A Populace Emperor can provide significant </i></p>
<p style="top:468.6pt;left:399.4pt"><i>benefits, especially for an Emperor who only governs a couple </i></p>
<p style="top:483.6pt;left:399.4pt"><i>provinces, but has a lot of support in at least one of them. Also, </i></p>
<p style="top:498.6pt;left:399.4pt"><i>since support in the “home” province you select generally isn’t </i></p>
<p style="top:513.6pt;left:399.4pt"><i>affected by Rival Emperors and can be improved through the </i></p>
<p style="top:528.6pt;left:399.4pt"><i>Increase Support Level action normally, it’s easier to maintain </i></p>
<p style="top:543.6pt;left:399.4pt"><i>your Legacy gains. However, you now need to defend two </i></p>
<p style="top:558.6pt;left:399.4pt"><i>provinces (your “home” province and Italia) to avoid removal.</i> </p>
<p style="top:587.3pt;left:393.8pt;font-size:13.4pt"><b>3.3.3 Military Emperor</b></p>
<p style="top:604.3pt;left:393.8pt">When an Emperor token is placed with a General, it is a Military </p>
<p style="top:619.3pt;left:393.8pt">Emperor.</p>
<p style="top:640.6pt;left:393.8pt">While you control a Military Emperor, you apply the follow-</p>
<p style="top:655.6pt;left:393.8pt">ing rules:</p>
<p style="top:676.8pt;left:393.8pt"><b>Gain Legacy:</b> You double all Legacy gained for <i>each</i> battle won </p>
<p style="top:691.8pt;left:393.8pt">by the army with which your Emperor is placed.</p>
<p style="top:715.4pt;left:399.4pt"><b><i>Note:</i></b><i> Any bonus received for playing a </i><i>Triumph</i><i> event is not </i></p>
<p style="top:730.4pt;left:399.4pt"><i>doubled. It is received as a separate bonus after normal battle </i></p>
<p style="top:745.4pt;left:399.4pt"><i>rewards are calculated. For example, a Military Emperor </i></p>
<p style="top:760.4pt;left:399.4pt"><i>defeats a barbarian army containing three units, eliminating </i></p>
<p style="top:775.4pt;left:399.4pt"><i>all three barbarians, and then plays a </i><i>Triumph</i><i> event. The </i></p>
<p style="top:790.4pt;left:399.4pt"><i>total Legacy gained is 13 - 5 Legacy (2 for winning the battle </i></p>
<p style="top:805.4pt;left:399.4pt"><i>+ 3 for eliminating three barbarian units), doubled to 10 (for </i></p>
<p style="top:820.4pt;left:399.4pt"><i>being Military Emperor), and then +3 (for the Triumph</i><i> event), </i></p>
<p style="top:835.4pt;left:399.4pt"><i>for a total of 13 Legacy.</i></p>
<p style="top:858.6pt;left:393.8pt">During the Gain Legacy phase of your turn, you must <i>subtract</i> </p>
<p style="top:873.6pt;left:393.8pt">Legacy equal to the number of Pretender provinces. The amount </p>
<p style="top:888.6pt;left:393.8pt">subtracted cannot be greater than the total amount of Legacy </p>
<p style="top:903.6pt;left:393.8pt">you gained through winning battles during your just-completed </p>
</div>
<div id="page5" style="background-image:url('expansion5.jpg');width:765.0pt;height:990.0pt">
<p style="top:32.2pt;left:695.9pt">5</p>
<p style="top:33.8pt;left:289.7pt"><b>Time of Crisis</b><i> Expansion Rules</i></p>
<p style="top:933.8pt;left:330.2pt;font-size:10.0pt"><i>© 2018 GMT Games, LLC</i></p>
<p style="top:66.2pt;left:56.2pt">turn. (This <i>replaces</i> the second bullet in the base game rules, </p>
<p style="top:81.2pt;left:56.2pt">section 6.6 Gain Legacy, “If you are the Emperor.”)</p>
<p style="top:102.4pt;left:56.2pt"><b><i>Example: </i></b><i>You are a Military Emperor and win one battle that </i></p>
<p style="top:117.4pt;left:56.2pt"><i>scores you 6 Legacy points during your turn. During your Gain </i></p>
<p style="top:132.4pt;left:56.2pt"><i>Legacy phase, there is a Pretender with 3 provinces on the board, </i></p>
<p style="top:147.4pt;left:56.2pt"><i>so you must lose 3 Legacy at that time. If you had won no battles </i></p>
<p style="top:162.4pt;left:56.2pt"><i>during your turn (gaining 0 Legacy), you would not be required </i></p>
<p style="top:177.4pt;left:56.2pt"><i>to lose that 3 Legacy due to the Pretender at the end of your turn.</i></p>
<p style="top:201.4pt;left:56.2pt"><b>Special Advantages:</b> You are beloved by the army (for now, at </p>
<p style="top:216.4pt;left:56.2pt">least). No player may use a Praetorian Guard event against </p>
<p style="top:231.4pt;left:56.3pt">you.</p>
<p style="top:252.7pt;left:56.3pt"><b>Special Disadvantages:</b> Since you are leading your legions in </p>
<p style="top:267.7pt;left:56.3pt">the field, your Emperor token can be lost in battle.</p>
<p style="top:288.9pt;left:56.3pt">Whenever the army containing your Emperor token is involved </p>
<p style="top:303.9pt;left:56.3pt">in a battle (whether attacking or defending), perform the steps </p>
<p style="top:318.9pt;left:56.3pt">as given in the base game rules, section 8.1, and then perform </p>
<p style="top:333.9pt;left:56.3pt">the following <i>additional</i> steps:</p>
<p style="top:355.2pt;left:56.3pt">• For each hit dealt to the Emperor’s army, regardless of the </p>
<p style="top:370.2pt;left:71.3pt">battle result, your opponent rolls 1d6. If at least one die shows </p>
<p style="top:385.2pt;left:71.3pt">a 5 or 6, your Emperor has died in battle. (See 3.4 Being </p>
<p style="top:400.2pt;left:71.3pt">Removed below.)</p>
<p style="top:417.7pt;left:56.3pt">• If all units are eliminated from the Emperor’s army, regardless </p>
<p style="top:432.7pt;left:71.3pt">of the battle result, your Emperor has died in battle. (See 3.4 </p>
<p style="top:447.7pt;left:71.3pt">Being Removed below.)</p>
<p style="top:471.2pt;left:61.9pt"><b><i>Note: </i></b><i>If your Emperor dies in a battle that you won, you still </i></p>
<p style="top:486.2pt;left:61.9pt"><i>gain the bonus Legacy points. However, the </i><i>Triumph</i><i> event </i></p>
<p style="top:501.2pt;left:61.9pt"><i>may </i>not<i> be used for a battle in which the Emperor died (since </i></p>
<p style="top:516.2pt;left:61.9pt"><i>he’s obviously not there to preside over a lavish parade in </i></p>
<p style="top:531.2pt;left:61.9pt"><i>Rome).</i></p>
<p style="top:534.9pt;left:371.2pt;font-size:15.0pt"> </p>
<p style="top:560.5pt;left:61.9pt"><b><i>Design Note: </i></b><i>The chance of losing your Emperor is meant to </i></p>
<p style="top:575.5pt;left:61.9pt"><i>reflect not only normal death in battle, but also the fact that </i></p>
<p style="top:590.5pt;left:61.9pt"><i>more than a few so-called Barracks Emperors during this </i></p>
<p style="top:605.5pt;left:61.9pt"><i>time were executed by their own men.</i></p>
<p style="top:632.4pt;left:56.2pt"><b>Removal:</b> You are removed as Emperor when another player </p>
<p style="top:647.4pt;left:56.2pt">performs a successful Place Governor action in Italia <i>or</i> if your </p>
<p style="top:662.4pt;left:56.2pt">Emperor token is lost in any battle as described above. (See 3.4 </p>
<p style="top:677.4pt;left:56.2pt">Being Removed below.)</p>
<p style="top:701.0pt;left:61.9pt"><b><i>Note: </i></b><i>A Military Emperor fighting in the field can possibly </i></p>
<p style="top:716.0pt;left:61.9pt"><i>gain large amounts of Legacy by fighting the right battles, </i></p>
<p style="top:731.0pt;left:61.9pt"><i>especially in conjunction with cards like </i><i>Force March</i><i> and </i></p>
<p style="top:746.0pt;left:61.9pt"><i>Triumph</i><i>. However, these opportunities might not always be </i></p>
<p style="top:761.0pt;left:61.9pt"><i>present and of course the risks of death on the field of battle </i></p>
<p style="top:776.0pt;left:61.9pt"><i>can be quite significant. A Military Emperor will definitely </i></p>
<p style="top:791.0pt;left:61.9pt"><i>want to remain mobile and well-supplied with fresh legions.</i></p>
<p style="top:817.1pt;left:56.2pt;font-size:16.0pt"><b>3.4 Being Removed</b></p>
<p style="top:837.4pt;left:56.2pt">Whenever your Emperor token is removed from play, for any </p>
<p style="top:852.4pt;left:56.2pt">reason, you are immediately removed as Emperor.</p>
<p style="top:873.7pt;left:56.2pt">But also, whenever your Governor is removed from Italia, for </p>
<p style="top:888.7pt;left:56.2pt">any reason, you are also immediately removed as Emperor, no </p>
<p style="top:903.7pt;left:56.2pt">matter where your Emperor token is located.</p>
<p style="top:66.8pt;left:393.8pt;font-size:13.4pt"><b>3.4.1 Senate Emperor</b></p>
<p style="top:83.8pt;left:393.8pt">If your Senate Emperor token is removed from Italia via an </p>
<p style="top:98.8pt;left:393.8pt">opponent’s successful Place Governor action:</p>
<p style="top:120.1pt;left:393.8pt">• Return your Emperor token and the associated Governor </p>
<p style="top:135.1pt;left:408.8pt">token to your Available Leaders box.</p>
<p style="top:152.6pt;left:393.8pt">• The opponent places his Governor in Italia and thereby </p>
<p style="top:167.6pt;left:408.8pt">becomes Emperor, as normal.</p>
<p style="top:190.6pt;left:393.8pt;font-size:13.4pt"><b>3.4.2 Populace Emperor</b></p>
<p style="top:207.6pt;left:393.8pt">If your Populace Emperor token is removed via an opponent’s </p>
<p style="top:222.6pt;left:393.8pt">successful Place Governor action:</p>
<p style="top:243.8pt;left:393.8pt">• Return your Emperor token and the associated Governor </p>
<p style="top:258.8pt;left:408.8pt">token to your Available Leaders box.</p>
<p style="top:276.3pt;left:393.8pt">• The opponent places his Governor in that province, as normal.</p>
<p style="top:293.8pt;left:393.8pt">• <i>Also</i> remove your Governor from Italia and replace it with a </p>
<p style="top:308.8pt;left:408.8pt">Neutral Governor, following normal rules for setting Italia’s </p>
<p style="top:323.8pt;left:408.8pt">new support level.</p>
<p style="top:345.1pt;left:393.8pt">If your Governor is removed from Italia via an opponent’s suc-</p>
<p style="top:360.1pt;left:393.8pt">cessful Place Governor action:</p>
<p style="top:381.3pt;left:393.8pt">• Return your Governor token to your Available Leaders box.</p>
<p style="top:398.8pt;left:393.8pt">• The opponent places his Governor in Italia and thereby </p>
<p style="top:413.8pt;left:408.8pt">becomes Emperor, as normal. </p>
<p style="top:431.3pt;left:393.8pt">• Also remove your Emperor token from the province where it </p>
<p style="top:446.3pt;left:408.8pt">is located (but not the associated Governor) to your Available </p>
<p style="top:461.3pt;left:408.8pt">Leaders box.</p>
<p style="top:484.3pt;left:393.8pt;font-size:13.4pt"><b>3.4.3 Military Emperor</b></p>
<p style="top:501.3pt;left:393.8pt">If your Military Emperor token is removed from an army due </p>
<p style="top:516.3pt;left:393.8pt">to death in battle:</p>
<p style="top:537.6pt;left:393.8pt">• Return your Emperor token to your Available Leaders box. </p>
<p style="top:552.6pt;left:408.8pt">(Return the associated General token <i>only</i> if all units in the </p>
<p style="top:567.6pt;left:408.8pt">army were eliminated, as normal.)</p>
<p style="top:585.1pt;left:393.8pt">• <i>Also</i> remove your Governor from Italia and replace it with a </p>
<p style="top:600.1pt;left:408.8pt">Neutral Governor, following normal rules for setting Italia’s </p>
<p style="top:615.1pt;left:408.8pt">new support level.</p>
<p style="top:636.3pt;left:393.8pt">If your Governor is removed from Italia via an opponent’s suc-</p>
<p style="top:651.3pt;left:393.8pt">cessful Place Governor action:</p>
<p style="top:672.6pt;left:393.8pt">• Return your Governor token to your Available Leaders box.</p>
<p style="top:690.1pt;left:393.8pt">• The opponent places his Governor in Italia and thereby </p>
<p style="top:705.1pt;left:408.8pt">becomes Emperor, as normal. </p>
<p style="top:722.6pt;left:393.8pt">• <i>Also</i> remove your Emperor token from the army where it is </p>
<p style="top:737.6pt;left:408.8pt">located (but not the associated General) to your Available </p>
<p style="top:752.6pt;left:408.8pt">Leaders box.</p>
<p style="top:776.1pt;left:399.4pt"><b><i>Design Note: </i></b><i>When Populace or Military Emperors away from </i></p>
<p style="top:791.1pt;left:399.4pt"><i>Rome are removed, it probably makes it </i>very<i> easy for the active </i></p>
<p style="top:806.1pt;left:399.4pt"><i>player to immediately take over as the next Emperor, if he has </i></p>
<p style="top:821.1pt;left:399.4pt"><i>planned properly. However, the player does still need to spend </i></p>
<p style="top:836.1pt;left:399.4pt"><i>at least one Blue influence </i>and<i> have an available Governor </i></p>
<p style="top:851.1pt;left:399.4pt"><i>token to perform a successful Place Governor action in Italia </i></p>
<p style="top:866.1pt;left:399.4pt"><i>to take advantage of this opportunity.</i></p>
</div>
<div id="page12" style="background-image:url('expansion12.jpg');width:765.0pt;height:990.0pt">
<p style="top:33.8pt;left:289.7pt"><b>Time of Crisis</b><i> Expansion Rules</i></p>
<p style="top:932.7pt;left:330.2pt;font-size:10.0pt"><i>© 2018 GMT Games, LLC</i></p>
<p style="top:32.2pt;left:64.0pt">12</p>
<p style="top:877.8pt;left:479.3pt"><b>GMT Games, LLC</b><b> </b></p>
<p style="top:894.0pt;left:479.3pt">P.O. Box 1308, Hanford, CA 93232-1308 </p>
<p style="top:910.3pt;left:479.3pt">www.GMTGames.com</p>
<p style="top:324.6pt;left:60.0pt;font-size:19.5pt"><b><span style="color:#ffffff">7. Historical Notes</span></b></p>
<p style="top:356.9pt;left:56.2pt;font-size:16.0pt"><b>7.1 Senate Influence Cards</b></p>
<p style="top:377.2pt;left:56.2pt">• <b>Princeps Senatus:</b> The first member by precedence of the </p>
<p style="top:392.2pt;left:71.2pt">Roman senate. He had the honor of speaking first on any </p>
<p style="top:407.2pt;left:71.2pt">topics before the senate and the position brought enormous </p>
<p style="top:422.2pt;left:71.2pt">prestige and influence to the senator holding it. During the </p>
<p style="top:437.2pt;left:71.2pt">Principiate, the Emperor was the Princeps Senatus, but it is </p>
<p style="top:452.2pt;left:71.2pt">claimed that others held the position during the Crisis of the </p>
<p style="top:467.2pt;left:71.2pt">Third Century. For example, it is stated that future Emperor </p>
<p style="top:482.2pt;left:71.2pt">Valerian was Princeps Senatus during the reigns of Emperors </p>
<p style="top:497.2pt;left:71.2pt">Maximinus Thrax, Gordian I, and Decius.</p>
<p style="top:513.4pt;left:56.2pt"> </p>
<p style="top:513.4pt;left:71.2pt"><b>Art: </b>Statue of Cicero, arguably one of Rome’s greatest orators </p>
<p style="top:528.4pt;left:71.2pt">and historical Princeps Senatus, from the state courthouse in </p>
<p style="top:543.4pt;left:71.2pt">Rome, Italy.</p>
<p style="top:561.1pt;left:56.2pt">• <b>Frumentarii: </b> Military logistics officers who originally </p>
<p style="top:576.1pt;left:71.2pt">gathered, escorted, and distributed wheat throughout the </p>
<p style="top:591.1pt;left:71.2pt">empire. Being in close contact with the local population led </p>
<p style="top:606.1pt;left:71.2pt">naturally to the accumulation of significant information, which </p>
<p style="top:621.1pt;left:71.2pt">eventually put the frumentarii in the position to serve as a sort </p>
<p style="top:636.1pt;left:71.2pt">of secret police force for the Emperor. In game terms, having a </p>
<p style="top:651.1pt;left:71.2pt">personal spy network allows you to receive information about </p>
<p style="top:666.1pt;left:71.2pt">events occurring throughout the empire in time to plan for them.</p>
<p style="top:682.2pt;left:56.2pt"> </p>
<p style="top:682.2pt;left:71.2pt"><b>Art: </b>A scene from Trajan’s column showing the Roman army </p>
<p style="top:697.2pt;left:71.3pt">collecting grain. As they were spies, the only records about </p>
<p style="top:712.2pt;left:71.3pt">frumentarii exist on graves, acknowledging their service, and </p>
<p style="top:727.2pt;left:71.3pt">an inscription from the Legio VII Gemina. </p>
<p style="top:744.7pt;left:56.3pt">• <b>Triumph: </b>A public celebration, granted by the senate, to </p>
<p style="top:759.7pt;left:71.2pt">acknowledge and sanctify a military commander who had </p>
<p style="top:774.7pt;left:71.2pt">led Roman forces to victory in the service of the state. </p>
<p style="top:789.7pt;left:71.2pt">Triumphs were highly ritualized events that remained largely </p>
<p style="top:804.7pt;left:71.2pt">unchanged throughout the centuries. During the Principiate, </p>
<p style="top:819.7pt;left:71.2pt">triumphs were more politicized, much less common, and </p>
<p style="top:834.7pt;left:71.2pt">primarily restricted as a privilege of the Emperor.</p>
<p style="top:850.9pt;left:56.2pt"> </p>
<p style="top:850.9pt;left:71.2pt"><b>Art:</b> Detail from a painting by Carle Vernet (1758-1836) </p>
<p style="top:865.9pt;left:71.2pt">of the triumph held to celebrate Aemilius Paulus’s victory </p>
<p style="top:880.9pt;left:71.2pt">over King Perseus of Macedon. While occurring several </p>
<p style="top:895.9pt;left:71.2pt">centuries before the Crisis of the Third Century, it depicts a </p>
<p style="top:910.9pt;left:71.2pt">vir triumphalis in his chariot.</p>
<p style="top:66.6pt;left:393.8pt;font-size:16.0pt"><b>7.2 Military Influence Cards</b></p>
<p style="top:86.9pt;left:393.8pt">• <b>Cavalry: </b> Soldiers who fought mounted on horseback, </p>
<p style="top:101.9pt;left:408.8pt">giving them the advantage of height, speed, and mass over </p>
<p style="top:116.9pt;left:408.8pt">infantry. Cavalry units figure more prominently in army </p>
<p style="top:131.9pt;left:408.8pt">accounts of this period, but there does not seem to have been </p>
<p style="top:146.9pt;left:408.8pt">a significantly higher proportion of horsemen than in earlier </p>
<p style="top:161.9pt;left:408.8pt">times.</p>
<p style="top:179.4pt;left:393.8pt"> </p>
<p style="top:179.4pt;left:408.8pt"><b>Art:</b> Detail from a mosaic in the Villa Romana del Casale in </p>
<p style="top:194.4pt;left:408.8pt">Sicily dating from the early 4th century.</p>
<p style="top:211.9pt;left:393.8pt">• <b>Force March: </b>A movement on foot by soldiers who must, </p>
<p style="top:226.9pt;left:408.8pt">in order to satisfy a military requirement, travel at a speed </p>
<p style="top:241.9pt;left:408.8pt">that would normally tire them excessively.</p>
<p style="top:259.4pt;left:393.8pt"> </p>
<p style="top:259.4pt;left:408.8pt"><b>Art:</b> A scene from the column of Marcus Aurelius showing </p>
<p style="top:274.4pt;left:408.8pt">Roman legionaries marching.</p>
<p style="top:291.9pt;left:393.8pt">• <b>Spiculum:</b> A spear used by the Roman infantry. A standard </p>
<p style="top:306.9pt;left:408.8pt">tactic was to throw spears just before charging, to soften the </p>
<p style="top:321.9pt;left:408.8pt">enemy’s lines before engaging hand-to-hand. The spiculum </p>
<p style="top:336.9pt;left:408.8pt">replaced the pilum as the main throwing javelin around 250 </p>
<p style="top:351.9pt;left:408.8pt">AD.</p>
<p style="top:369.4pt;left:393.8pt"> </p>
<p style="top:369.4pt;left:408.8pt"><b>Art: </b>Original drawing created for the game by Kurt Miller.</p>
<p style="top:392.3pt;left:393.8pt;font-size:16.0pt"><b>7.3 Populace Influence Cards</b></p>
<p style="top:412.6pt;left:393.8pt">• <b>Ambitus:</b> In Roman law, ambitus was a crime of political </p>
<p style="top:427.6pt;left:408.8pt">corruption – mainly a candidate’s attempt to influence the </p>
<p style="top:442.6pt;left:408.8pt">outcome of an election through bribery.</p>
<p style="top:460.1pt;left:393.8pt"> </p>
<p style="top:460.1pt;left:408.8pt"><b>Art:</b> A Roman coin from 63 BC showing a voter submitting </p>
<p style="top:475.1pt;left:408.8pt">a ballot.</p>
<p style="top:492.6pt;left:393.8pt">• <b>Mobile Vulgus:</b> A Latin phrase that means “the fickle </p>
<p style="top:507.6pt;left:408.8pt">crowd”, from which the English term “mob” was derived. In </p>
<p style="top:522.6pt;left:408.8pt">game terms, the support of the people can sometimes falter </p>
<p style="top:537.6pt;left:408.8pt">as easily as it can be encouraged.</p>
<p style="top:555.1pt;left:393.8pt"> </p>
<p style="top:555.1pt;left:408.8pt"><b>Art:</b> Painting by Nicolas Poussin (1594-1665) showing the </p>
<p style="top:570.1pt;left:408.8pt">conquest of Jerusalem by Emperor Titus. </p>
<p style="top:587.6pt;left:393.8pt">• <b>Demagogue: </b>A popular leader or rabble-rouser who gains </p>
<p style="top:602.6pt;left:408.8pt">power by exploiting prejudice among the common people </p>
<p style="top:617.6pt;left:408.8pt">and whipping up the passions of the crowd. If the local </p>
<p style="top:632.6pt;left:408.8pt">government can’t keep the populace in check (by diverting </p>
<p style="top:647.6pt;left:408.8pt">the necessary resources to public demands), the mob may </p>
<p style="top:662.6pt;left:408.8pt">get unruly.</p>
<p style="top:680.1pt;left:393.8pt"> </p>
<p style="top:680.1pt;left:408.8pt"><b>Art:</b> Plate 127 in Figures from the History of the Roman </p>
<p style="top:695.1pt;left:408.8pt">Republic by Silvestre David Mirys (1742-1810) showing </p>
<p style="top:710.1pt;left:408.8pt">Gaius Gracchus, tribune of the people, addressing a crowd. </p>
<p style="top:725.1pt;left:408.8pt">While not of the period, it depicts a Roman official addressing </p>
<p style="top:740.1pt;left:408.8pt">a large public gathering.</p>
<p style="top:763.1pt;left:393.8pt;font-size:16.0pt"><b>7.4 Title</b></p>
<p style="top:783.4pt;left:393.8pt">The expansion title is a quote from Cassius Dio, a Roman sena-</p>
<p style="top:798.4pt;left:393.8pt">tor from the late 2nd century, who commented “our history now </p>
<p style="top:813.4pt;left:393.8pt">descends from a kingdom of gold to one of iron and rust”.</p>
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