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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>1989-PLAYBOOK-HiRes_v2</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/fonts/fonts.css">
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<body>
<div id="page1" style="background-image:url('playbook1.jpg');width:765.0pt;height:990.0pt">
<p style="top:944.2pt;left:316.4pt"><i>© 2020 GMT Games, LLC</i></p>
<p style="top:613.9pt;left:158.7pt;font-size:60.0pt">P L AY B O O K</p>
<p style="top:698.4pt;left:299.1pt;font-size:15.0pt"><b>TABLE OF CONTENTS </b></p>
<p style="top:727.8pt;left:88.2pt">Card Notes</p>
<div style="color:gray">
<p style="top:749.2pt;left:88.2pt">Sample Turn
<p style="top:771.2pt;left:88.2pt">The Many Explanations for the Collapse of Communism</p>
<p style="top:792.1pt;left:88.2pt">Confrontation and Cooperation from the West
<p style="top:813.6pt;left:88.2pt">The End of the Socialist Empire
<p style="top:727.8pt;left:404.8pt">The Space of Revolution
<p style="top:749.2pt;left:404.8pt">The Wave of History
<p style="top:770.7pt;left:404.8pt">Dissent in the Police State
<p style="top:792.1pt;left:404.8pt">Clausewitz' Trinity in 1989
<p style="top:813.6pt;left:404.8pt">Credits.
</div>
</div>
<div id="page2" style="background-image:url('playbook2.jpg');width:765.0pt;height:990.0pt">
<p style="top:29.7pt;left:292.5pt"><b><i>1989 </i></b><b><i>Dawn of Freedom</i></b><b><i> </i></b><i>— PLAYBOOK</i></p>
<p style="top:944.2pt;left:316.4pt"><i>© 2020 GMT Games, LLC</i></p>
<p style="top:30.9pt;left:46.6pt"><b><i>2</i></b></p>
<p style="top:100.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt"><b>1. LEGACY OF MARTIAL LAW: </b>For the Communists the im-</p>
<p style="top:114.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">position of martial law in Poland in December 1981 was a great </p>
<p style="top:128.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">success. The raids that rounded up the leadership of Solidarity were </p>
<p style="top:141.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">meticulously planned and flawlessly executed. Solidarity was totally </p>
<p style="top:155.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">unprepared for the mass arrests, and lost almost all of its money and </p>
<p style="top:169.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">its printing and broadcast equipment. Nonetheless, martial law rep-</p>
<p style="top:183.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">resented an unprecedented humiliation for the Communists. Never </p>
<p style="top:196.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">before had the civilian party become so weak that it had to surrender </p>
<p style="top:210.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">power to the army.</p>
<p style="top:233.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt"><b>2. SOLIDARITY LEGALIZED: </b></p>
<p style="top:247.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">Polish General Wojciech Jaruzelski </p>
<p style="top:260.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">was the strongest of the Communist </p>
<p style="top:274.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">leaders in Eastern Europe in 1989. </p>
<p style="top:288.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">He was the only leader who had </p>
<p style="top:302.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">the confidence of Mikhail Gor-</p>
<p style="top:315.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">bachev, and it was this personal </p>
<p style="top:329.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">relationship with Gorbachev that </p>
<p style="top:343.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">permitted Jaruzelski to proceed with </p>
<p style="top:357.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">his experiment to legalize the Soli-</p>
<p style="top:370.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">darity trade union, which had been </p>
<p style="top:384.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">suppressed under martial law. In </p>
<p style="top:398.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">January 1989, Jaruzelski proposed </p>
<p style="top:412.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">that the government enter talks </p>
<p style="top:425.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">with Solidarity to set conditions </p>
<p style="top:439.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">under which the martial-law-era ban could be lifted. The majority of </p>
<p style="top:453.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">Central Committee delegates were opposed, but Jaruzelski stood be-</p>
<p style="top:467.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">fore the meeting and presented an ultimatum: either Solidarity would </p>
<p style="top:480.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">be recognized or he would resign. Faced with losing the core of its </p>
<p style="top:494.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">leadership, the hard-line Central Committee members backed down. A </p>
<p style="top:508.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">few days later Solidarity agreed to enter negotiations with the regime, </p>
<p style="top:522.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">calling the invitation a “basic step toward social dialogue.” Solidarity’s </p>
<p style="top:535.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">leadership had little choice. Solidarity needed the talks to sustain the </p>
<p style="top:549.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">perception that it was the principal opposition to the regime, particu-</p>
<p style="top:563.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">larly after the strikes of April and August 1988, which were driven by </p>
<p style="top:577.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">younger workers who did not owe their allegiance to the old heroes </p>
<p style="top:591.0pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">of the 1980-81 movement. The talks ultimately resulted in Solidarity </p>
<p style="top:604.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">again being recognized as an independent trade union, and elections </p>
<p style="top:618.5pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">that would sweep Solidarity into power. For Jaruzelski, his dream of </p>
<p style="top:632.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">becoming the Polish Gorbachev was shattered. His willingness to risk </p>
<p style="top:646.0pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">his position to bring the party to the negotiating table with Solidarity </p>
<p style="top:659.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">would be quickly forgotten. In the minds of the Polish people he would </p>
<p style="top:673.5pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">forever remain the face of martial law.</p>
<p style="top:696.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt"><b>3. WALESA:</b> Lech Walesa was the most important opposition leader </p>
<p style="top:710.0pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">of 1989. An electrician by trade, he led the 1980 strikes at the Lenin </p>
<p style="top:723.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">Shipyard in Gdansk that began the Solidarity movement. Walesa had </p>
<p style="top:737.5pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">an unabashed personality, and that complete lack of self-conscious-</p>
<p style="top:751.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">ness gave him the ability to connect to the crowds. Though meagerly </p>
<p style="top:765.0pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">educated, he was an excellent debater. As a working man Walesa had </p>
<p style="top:778.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">contempt for the intellectual class, but he did work with them, and </p>
<p style="top:792.5pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">the partnership he was able to forge between the intellectuals and </p>
<p style="top:806.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">the workers was critical to ending communism in Poland. After 1989 </p>
<p style="top:820.0pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">Walesa became one of the loudest voices in favor of tough lustration </p>
<p style="top:833.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">laws and prosecutions of former Communists for crimes committed </p>
<p style="top:847.5pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">during the martial law period. This put Walesa in direct opposition to </p>
<p style="top:861.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">his friend and choice for prime minister Tadeusz Mazowiecki, who </p>
<p style="top:875.0pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">wanted “a thick line” between the democratic and Communist eras. </p>
<p style="top:888.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">Walesa defeated Mazowiecki in the Polish presidential election of 1990. </p>
<p style="top:902.5pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">Since that time Walesa’s reputation has suffered, but he remains one </p>
<p style="top:916.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">of the great figures of the second half of the 20th century. </p>
<p style="top:100.7pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt"><b>4. MICHNIK:</b> The democrats in </p>
<p style="top:114.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">Poland had a perfect recipe for a </p>
<p style="top:128.2pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">social revolution: broad support </p>
<p style="top:142.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">among the working class and strong </p>
<p style="top:155.7pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">intellectual leaders, among them </p>
<p style="top:169.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">Jacek Kuron, Bronislaw Geremek, </p>
<p style="top:183.2pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">Tadeusz Mazowiecki and Adam </p>
<p style="top:197.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">Michnik. Michnik was part of </p>
<p style="top:210.7pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">the Worker’s Defense Committee </p>
<p style="top:224.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">founded after the Helsinki Accords </p>
<p style="top:238.2pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">to defend workers arrested during </p>
<p style="top:252.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">the 1976 strikes. As a Solidarity </p>
<p style="top:265.7pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">adviser, he was arrested in the first </p>
<p style="top:279.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">sweep during martial law and spent </p>
<p style="top:293.2pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">the early 1980s in jail. As a result of </p>
<p style="top:307.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">the round-table agreement, Michnik </p>
<p style="top:320.7pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">was able to publish an election newspaper (“Gazeta Wyborcza”) which </p>
<p style="top:334.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">remains Poland’s second largest circulation newspaper. Michnik’s </p>
<p style="top:348.2pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">essay “Your President, Our Prime Minister” is widely credited for </p>
<p style="top:362.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">establishing the structure for a compromise that allowed Solidarity </p>
<p style="top:375.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">to form Poland’s first non-Communist government in August 1989.</p>
<p style="top:398.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt"><b>5. GENERAL STRIKE:</b> Of all the methods of protest chosen by the </p>
<p style="top:412.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">revolutionaries of 1989, the general strike was considered the riskiest, </p>
<p style="top:426.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">both to the regimes and to the movements themselves. A strike was a </p>
<p style="top:439.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">test, a gauge of worker support for the aims of the democratic revo-</p>
<p style="top:453.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">lution. Often the opposition leadership was leery to call them. A poor </p>
<p style="top:467.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">showing of participation risked revealing that the revolution was limit-</p>
<p style="top:481.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">ed to the intelligentsia and the students - that the workers still supported </p>
<p style="top:494.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">the regime. For the Communists, already facing economies in crisis, </p>
<p style="top:508.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">a strike broadly supported for an extended period was an existential </p>
<p style="top:522.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">threat and belied their claim to be the vanguard of the working class. </p>
<p style="top:545.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt"><b>6. BROUGHT IN FOR QUESTIONING: </b>All the countries of the </p>
<p style="top:558.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">Warsaw Pact had security services and all conducted surveillance on </p>
<p style="top:572.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">their own people. Two, the Stasi of East Germany and the Securitate </p>
<p style="top:586.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">of Romania, were particularly central to the events of 1989 and have </p>
<p style="top:600.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">their own event cards. This event represents the general harassment </p>
<p style="top:613.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">that dissidents faced on a daily basis.</p>
<p style="top:636.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt"><b>7. STATE RUN MEDIA: </b>Control of the media was critical to main-</p>
<p style="top:650.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">taining support for the regimes. The level of propaganda varied widely </p>
<p style="top:664.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">within the region, with the Polish press generally speaking the most </p>
<p style="top:677.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">free and the Romanian being nothing more than a propaganda machine. </p>
<p style="top:691.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">State control of the press was so strict in Romania that every type-</p>
<p style="top:705.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">writer in the country had to be registered and a sample of the typeface </p>
<p style="top:719.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">submitted to the state, so that it could be compared to any petition or </p>
<p style="top:732.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">samizdat critical of the regime.</p>
<p style="top:755.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt"><b>8. PRUDENCE:</b> George Bush was famously prudent, and his caution </p>
<p style="top:769.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">served him well in 1989. Bush cultivated personal relationships with </p>
<p style="top:783.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">foreign leaders, jotting personal notes and making calls. He worked </p>
<p style="top:796.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">closely with Helmut Kohl, especially during the 2-plus-4 talks over </p>
<p style="top:810.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">German reunification. Baker and Shevardnadze also forged a personal </p>
<p style="top:824.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">bond that helped end the Cold War. Most of all, Bush allowed events </p>
<p style="top:838.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">to unfold without undue celebration. He used restraint to try to protect </p>
<p style="top:851.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">Gorbachev from attack by Kremlin hardliners. The effects of this event </p>
<p style="top:865.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">represent either side being too cautious.</p>
<p style="top:888.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt"><b>9. THE WALL:</b> From the foundation of the GDR in 1949 through </p>
<p style="top:902.1pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">construction of the Wall in 1961 about 20% of the East German pop-</p>
<p style="top:915.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">ulation left the country, most of them through West Berlin. Worse yet, </p>
<p style="top:70.4pt;left:297.1pt;font-size:20.0pt"><b><span style="color:#ffffff">C A R D N O T E S</span></b></p>
</div>
<div id="page3" style="background-image:url('playbook3.jpg');width:765.0pt;height:990.0pt">
<p style="top:29.7pt;left:292.0pt"><b><i>1989 </i></b><b><i>Dawn of Freedom</i></b><b><i> </i></b><i>— PLAYBOOK</i></p>
<p style="top:944.2pt;left:316.4pt"><i>© 2020 GMT Games, LLC</i></p>
<p style="top:29.4pt;left:713.5pt"><b><i>3</i></b></p>
<p style="top:66.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">most of the escapees were students, intellectuals and young workers, </p>
<p style="top:80.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">leaving behind an aging population. Almost immediately, people at-</p>
<p style="top:94.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">tempted to escape - by running, climbing, digging tunnels, and even </p>
<p style="top:108.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">by homemade air balloon. The border guards, or Green Troops, had </p>
<p style="top:121.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">“shoot-to-kill” orders, and an estimated 200 people were killed trying </p>
<p style="top:135.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">to cross to the West. </p>
<p style="top:158.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt"><b>10. CULT OF PERSONALITY:</b> The Ceausescu personality cult was </p>
<p style="top:172.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">carefully managed. Bus loads of people would be taken to the airport to </p>
<p style="top:185.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">greet the Ceausescus when they would return from foreign trips. In any </p>
<p style="top:199.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">newspaper article that quoted the Ceausescus, other people could not </p>
<p style="top:213.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">be named. They insisted their photos be printed with red background </p>
<p style="top:227.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">to remind the people they were leaders of the Romanian revolution. </p>
<p style="top:240.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">When the great Conducator would give a speech, the crowd’s cheering </p>
<p style="top:254.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">would be amplified by speakers. The crowd would perform chants of </p>
<p style="top:268.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">praise such as “Ceausescu and the people!” while holding their banners </p>
<p style="top:282.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">aloft, all orchestrated and monitored by the Securitate. </p>
<p style="top:304.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt"><b>11. DISSIDENT ARRESTED: </b>Truncheons pounding on the door was </p>
<p style="top:318.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">a familiar sound for the dissidents of Eastern Europe under commu-</p>
<p style="top:332.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">nism. Many dissidents spent years in prison. In February 1989, Czech </p>
<p style="top:346.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">playwright Vaclav Havel was arrested on charges of hooliganism for </p>
<p style="top:359.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">his part in the Jan Palach Week demonstrations and spent a month in </p>
<p style="top:373.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">jail. His final arrest was on October 27, 1989.</p>
<p style="top:396.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt"><b>12. APPARATCHIKS: </b>The game </p>
<p style="top:410.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt"><i>1989</i> divides the Communist es-</p>
<p style="top:423.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">tablishment into two broad groups: </p>
<p style="top:437.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">the elites who are at the top of the </p>
<p style="top:451.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">power structure and enjoy all the </p>
<p style="top:465.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">corresponding privileges of power, </p>
<p style="top:478.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">and the lower tier of party members </p>
<p style="top:492.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">who are in charge of the day-to-day </p>
<p style="top:506.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">operations of the state. These lower </p>
<p style="top:520.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">level bureaucrats are, for the most </p>
<p style="top:533.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">part, Communists in name only. </p>
<p style="top:547.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">For them the party is a means of </p>
<p style="top:561.5pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">career advancement. By and large </p>
<p style="top:575.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">the bureaucrats will survive the </p>
<p style="top:589.0pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">lustration process and hold import-</p>
<p style="top:602.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">ant positions in post-Communist </p>
<p style="top:616.5pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">governments.</p>
<p style="top:639.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt"><b>13. STASI:</b> The Ministry of State Security was a vast network of </p>
<p style="top:653.0pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">thousands of spies and hundreds of thousands of informants. It was, </p>
<p style="top:666.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">most of all, the outward manifestation of the East German Communists’ </p>
<p style="top:680.5pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">obsessive need for control. The other East European security forces </p>
<p style="top:694.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">were mostly instruments of physical suppression. Their tools were </p>
<p style="top:708.0pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">the truncheon, the water cannon, and in the case of the Securitate, the </p>
<p style="top:721.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">bullet. The Stasi was mostly an instrument of oppression of the mind, </p>
<p style="top:735.5pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">and its tool was information. Millions of people had dossiers in the </p>
<p style="top:749.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">Stasi headquarters. Even children were watched. A remark critical of </p>
<p style="top:763.0pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">the regime could follow an individual around for the rest of his life, </p>
<p style="top:776.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">denying him a job or the opportunity to travel.</p>
<p style="top:799.5pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt"><b>14. GORBACHEV CHARMS THE WEST:</b> This card represents </p>
<p style="top:813.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">Gorbachev leveraging his foreign policy successes into greater author-</p>
<p style="top:827.0pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">ity at home, which he used to demote hardliners and elevate supporters </p>
<p style="top:840.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">of his agenda. By ending the Cold War, Gorbachev hoped to ease </p>
<p style="top:854.5pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">problems in his own economy and buy time to revitalize socialism. </p>
<p style="top:868.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">This card is also a reference to ‘Hannibal Charms Italy’, a strategy </p>
<p style="top:882.0pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">card from the game <i>“Hannibal: Rome versus Carthage”</i> on which the </p>
<p style="top:895.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt"><i>1989</i> Power Struggle deck is based.</p>
<p style="top:67.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt"><b>15. HONECKER:</b> Honecker was </p>
<p style="top:80.7pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">the principal architect of the Berlin </p>
<p style="top:94.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">Wall, built while he was a protégé </p>
<p style="top:108.2pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">of Walter Ulbricht. Honecker rose </p>
<p style="top:122.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">under Ulbricht’s tutelage until 1971, </p>
<p style="top:135.7pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">when Honecker turned on Ulbricht </p>
<p style="top:149.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">and pushed him aside to seize pow-</p>
<p style="top:163.2pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">er. Outwardly an ascetic, behind </p>
<p style="top:177.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">the walls of his compound he led a </p>
<p style="top:190.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">debauched lifestyle, feasting while </p>
<p style="top:204.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">normal East Germans worked long </p>
<p style="top:218.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">hours for little pay. This facade was </p>
<p style="top:232.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">reflected in East Germany itself. </p>
<p style="top:245.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">Projecting an image of success </p>
<p style="top:259.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">rivaling the West, the GDR was </p>
<p style="top:273.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">in fact an economic basket case, </p>
<p style="top:287.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">relying on ever-increasing loans from Western banks to stay afloat. </p>
<p style="top:309.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt"><b>16. NOMENKLATURA:</b> Despite the rhetoric of abolishing class </p>
<p style="top:323.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">divisions, the Communists had their own upper class. Members of the </p>
<p style="top:337.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">nomenklatura went to the elite party schools, had drivers for their Volvo </p>
<p style="top:351.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">limousines and shopped at their own stores that were well stocked with </p>
<p style="top:364.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">fresh fruits and imported wines. The life of privilege was in stark con-</p>
<p style="top:378.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">trast to the deprivations of everyday life for the rest of the population.</p>
<p style="top:401.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt"><b>17. ROUND-TABLE TALKS:</b> Even the shape of the famous round </p>
<p style="top:415.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">table was a subject of negotiations between Solidarity and the regime. </p>
<p style="top:428.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">In typical Polish fashion one negotiator determined the record distance </p>
<p style="top:442.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">for human expectoration was 8 meters so all agreed the table must </p>
<p style="top:456.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">be at minimum 9 meters in diameter. Humor and a common pride of </p>
<p style="top:470.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">Polishness under-girded the negotiations. Overshadowing everything </p>
<p style="top:483.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">was the possibility of Soviet intervention. When one Solidarity rep-</p>
<p style="top:497.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">resentative privately asked General Jaruzelski how far the Soviets </p>
<p style="top:511.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">would permit democratic reforms to proceed in Poland, Jaruzelski </p>
<p style="top:525.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">circumspectly replied, “I don’t know. Let us find out together.” The </p>
<p style="top:538.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">negotiations lasted from February to April 1989. Solidarity was led in </p>
<p style="top:552.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">the negotiations by Walesa and Michnik as well as intellectuals such </p>
<p style="top:566.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">as Bronislaw Geremek and (future Prime Minister) Tadeusz Mazow-</p>
<p style="top:580.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">iecki. The government was led by the much hated Czeslaw Kiszczak, </p>
<p style="top:593.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">Minister of Internal Affairs during the 1981 imposition of martial law, </p>
<p style="top:607.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">but who was crucial to the ultimate success of the round-table. The </p>
<p style="top:621.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">final results were free elections to a new body called the Senate, and </p>
<p style="top:635.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">permission that Solidarity could contest 35% of the seats in the Sejm. </p>
<p style="top:648.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">The president would be selected by the Sejm so all expected this to </p>
<p style="top:662.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">guarantee that Communists would retain the presidency and control of </p>
<p style="top:676.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">foreign and defense ministries. In game terms this event is drawn and </p>
<p style="top:690.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">played several times in <i>1989.</i> The Polish round-table process as well </p>
<p style="top:703.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">as the outcome would serve as a model for other east bloc states. Each </p>
<p style="top:717.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">would hold its own round-table sessions, though without the strength </p>
<p style="top:731.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">of leadership of Solidarity.</p>
<p style="top:754.1pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt"><b>18. POZSGAY DEFENDS THE REVOLUTION:</b> In 1988 the </p>
<p style="top:767.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">Hungarians established a commission to review the events of the 1956 </p>
<p style="top:781.6pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">revolution. The Soviets and Hungary’s long time ruler Janos Kadar had </p>
<p style="top:795.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">always termed the events of 1956 a “counter-revolution.” One of the </p>
<p style="top:809.1pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">members of this truth commission was Imre Pozsgay. The historical </p>
<p style="top:822.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">committee’s report was completed on January 27, 1989. Pozsgay, see-</p>
<p style="top:836.6pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">ing an opportunity for himself, went on the radio the next morning to </p>
<p style="top:850.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">announce the committee’s findings: that the ‘56 revolution was a peo-</p>
<p style="top:864.1pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">ple’s uprising, not a counter-revolution, and that the participants were </p>
<p style="top:877.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">justified. This news created a sensation throughout Hungary. Finally, </p>
<p style="top:891.6pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">the leaders and participants in the revolution would be rehabilitated. </p>
<p style="top:905.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">There was only one problem: the report had not yet been approved for </p>
</div>
<div id="page4" style="background-image:url('playbook4.jpg');width:765.0pt;height:990.0pt">
<p style="top:29.7pt;left:292.5pt"><b><i>1989 </i></b><b><i>Dawn of Freedom</i></b><b><i> </i></b><i>— PLAYBOOK</i></p>
<p style="top:944.2pt;left:316.4pt"><i>© 2020 GMT Games, LLC</i></p>
<p style="top:30.9pt;left:46.6pt"><b><i>4</i></b></p>
<p style="top:66.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">release by the government, and the party leadership remained deeply </p>
<p style="top:80.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">divided over the events of 1956. Many of them were Kadar loyalists, </p>
<p style="top:94.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">Grosz included. The Russians had not been consulted either, and they </p>
<p style="top:108.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">had always taken a much harder line against the Hungarian revolution </p>
<p style="top:121.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">than the Prague Spring. Pozsgay and the other reformers waited ner-</p>
<p style="top:135.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">vously for Soviet response. After several days a Soviet representative </p>
<p style="top:149.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">informed them that there would be no Soviet response. For the first of </p>
<p style="top:163.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">many times in 1989, Leonid Brezhnev was turning over in his grave.</p>
<p style="top:185.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt"><b>19. PAPAL VISIT:</b> A visit from John Paul II usually included an open-</p>
<p style="top:199.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">air Mass, which could draw hundreds of thousands. Many, less devout, </p>
<p style="top:213.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">would attend as a silent protest against the Communists.</p>
<p style="top:236.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt"><b>20. DEUTSCHE MARKS:</b> The Ost Mark was a non-convertible </p>
<p style="top:249.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">currency, and the East Germans needed D-Marks to pay interest on </p>
<p style="top:263.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">their hard currency debts. One way they earned hard currency was a </p>
<p style="top:277.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">“catch and release” program, in which dissidents would be arrested </p>
<p style="top:291.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">and then ransomed for money to West Germany. </p>
<p style="top:313.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt"><b>21. COMMON EUROPEAN HOME: </b>This was the catch phrase of </p>
<p style="top:327.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">Gorbachev’s policy towards Western Europe. It was part of his overall </p>
<p style="top:341.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">peace offensive and meant that the Europeans should de-emphasize </p>
<p style="top:355.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">the role of NATO and the Warsaw Pact as rival alliances. It was not </p>
<p style="top:368.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">intended to marginalize the Americans so much as to suggest rival </p>
<p style="top:382.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">economic systems could exist side by side without threat of military </p>
<p style="top:396.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">confrontation. The phrase was in contrast to the Bush Administration’s </p>
<p style="top:410.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">policy of “a Europe whole and free.” </p>
<p style="top:432.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt"><b>22. Scoring card—POLAND</b></p>
<p style="top:452.3pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt"><b>23. Scoring card—HUNGARY</b></p>
<p style="top:475.1pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt"><b>24. ST. NICHOLAS CHURCH:</b> </p>
<p style="top:488.8pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">The East German revolution was </p>
<p style="top:502.6pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">largely a leaderless revolution. The </p>
<p style="top:516.3pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">focal point was instead a place of </p>
<p style="top:530.1pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">worship, St. Nicholas Church in </p>
<p style="top:543.8pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">Leipzig. The Lutheran church was </p>
<p style="top:557.6pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">the only East German institution </p>
<p style="top:571.3pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">that had some independence from </p>
<p style="top:585.1pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">the state. In the early 1980s the </p>
<p style="top:598.8pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">Church’s political focus was the </p>
<p style="top:612.6pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">nuclear disarmament movement. In </p>
<p style="top:626.3pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">September, 1982, the pastor of St. </p>
<p style="top:640.1pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">Nicholas Church, Christian Fuhrer, </p>
<p style="top:653.8pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">began leading services on Monday evenings called Peace Prayers. </p>
<p style="top:667.6pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">These Peace Prayers were small gatherings of the faithful praying for </p>
<p style="top:681.3pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">a peaceful end to the Cold War. They would continue weekly for the </p>
<p style="top:695.1pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">following 7 years. Then in the fall of 1989, quite suddenly, the Peace </p>
<p style="top:708.8pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">Prayers would erupt into the Monday Demonstrations.</p>
<p style="top:731.6pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt"><b>25. PERESTROIKA:</b> Perestroika was the name for Gorbachev’s </p>
<p style="top:745.3pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">domestic reform policies. The goal was to make socialism more </p>
<p style="top:759.1pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">efficient, though the nature of those policies changed over time. Its </p>
<p style="top:772.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">central components were decentralization, replacement of corrupt </p>
<p style="top:786.6pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">bureaucrats and plant managers, and implementation of very limited </p>
<p style="top:800.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">market reforms grafted onto the socialist system. Some of the Eastern </p>
<p style="top:814.1pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">European Communists gave lip service to perestroika. Ceausescu and </p>
<p style="top:827.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">Honecker were openly hostile to it. None made meaningful reforms.</p>
<p style="top:850.6pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt"><b>26. HELSINKI FINAL ACT:</b> The adoption of the Helsinki Accords </p>
<p style="top:864.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">was one of the biggest achievements of detente. Brezhnev viewed the </p>
<p style="top:878.1pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">agreements as a victory because it recognized current borders and ef-</p>
<p style="top:891.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">fectively put a stamp of approval on Soviet seizure of the Baltics. He </p>
<p style="top:905.6pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">didn’t take seriously the human rights declarations, but the Helsinki </p>
<p style="top:67.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">Final Act became a tool for dissidents across Eastern Europe. In Poland </p>
<p style="top:80.7pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">the intellectuals created the K.O.R., the Workers’ Defense Committee. </p>
<p style="top:94.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">In Czechoslovakia Charter 77 was formed, originally to protest the </p>
<p style="top:108.2pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">banning of the rock group Plastic People of the Universe. Outside the </p>
<p style="top:122.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">K.O.R. these were small groups offering token opposition, but they </p>
<p style="top:135.7pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">established the framework within which the 1989 revolutionaries would </p>
<p style="top:149.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">operate. Except for Romania, the Communists were concerned about </p>
<p style="top:163.2pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">their international reputation, and the VP penalty for support checks </p>
<p style="top:177.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">in Student and Intellectual spaces represents the loss of international </p>
<p style="top:190.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">prestige suffered when violating basic norms of human rights. </p>
<p style="top:213.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt"><b>27. CONSUMERISM:</b> In the </p>
<p style="top:227.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">1970s the Communists sought </p>
<p style="top:241.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">to gain legitimacy by improving </p>
<p style="top:254.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">living standards, which had fallen </p>
<p style="top:268.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">noticeably behind the West. Em-</p>
<p style="top:282.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">phasis was placed on production of </p>
<p style="top:296.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">consumer goods like refrigerators </p>
<p style="top:309.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">and washing machines. This binge </p>
<p style="top:323.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">was financed by heavy borrowing </p>
<p style="top:337.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">from the West, which set the stage </p>
<p style="top:351.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">for the debt crises of the 1980s. </p>
<p style="top:364.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">The policy of consumerism did </p>
<p style="top:378.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">give Eastern Europeans a taste for </p>
<p style="top:392.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">a better standard of living, and the </p>
<p style="top:406.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">bare store shelves of 1989 created </p>
<p style="top:419.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">discontent that turned many against </p>
<p style="top:433.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">the Communists.</p>
<p style="top:456.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt"><b>28. FACTORY PARTY CELLS:</b> The Eastern European economies </p>
<p style="top:470.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">were built upon heavy industry. Some facilities employed up to 25,000 </p>
<p style="top:483.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">people. In every factory was the party cell, a legacy of the early days of </p>
<p style="top:497.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">the Russian Revolution. In 1989, party representatives were responsi-</p>
<p style="top:511.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">ble for keeping up morale, organizing voluntary work days or official </p>
<p style="top:525.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">holiday observances, and monitoring worker loyalties. The party cells </p>
<p style="top:538.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">also could report under-performing managers or stolen materials to </p>
<p style="top:552.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">central planners. Most of all, the party cell was a reminder to workers </p>
<p style="top:566.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">that the party was a part of every aspect of daily life. </p>
<p style="top:589.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt"><b>29. JAN PALACH WEEK:</b> Jan Palach was a student who commit-</p>
<p style="top:602.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">ted suicide by self-immolation in Wenceslas Square in January 1969. </p>
<p style="top:616.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">He was not protesting the Soviet-led invasion of Czechoslovakia so </p>
<p style="top:630.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">much as the acquiescence of the Czechoslovak people to the process </p>
<p style="top:644.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">of normalization. The Czechs retained the reputation of being the least </p>
<p style="top:657.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">rebellious people of the northern tier of Communist states, a reputation </p>
<p style="top:671.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">that would change in 1989. On the 20th anniversary of Jan Palach’s </p>
<p style="top:685.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">death, the human rights group Charter 77 and students in Prague </p>
<p style="top:699.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">organized marches that were violently suppressed. Jan Palach Week </p>
<p style="top:712.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">would be a preview of the Velvet Revolution.</p>
<p style="top:735.6pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt"><b>30. TEAR GAS:</b> Crowds larger than a few dozen usually were dealt </p>
<p style="top:749.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">with by specially trained security forces. In addition to shields and </p>
<p style="top:763.1pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">night sticks, these units had specially equipped vehicles with tear gas </p>
<p style="top:776.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">and water cannon to disperse crowds. </p>
<p style="top:799.6pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt"><b>31. INTELLIGENTSIA:</b> Most of the intellectual leaders of the 1989 </p>
<p style="top:813.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">revolutions were themselves former Marxists. The most important </p>
<p style="top:827.1pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">exception was Havel, who was the grandson of a wealthy Czech in-</p>
<p style="top:840.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">dustrialist. The intellectuals became disillusioned with Marxism after </p>
<p style="top:854.6pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">the invasion of Czechoslovakia to crush the Prague Spring reform </p>
<p style="top:868.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">movement. The invasion was the turning point for communism in </p>
<p style="top:882.1pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">Eastern Europe. It showed that the Communists would not permit an </p>
<p style="top:895.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">alternative model of socialism with rights of dissent. For most of the </p>
<p style="top:909.6pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">‘70s and ‘80s the intellectuals did not call for open defiance of the </p>
</div>
<div id="page5" style="background-image:url('playbook5.jpg');width:765.0pt;height:990.0pt">
<p style="top:29.7pt;left:292.0pt"><b><i>1989 </i></b><b><i>Dawn of Freedom</i></b><b><i> </i></b><i>— PLAYBOOK</i></p>
<p style="top:944.2pt;left:316.4pt"><i>© 2020 GMT Games, LLC</i></p>
<p style="top:29.4pt;left:713.5pt"><b><i>5</i></b></p>
<p style="top:66.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">regimes. Instead they called for creation of a civil society apart from </p>
<p style="top:80.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">the totalitarian system - a social space where individuals could interact </p>
<p style="top:94.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">outside party control. Kuron talked about “anti-politics.” Havel talked </p>
<p style="top:108.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">about “living in truth.” The idea was the regimes were too powerful </p>
<p style="top:121.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">to confront directly, but if people could construct an alternative social </p>
<p style="top:135.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">space, and act as if the state did not control their private lives, then </p>
<p style="top:149.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">the totalitarian foundation of communism would crack and the edifice </p>
<p style="top:163.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">would eventually be toppled.</p>
<p style="top:185.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt"><b>32. PEASANT PARTIES:</b> The “people’s democracies” were supposed </p>
<p style="top:199.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">to be societies where the workers and peasants were at the top of the </p>
<p style="top:213.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">social ladder, as opposed to the “bourgeois democracies” where the </p>
<p style="top:227.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">capitalists were on top. The Communists abolished opposition parties </p>
<p style="top:240.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">but kept the peasant parties, ostensibly to represent the peasants while </p>
<p style="top:254.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">the Communists represented the workers. In reality, legislatures were </p>
<p style="top:268.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">little more than window dressing; all decisions were made by the </p>
<p style="top:282.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">party Central Committee, or, more often, a small cadre including the </p>
<p style="top:295.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">Communist Party General Secretary and his closest advisers.</p>
<p style="top:318.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt"><b>33. SAJUDIS:</b> This card represents </p>
<p style="top:332.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">the start of the Singing Revolution, </p>
<p style="top:346.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">the independence movements in the </p>
<p style="top:359.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">Baltic republics of the USSR. These </p>
<p style="top:373.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">cards have a dual purpose in the </p>
<p style="top:387.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">game as they also represent ethnic </p>
<p style="top:401.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">minorities in Romania and Bulgar-</p>
<p style="top:414.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">ia. Nationalism has always been </p>
<p style="top:428.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">a potent force in Eastern Europe, </p>
<p style="top:442.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">and the Communists were never so </p>
<p style="top:456.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">popular as when they invoked na-</p>
<p style="top:469.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">tionalism against Communists from </p>
<p style="top:483.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">other states. In 1989 tensions rose </p>
<p style="top:497.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">so high between Hungary and Ro-</p>
<p style="top:511.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">mania over Ceausescu’s treatment </p>
<p style="top:524.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">of the Hungarian ethnic minority </p>
<p style="top:538.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">in Transylvania that the Hungarians redeployed some of their armed </p>
<p style="top:552.5pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">forces from the western border to the Romanian border, and Ceausescu </p>
<p style="top:566.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">made threats of nuclear attack. </p>
<p style="top:589.0pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt"><b>34. FIDESZ:</b> FIDESZ (The Alliance of Young Democrats) was a po-</p>
<p style="top:602.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">litical party of radical students based in Budapest. Members had to be </p>
<p style="top:616.5pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">under 30 years old. One of its leaders was Viktor Orban, a law student </p>
<p style="top:630.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">at Eotvos Lorand University. Orban’s speech at the reburial of Imre </p>
<p style="top:644.0pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">Nagy criticizing the regime for hypocrisy and calling for Soviet troops </p>
<p style="top:657.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">to withdraw from Hungary made him a national figure. Today FIDESZ </p>
<p style="top:671.5pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">is the most powerful political party in Hungary, sweeping the 2010 </p>
<p style="top:685.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">parliamentary elections and making Orban Prime Minister of Hungary.</p>
<p style="top:708.0pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt"><b>35. HEAL OUR BLEEDING WOUND: </b>This card represents the </p>
<p style="top:721.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">final withdrawal of the Red Army from Afghanistan on February 15, </p>
<p style="top:735.5pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">1989. Gorbachev had called the Afghan War the Soviets’ “bleeding </p>
<p style="top:749.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">wound.” Surprisingly, the Communist government in Afghanistan </p>
<p style="top:763.0pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">held on, defeating the mujahedin in a series of engagements in the </p>
<p style="top:776.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">spring of 1989. This strengthened Gorbachev’s hand when he refused </p>
<p style="top:790.5pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">to intervene to support the Communists in Eastern Europe.</p>
<p style="top:813.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt"><b>36. DASH FOR THE WEST:</b> The last victim shot while trying to </p>
<p style="top:827.0pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">cross through the Berlin Wall was Chris Gueffroy on February 6, 1989. </p>
<p style="top:840.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">He was 21 years old. His friend Christian Gaudian was also shot but </p>
<p style="top:854.5pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">survived. He was captured and sentenced to 3 years for first-degree </p>
<p style="top:868.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">illegal border crossing.</p>
<p style="top:891.0pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt"><b>37. NAGY REBURIED:</b> Imre Nagy was the leader of Hungary during </p>
<p style="top:904.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">the 1956 revolution. He was a committed Communist, but he was </p>
<p style="top:67.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">repulsed by the excesses of the Stalin era. After the Soviet invasion </p>
<p style="top:80.7pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">of Hungary he was executed on orders of Krushchev and replaced by </p>
<p style="top:94.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">Janos Kadar, who remained in power for 30 years. Over the years, the </p>
<p style="top:108.2pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">lies from the regime about the revolution and circumstances surround-</p>
<p style="top:122.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">ing Nagy’s death had alienated the people from the party. The reform </p>
<p style="top:135.7pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">Communists wanted to reconcile the party to the people by admitting </p>
<p style="top:149.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">the lies of the past. One step was to rebury Nagy with state honors. </p>
<p style="top:163.2pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">Kadar’s successor Karoly Grosz opposed Nagy’s rehabilitation, and the </p>
<p style="top:177.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">reinterment ceremony represented a victory for the reform wing of the </p>
<p style="top:190.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">party. Removing the Communist SPs in the elite space represents Grosz </p>
<p style="top:204.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">and the rest of the old guard of the Kadar regime being pushed aside.</p>
<p style="top:227.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt"><b>38. THE JULY CONCEPT: </b>This was Todor Zhivkov’s high sounding </p>
<p style="top:241.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">name for a program of reforms to the Bulgarian economy. On paper </p>
<p style="top:254.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">it went farther than perestroika in terms of allowing privatization of </p>
<p style="top:268.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">smaller firms and public-private partnerships. The July Concept has </p>
<p style="top:282.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">the distinction of being the only reform proposal in Eastern Europe that </p>
<p style="top:296.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">was criticized in the official Soviet press for going too far, too fast. In </p>
<p style="top:309.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">reality it never went anywhere, but it was a good example of Zhivkov </p>
<p style="top:323.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">trying to be whatever he thought would curry favor with Moscow at </p>
<p style="top:337.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">the time. Shameless sycophancy was how he had been able to survive </p>
<p style="top:351.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">as ruler of Bulgaria for more than 30 years.</p>
<p style="top:373.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt"><b>39. ECO-GLASNOST:</b> Single issue environmental groups played </p>
<p style="top:387.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">an important role in the 1989 revolutions. Eco-Glasnost was initially </p>
<p style="top:401.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">a movement based in Ruse, Bulgaria, to protest air pollution from a </p>
<p style="top:415.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">Romanian chemical plant across the Danube River. Eco-Glasnost later </p>
<p style="top:428.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">became a vehicle for broader anti-Communist protests, and was one of </p>
<p style="top:442.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">the founding groups of the Union of Democratic Forces.</p>
<p style="top:465.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt"><b>40. HUNGARIAN DEMOCRAT-</b></p>
<p style="top:479.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt"><b>IC FORUM:</b> Most of the oppo-</p>
<p style="top:492.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">sition movements in 1989 tried </p>
<p style="top:506.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">to incorporate some reference to </p>
<p style="top:520.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">unity or dialogue in their name: This </p>
<p style="top:534.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">Forum, That Forum, Union of these </p>
<p style="top:547.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">or those, Alliance of such and such. </p>
<p style="top:561.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">One reason was that in societies </p>
<p style="top:575.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">where dissent was systematically </p>
<p style="top:589.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">suppressed, merely the idea of dia-</p>
<p style="top:602.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">logue with the regime was radical. </p>
<p style="top:616.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">The second reason was many of </p>
<p style="top:630.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">these umbrella groups contained </p>
<p style="top:644.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">elements that were adverse to one </p>
<p style="top:657.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">another, and united only in their </p>
<p style="top:671.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">opposition to the Communists. </p>
<p style="top:685.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">The M.D.F. was the main opposition party in Hungary, and it was </p>
<p style="top:699.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">more nationalistic than most of the other prominent Eastern European </p>
<p style="top:712.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">opposition groups. It was especially concerned with treatment of Hun-</p>
<p style="top:726.6pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">garians in Romania and removal of Soviet forces from Hungarian soil. </p>
<p style="top:740.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">This event also represents the Communists abandoning the Leninist </p>
<p style="top:754.1pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">principle, enshrined in each country's constitution, that the Party must </p>
<p style="top:767.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">retain a "leading role" in society.</p>
<p style="top:790.6pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt"><b>41. CEAUSESCU: </b>Despite rather stiff competition, Nicolae Ceausescu </p>
<p style="top:804.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">may be judged the worst of the Communist leaders in 1989. His early </p>
<p style="top:818.1pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">defiance of the Soviets (he opposed the 1968 invasion of Czechoslo-</p>
<p style="top:831.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">vakia) made him popular with Western governments, but by 1989 his </p>
<p style="top:845.6pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">Stalinist brutality had made him an international pariah. There was </p>
<p style="top:859.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">virtually no open opposition to the Ceausescu regime inside Romania </p>
<p style="top:873.1pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">until December 1989. The presence of any criticism was attributed to </p>
<p style="top:886.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">a conspiracy against him, usually imagined to have originated in Bu-</p>
<p style="top:900.6pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">dapest, Washington, or even Moscow. Romanians whose loyalty was </p>
</div>
<div id="page6" style="background-image:url('playbook6.jpg');width:765.0pt;height:990.0pt">
<p style="top:29.7pt;left:292.5pt"><b><i>1989 </i></b><b><i>Dawn of Freedom</i></b><b><i> </i></b><i>— PLAYBOOK</i></p>
<p style="top:944.2pt;left:316.4pt"><i>© 2020 GMT Games, LLC</i></p>
<p style="top:30.9pt;left:46.6pt"><b><i>6</i></b></p>
<p style="top:66.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">doubted would be denounced in the party newspaper, or placed under </p>
<p style="top:80.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">house arrest. Sometimes they would simply disappear.</p>
<p style="top:103.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt"><b>42. Scoring Card—EAST GERMANY</b></p>
<p style="top:126.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt"><b>43. Scoring Card—BULGARIA</b></p>
<p style="top:148.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt"><b>44. INFLATIONARY CUR-</b></p>
<p style="top:162.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt"><b>RENCY: </b>The Eastern European </p>
<p style="top:176.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">economies suffered a problem of </p>
<p style="top:190.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">monetary overhang. Goods were </p>
<p style="top:203.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">priced according to political con-</p>
<p style="top:217.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">siderations rather than supply and </p>
<p style="top:231.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">demand, with prices almost always </p>
<p style="top:245.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">set below the market clearing price. </p>
<p style="top:258.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">This created chronic shortages of </p>
<p style="top:272.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">most necessities, while consumers </p>
<p style="top:286.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">had cash they could not spend. </p>
<p style="top:300.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">Attempts to rationalize the system </p>
<p style="top:313.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">usually included partial freeing of </p>
<p style="top:327.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">prices, which typically resulted in </p>
<p style="top:341.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">strikes and unrest. Poland had the </p>
<p style="top:355.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">most severe inflation problems in </p>
<p style="top:368.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">1989, where Consumer Price Inflation for the year reached over 600%.</p>
<p style="top:391.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt"><b>45. SOVIET TROOP WITH-</b></p>
<p style="top:405.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt"><b>DRAWALS:</b> The presence of So-</p>
<p style="top:419.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">viet troops was always a thorn in </p>
<p style="top:432.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">the side of the Eastern Europeans, </p>
<p style="top:446.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">who viewed them as an occupying </p>
<p style="top:460.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">force. As part of Gorbachev’s New </p>
<p style="top:474.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">Thinking in foreign relations he </p>
<p style="top:487.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">proposed sweeping reductions </p>
<p style="top:501.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">in Soviet conventional arms in </p>
<p style="top:515.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">Europe. These proposals were </p>
<p style="top:529.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">announced at Gorbachev’s UN </p>
<p style="top:543.0pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">speech in December 1988. Initially </p>
<p style="top:556.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">skeptical of Russian intentions, </p>
<p style="top:570.5pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">American President George Bush </p>
<p style="top:584.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">found himself playing catch up in </p>
<p style="top:598.0pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">the court of public opinion, as the </p>
<p style="top:611.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">two sides entered a bidding war of who would disarm faster. The result </p>
<p style="top:625.5pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">was the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe, negotiated </p>
<p style="top:639.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">throughout 1989 and signed in 1990. </p>
<p style="top:662.0pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt"><b>46. GOODBYE LENIN!:</b> This is a reference to the popular Ostalgie </p>
<p style="top:675.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">film about an East German Communist woman who falls into a coma </p>
<p style="top:689.5pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">before the opening of the Berlin Wall. When she recovers the doctors </p>
<p style="top:703.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">tell her son that he must prevent her from discovering the GDR no </p>
<p style="top:717.0pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">longer exists or the shock might kill her. So her son goes about rec-</p>
<p style="top:730.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">reating life in East Germany in their apartment, including shopping </p>
<p style="top:744.5pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">for her favorite Spreewald pickles. It’s also a reference to the role of </p>
<p style="top:758.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">pop culture in the revolutions of 1989 and the role of Cold War films </p>
<p style="top:772.0pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">(<i>Dr. Strangelove</i> and <i>War Games</i>) in the game <i>Twilight Struggle,</i> on </p>
<p style="top:785.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">which <i>1989</i> is based.</p>
<p style="top:808.5pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt"><b>47. BULGARIAN TURKS EXPELLED:</b> Zhivkov started a Bulgar-</p>
<p style="top:822.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">ization campaign against the Turks in the early '80s, requiring ethnic </p>
<p style="top:836.0pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">Turks to adopt Bulgarian sounding names and defacing gravestones </p>
<p style="top:849.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">with Turkish names. Looking for a scapegoat for Bulgaria’s economic </p>
<p style="top:863.5pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">problems, the Communists ordered the Turks to leave Bulgaria. During </p>
<p style="top:877.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">the summer of 1989, hundreds of thousands of ethnic Turks were driven </p>
<p style="top:891.0pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">from Bulgaria. The move was widely condemned in the international </p>
<p style="top:904.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">community as a human rights abuse. Ironically, the expulsion of the </p>
<p style="top:67.0pt;left:393.8pt;font-size:11pt">Turks made Bulgaria’s economic crisis even worse, as city residents </p>
<p style="top:80.7pt;left:393.8pt;font-size:11pt">were forced to go into the fields to harvest crops. </p>
<p style="top:103.5pt;left:393.8pt;font-size:11pt"><b>48. “WE ARE THE PEOPLE!”:</b> </p>
<p style="top:117.2pt;left:393.8pt;font-size:11pt">This was the most famous chant </p>
<p style="top:131.0pt;left:393.8pt;font-size:11pt">of the marchers in the Monday </p>
<p style="top:144.7pt;left:393.8pt;font-size:11pt">Demonstrations. They were telling </p>
<p style="top:158.5pt;left:393.8pt;font-size:11pt">the “people’s democracies” that </p>
<p style="top:172.2pt;left:393.8pt;font-size:11pt">the people were against them. In </p>
<p style="top:186.0pt;left:393.8pt;font-size:11pt">the game <i>1989</i> it also represents </p>
<p style="top:199.8pt;left:393.8pt;font-size:11pt">the crowds growing so large, and </p>
<p style="top:213.5pt;left:393.8pt;font-size:11pt">the regime growing so weak, that </p>
<p style="top:227.3pt;left:393.8pt;font-size:11pt">the security forces could not to use </p>
<p style="top:241.0pt;left:393.8pt;font-size:11pt">violence to stop the demonstrations.</p>
<p style="top:263.8pt;left:393.8pt;font-size:11pt"><b>49. FOREIGN CURRENCY </b></p>
<p style="top:277.5pt;left:393.8pt;font-size:11pt"><b>DEBT BURDEN: </b>All the Eastern </p>
<p style="top:291.3pt;left:393.8pt;font-size:11pt">Bloc countries except Romania </p>
<p style="top:305.0pt;left:393.8pt;font-size:11pt">owed large sums to western gov-</p>
<p style="top:318.8pt;left:393.8pt;font-size:11pt">ernments and banks. These loans were in hard currency so they had </p>
<p style="top:332.5pt;left:393.8pt;font-size:11pt">to be repaid using income generated from exports. The debts grew so </p>
<p style="top:346.3pt;left:393.8pt;font-size:11pt">large that they could only be serviced by borrowing ever greater sums, </p>
<p style="top:360.0pt;left:393.8pt;font-size:11pt">creating a debt spiral.</p>
<p style="top:382.8pt;left:393.8pt;font-size:11pt"><b>50. THE SINATRA DOCTRINE:</b> This phrase was coined by Sovi-</p>
<p style="top:396.5pt;left:393.8pt;font-size:11pt">et press spokesman Gennadi Gerasimov to describe the new Soviet </p>
<p style="top:410.3pt;left:393.8pt;font-size:11pt">policy toward Eastern Europe that replaced the Brezhnev Doctrine. </p>
<p style="top:424.0pt;left:393.8pt;font-size:11pt">Each socialist state would be permitted to pursue its own path, as in </p>
<p style="top:437.8pt;left:393.8pt;font-size:11pt">the Frank Sinatra song “I Did It My Way.”</p>
<p style="top:460.5pt;left:393.8pt;font-size:11pt"><b>51. 40TH ANNIVERSARY CELEBRATION:</b> On October 7 the </p>
<p style="top:474.3pt;left:393.8pt;font-size:11pt">East Germans threw a party for the fortieth anniversary of the creation </p>
<p style="top:488.0pt;left:393.8pt;font-size:11pt">of the GDR. It was a surreal event with Honecker toasting to the </p>
<p style="top:501.8pt;left:393.8pt;font-size:11pt">achievements of real, existing socialism while attendees could hear </p>
<p style="top:515.5pt;left:393.8pt;font-size:11pt">the crowds shouting and demonstrating in the streets outside. During </p>
<p style="top:529.3pt;left:393.8pt;font-size:11pt">the parade, before the reviewing stand of Communist dignitaries, the </p>
<p style="top:543.0pt;left:393.8pt;font-size:11pt">representatives of the Free German Youth started chanting “Gorby </p>
<p style="top:556.8pt;left:393.8pt;font-size:11pt">help us!” “Gorby help us!” Honecker pretended not to hear them. </p>
<p style="top:570.5pt;left:393.8pt;font-size:11pt">Polish General Secretary Mieczyslaw Rakowski asked Gorbachev if </p>
<p style="top:584.3pt;left:393.8pt;font-size:11pt">he understood the chant. Gorbachev said yes. Rakowski replied, “It’s </p>
<p style="top:598.0pt;left:393.8pt;font-size:11pt">over.” Honecker was ousted 11 days later.</p>
<p style="top:620.8pt;left:393.8pt;font-size:11pt"><b>52. NORMALIZATION:</b> This was the process of removing tens of </p>
<p style="top:634.5pt;left:393.8pt;font-size:11pt">thousands of Prague Spring supporters from the government and the </p>
<p style="top:648.3pt;left:393.8pt;font-size:11pt">Czechoslovak Communist party. It was implemented by Milos Jakes, </p>
<p style="top:662.0pt;left:393.8pt;font-size:11pt">who later rose to replace Gustav Husak as leader of Czechoslovakia. </p>
<p style="top:675.8pt;left:393.8pt;font-size:11pt">In his rise to power Jakes spoke the words of a reformer, praising per-</p>
<p style="top:689.5pt;left:393.8pt;font-size:11pt">estroika, but in reality acted as a hardliner. He refused to rehabilitate </p>
<p style="top:703.3pt;left:393.8pt;font-size:11pt">Dubcek or the other leaders of the Prague Spring. Jakes was widely </p>
<p style="top:717.1pt;left:393.8pt;font-size:11pt">mocked by the Czech people as a colorless incompetent.</p>
<p style="top:739.8pt;left:393.8pt;font-size:11pt"><b>53. LI PENG: </b>Li was the leader of the hardliners that wanted a violent </p>
<p style="top:753.6pt;left:393.8pt;font-size:11pt">crackdown on the students in Tiananmen Square. Opposing him was </p>
<p style="top:767.3pt;left:393.8pt;font-size:11pt">Communist Party General Secretary Zhao Ziyang, a liberal who had </p>
<p style="top:781.1pt;left:393.8pt;font-size:11pt">been instrumental in China’s move toward an export-based market </p>
<p style="top:794.8pt;left:393.8pt;font-size:11pt">system. Zhao was also a close friend of Hu Yaobang, whose death had </p>
<p style="top:808.6pt;left:393.8pt;font-size:11pt">originally prompted the protests (the Reformer Memorialized/Reformer </p>
<p style="top:822.3pt;left:393.8pt;font-size:11pt">Discredited space on the Tiananmen Square track). In the middle was </p>
<p style="top:836.1pt;left:393.8pt;font-size:11pt">Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping. Deng sided with Li, and martial law </p>
<p style="top:849.8pt;left:393.8pt;font-size:11pt">was declared. Zhao was removed as CCP General Secretary shortly </p>
<p style="top:863.6pt;left:393.8pt;font-size:11pt">after the Tiananmen Square massacre and spent the remaining 15 years </p>
<p style="top:877.3pt;left:393.8pt;font-size:11pt">of his life under house arrest.</p>
</div>
<div id="page7" style="background-image:url('playbook7.jpg');width:765.0pt;height:990.0pt">
<p style="top:29.7pt;left:292.0pt"><b><i>1989 </i></b><b><i>Dawn of Freedom</i></b><b><i> </i></b><i>— PLAYBOOK</i></p>
<p style="top:944.2pt;left:316.4pt"><i>© 2020 GMT Games, LLC</i></p>
<p style="top:29.4pt;left:713.5pt"><b><i>7</i></b></p>
<p style="top:66.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt"><b>54. THE CROWD TURNS AGAINST CEAUSESCU:</b> Inexplicably, </p>
<p style="top:80.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">after the uprising in Timisoara started, Ceausescu went to Tehran to </p>
<p style="top:94.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">negotiate an arms deal with the Iranians. He returned on December 21st </p>
<p style="top:108.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">and gave a lengthy harangue to the party Congress, then went out on </p>
<p style="top:121.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">the balcony of the Central Committee building to address the crowd. </p>
<p style="top:135.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">This speech was broadcast on live television. After a few moments, </p>
<p style="top:149.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">a murmur went through the crowd. Then the scripted chants stopped, </p>
<p style="top:163.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">and people began to scream, boo and hiss. Others started chanting </p>
<p style="top:176.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">“Timisoara! Timisoara!” and “Death to the Dictator!” Elena shouted, </p>
<p style="top:190.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">“Offer them something.” but Nicolae was too stunned to say anything </p>
<p style="top:204.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">except “Hello! Hello!” Bodyguards rushed him from the balcony, and </p>
<p style="top:218.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">the broadcast feed was cut off. But it was too late for the Ceausescus </p>
<p style="top:231.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">- all Romania had seen the start of the revolution.</p>
<p style="top:254.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt"><b>55. Scoring Card—CZECHOSLAKIA</b></p>
<p style="top:277.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt"><b>56. FOREIGN TELEVISION:</b> </p>
<p style="top:291.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">Though travel was restricted across </p>
<p style="top:304.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">the Eastern Bloc, the people could </p>
<p style="top:318.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">emigrate every night by watching </p>
<p style="top:332.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">TV. The most popular adult edu-</p>
<p style="top:346.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">cation course in Romania was the </p>
<p style="top:359.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">Russian language, so the Roma-</p>
<p style="top:373.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">nians could understand Russian </p>
<p style="top:387.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">TV shows. Bulgarians watched </p>
<p style="top:401.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">Yugoslavian TV. East Germans </p>
<p style="top:414.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">kept up with the world through </p>
<p style="top:428.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">West German news and programs </p>
<p style="top:442.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">like “Lindenstrasse”, except for </p>
<p style="top:456.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">the area around Dresden (dubbed </p>
<p style="top:469.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">“The Valley of the Clueless”) where </p>
<p style="top:483.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">geography blocked the signal.</p>
<p style="top:506.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt"><b>57. CENTRAL COMMITTEE RESHUFFLE:</b> This card represents </p>
<p style="top:520.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">the common practice of shoving aside an aging leader to give the party </p>
<p style="top:533.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">a fresh face without changing any policy (Grosz replacing Kadar, </p>
<p style="top:547.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">Jakes replacing Husak, and Egon Krenz replacing Erich Honecker). </p>
<p style="top:561.5pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">This was usually the equivalent of the organ grinder being replaced </p>
<p style="top:575.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">with the monkey.</p>
<p style="top:598.0pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt"><b>58. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY BORDER REOPENED:</b> As part of their </p>
<p style="top:611.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">reform agenda the Hungarian Communists took down the barbed wire </p>
<p style="top:625.5pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">fence that separated Hungary from Austria. The East Germans, who </p>
<p style="top:639.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">frequently took summer holidays in Hungary, started crossing the open </p>
<p style="top:653.0pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">border and emigrating through Austria to West Germany, where they </p>
<p style="top:666.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">were granted immediate citizenship. The East German leadership was </p>
<p style="top:680.5pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">outraged that the Hungarians were violating a treaty by allowing GDR </p>
<p style="top:694.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">citizens to emigrate. The trickle became a flood before the GDR began </p>
<p style="top:708.0pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">refusing permission to travel to Hungary. </p>
<p style="top:730.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt"><b>59. GRENZTRUPPEN:</b> “Green Troops” was the nickname for border </p>
<p style="top:744.5pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">guards that patrolled the border with West Germany and the Wall. </p>
<p style="top:767.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt"><b>60. TOXIC WASTE:</b> Communism was an environmental catastro-</p>
<p style="top:781.0pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">phe for Eastern Europe. Mining, heavy manufacturing and chemical </p>
<p style="top:794.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">plants were the basis of the economy. There was little environmental </p>
<p style="top:808.5pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">regulation, and what regulations there were often were ignored. People </p>
<p style="top:822.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">in affected areas suffered greater risk of respiratory and other health </p>
<p style="top:836.0pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">problems including birth defects, as well as shortened life expectancy.</p>
<p style="top:858.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt"><b>61. THE MONDAY DEMONSTRATIONS:</b> After a summer break </p>
<p style="top:872.5pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">the Peace Prayers resumed at St. Nicholas. In September the crowds </p>
<p style="top:886.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">grew from a few hundred to several thousand. The confrontation with </p>
<p style="top:900.0pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">the regime finally reached a climax on October 9th. The local Stasi </p>
<p style="top:67.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">chief made ominous warnings about issuing double allotments of am-</p>
<p style="top:80.7pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">munition and body bags to “defend the achievements of socialism.” A </p>
<p style="top:94.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">group of civic leaders, including conductor Kurt Mazur, broadcast a </p>
<p style="top:108.2pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">petition across the city calling for non-violence on all sides. At 6 p.m. </p>
<p style="top:122.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">there were 70,000 Leipzigers marching around the Ringstrasse. The </p>
<p style="top:135.7pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">crowds overwhelmed the Stasi, and without clear orders from Berlin </p>
<p style="top:149.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">the local officials backed down. From that point, the regime lost its </p>
<p style="top:163.2pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">nerve and rapidly collapsed. The demonstrations spread first to Dres-</p>
<p style="top:177.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">den, then to Berlin, where on November 4th 500,000 rallied against </p>
<p style="top:190.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">the Communists. The Wall was opened 5 days later.</p>
<p style="top:213.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt"><b>62. YAKOVLEV COUNSELS </b></p>
<p style="top:227.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt"><b>GORBACHEV:</b> Alexander Ya-</p>
<p style="top:241.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">kovlev and Eduard Shevardnadze </p>
<p style="top:254.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">were the most important advisers </p>
<p style="top:268.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">to Mikhail Gorbachev in 1989. In </p>
<p style="top:282.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">1983, while Gorbachev was Min-</p>
<p style="top:296.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">ister of Agriculture, Yakovlev and </p>
<p style="top:309.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">Gorbachev had a chance meeting </p>
<p style="top:323.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">in Canada that would change the </p>
<p style="top:337.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">course of the Cold War. The two </p>
<p style="top:351.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">did not know each other well, so </p>
<p style="top:364.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">they began speaking as if on sort </p>
<p style="top:378.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">of a reform Communist blind date. </p>
<p style="top:392.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">Each knew that a single heretical </p>
<p style="top:406.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">statement could be discovered by </p>
<p style="top:419.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">the KGB and used by political </p>
<p style="top:433.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">enemies to remove them from their positions in the elite of the party. </p>
<p style="top:447.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">Then Yakovlev, perhaps sensing Gorbachev’s willingness to broach </p>
<p style="top:461.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">the subject, began to bare his feelings. He later remembered the con-</p>
<p style="top:474.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">versation, “both of us suddenly were just kind of flooded and let go. </p>
<p style="top:488.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">I somehow, for some reason, threw caution to the wind and started </p>
<p style="top:502.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">telling him about what I considered to be utter stupidities in the area </p>
<p style="top:516.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">of foreign affairs, especially about those SS-20 missiles that were </p>
<p style="top:529.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">being stationed in Europe and a lot of other things. And he did the </p>
<p style="top:543.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">same thing. We were completely frank. He frankly talked about the </p>
<p style="top:557.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">problems in the internal situation in Russia. He was saying that under </p>
<p style="top:571.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">these conditions, the conditions of dictatorship and absence of freedom, </p>
<p style="top:584.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">the country would simply perish. So it was at that time, during our </p>
<p style="top:598.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">three-hour conversation, almost as if our heads were knocked together, </p>
<p style="top:612.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">that we poured it all out and during that three-hour conversation we </p>
<p style="top:626.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">actually came to agreement on all our main points.” And so it was that </p>
<p style="top:639.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">the policies of the Gorbachev era and the end of the Cold War were </p>
<p style="top:653.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">hatched during an agricultural fact finding visit to Canada. Yakovlev’s </p>
<p style="top:667.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">policy would later be termed “initiativism” . The theory was that the </p>
<p style="top:681.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">Soviet system was doomed, but if the party reformed quickly enough </p>
<p style="top:694.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">then the people would accept the reformed party and allow it to remain </p>
<p style="top:708.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">in power by democratic means. </p>
<p style="top:731.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt"><b>63. GENSCHER:</b> Hans-Dietrich Genscher was Foreign Minister </p>
<p style="top:745.1pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">of West Germany from 1974 to 1992. In September 1989 Genscher </p>
<p style="top:758.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">brokered a deal with Honecker to allow safe passage for East German </p>
<p style="top:772.6pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">refugees who had spent weeks camped out in the West German embassy </p>
<p style="top:786.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">in Prague. He played a critical role in relations between East and West </p>
<p style="top:800.1pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">Germany, as well as the development of the European Union and the </p>
<p style="top:813.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">unification of Germany. </p>
<p style="top:836.6pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt"><b>64. LEGACY OF 1968:</b> The era of reform communism (roughly 1964 </p>
<p style="top:850.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">to 1968) reached its peak with the Prague Spring, an experiment of </p>
<p style="top:864.1pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">“socialism with a human face.” It was led by Slovak Alexander Dubcek. </p>
<p style="top:877.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">In August 1968 Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev launched an invasion </p>
<p style="top:891.6pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">of Czechoslovakia by the Warsaw Pact (except Romania) to overthrow </p>
<p style="top:905.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">Dubcek and the reform Communists. Brezhnev was convinced a rival </p>
</div>
<div id="page8" style="background-image:url('playbook8.jpg');width:765.0pt;height:990.0pt">
<p style="top:29.7pt;left:292.5pt"><b><i>1989 </i></b><b><i>Dawn of Freedom</i></b><b><i> </i></b><i>— PLAYBOOK</i></p>
<p style="top:944.2pt;left:316.4pt"><i>© 2020 GMT Games, LLC</i></p>
<p style="top:30.9pt;left:46.6pt"><b><i>8</i></b></p>
<p style="top:66.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">model of communism was a threat to communism everywhere. The </p>
<p style="top:80.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">legacy of 1968 was a recognition among intellectuals and Communist </p>
<p style="top:94.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">sympathizers in the West that the system was morally bankrupt. After </p>
<p style="top:108.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">the horrors of the imposition of communism across the region in the </p>
<p style="top:121.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">late 1940s and early 1950s, many were willing to give communism a </p>
<p style="top:135.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">second chance. They thought only a monster like Stalin, not the system </p>
<p style="top:149.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">itself, could be responsible for such arbitrary brutality. However, the </p>
<p style="top:163.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">Brezhnev doctrine stripped away any remaining claim to legitimacy </p>
<p style="top:176.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">the system had.</p>
<p style="top:199.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt"><b>65. PRESIDENTIAL VISIT:</b> Bush traveled to Warsaw and Budapest </p>
<p style="top:213.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">in July 1989. He met privately with Walesa and the Hungarian opposi-</p>
<p style="top:227.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">tion leadership. Walesa had hoped for an Eastern European Marshall </p>
<p style="top:240.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">Plan. He would be disappointed. Bush’s message to the Hungarian </p>
<p style="top:254.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">dissidents was to be prudent, slow down and not to rock the boat. He </p>
<p style="top:268.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">didn’t feel they were ready to take power. The visit amounted to a </p>
<p style="top:282.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">photo opportunity for Bush and little more.</p>
<p style="top:304.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt"><b>66. NEW FORUM:</b> New Forum was one of many such organizations </p>
<p style="top:318.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">established in 1989 whose main goal was simply opening a dialogue </p>
<p style="top:332.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">with the regime. It was the first in East Germany. New Forum was </p>
<p style="top:346.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">important in moving the protest movement outside the sanctuary of the </p>
<p style="top:359.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">Lutheran churches, but was eventually superseded by events.</p>
<p style="top:382.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt"><b>67. REFORMER REHABILITATED:</b> In the midst of the Velvet </p>
<p style="top:396.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">Revolution, Havel called for Alexander Dubcek, the leader of the </p>
<p style="top:410.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">Prague Spring, to visit the capital. When Dubcek spoke to the crowd </p>
<p style="top:423.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">in Wenceslas Square they cheered him with the phrase “Dubcek to the </p>
<p style="top:437.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">castle!” meaning that he should be reinstalled as ruler of Czechoslova-</p>
<p style="top:451.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">kia. Dubcek stayed in Prague during the revolution and was on stage at </p>
<p style="top:465.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">a press conference with the Civic Forum when it was announced that </p>
<p style="top:478.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">the Communist government had resigned. The bittersweet reaction on </p>
<p style="top:492.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">Dubcek’s face was in stark contrast to the jubilation in the rest of the </p>
<p style="top:506.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">room. Dubcek was a humanist, but he remained a loyal Communist </p>
<p style="top:520.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">too, one who could have led a reform movement inside the CCP if the </p>
<p style="top:533.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">hardliners had agreed to rehabilitate him. </p>
<p style="top:556.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt"><b>68. KLAUS AND KOMAREK: </b></p>
<p style="top:570.5pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">Vaclav Klaus and Valtr Komarek </p>
<p style="top:584.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">were Czech economists that became </p>
<p style="top:598.0pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">outspoken critics of the regime. </p>
<p style="top:611.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">They are representative of many </p>
<p style="top:625.5pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">technocrats that worked inside the </p>
<p style="top:639.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">Communist system but successfully </p>
<p style="top:653.0pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">transitioned to take important po-</p>
<p style="top:666.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">sitions in post-Communist govern-</p>
<p style="top:680.5pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">ments. Klaus became Finance Min-</p>
<p style="top:694.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">ister in December 1989, and later </p>
<p style="top:708.0pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">became Prime Minister during the </p>
<p style="top:721.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">dissolution of Czechoslovakia. He </p>
<p style="top:735.5pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">is currently president of the Czech </p>
<p style="top:749.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">Republic. They also represent the </p>
<p style="top:763.0pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">wide range of ideologies inside the </p>
<p style="top:776.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">Civic Forum. Klaus is a Thatcherite. Komarek remains one of the </p>
<p style="top:790.5pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">leading voices for social democratic values in the Czech Republic.</p>
<p style="top:813.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt"><b>69. SYSTEMATIZATION: </b>One of the crazier ideas sprung from </p>
<p style="top:827.0pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">Nicolae Ceausescu’s head was to “systematize” Romania by destroy-</p>
<p style="top:840.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">ing small villages and transplanting the villagers to cities. This was </p>
<p style="top:854.5pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">part of his plan to create a “multilateral developed socialist society.” </p>
<p style="top:868.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">Systematization was implemented only on a limited scale, particularly </p>
<p style="top:882.0pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">around the suburbs of Bucharest. Ceausescu also bulldozed vast swaths </p>
<p style="top:895.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">of downtown Bucharest to create his People’s Palace. Instead of bull-</p>
<p style="top:67.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">dozing, rural villages might be targeted with cutting off electricity, </p>
<p style="top:80.7pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">heating fuel or even supplies of food.</p>
<p style="top:103.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt"><b>70. SECURITATE:</b> The Romanian </p>
<p style="top:117.2pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">secret police were the most violent </p>
<p style="top:131.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">in Eastern Europe, responsible for </p>
<p style="top:144.7pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">the arrest and deaths of thousands </p>
<p style="top:158.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">of people. The Securitate used </p>
<p style="top:172.2pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">surveillance techniques similar to </p>
<p style="top:186.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">the East German Stasi, from wire </p>
<p style="top:199.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">tapping telephones to pregnancy </p>
<p style="top:213.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">testing (as a part of Ceausescu’s </p>
<p style="top:227.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">forced population growth policies). </p>
<p style="top:241.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">The Securitate was also Ceauses-</p>
<p style="top:254.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">cu’s personal military force. They </p>
<p style="top:268.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">were fiercely loyal to him and </p>
<p style="top:282.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">were better equipped (including </p>
<p style="top:296.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">armored personnel carriers) and </p>
<p style="top:309.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">better compensated than the rest of </p>
<p style="top:323.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">the Romanian armed forces.</p>
<p style="top:346.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt"><b>71. KISS OF DEATH: </b>This is a picture taken at the 40th anniversary </p>
<p style="top:360.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">celebration of the GDR. While in East Germany Gorbachev made </p>
<p style="top:373.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">a few complimentary remarks about the SED, but nothing at all in </p>
<p style="top:387.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">support of Honecker. It was obvious that Gorbachev thought it was </p>
<p style="top:401.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">time for Honecker to go.</p>
<p style="top:424.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt"><b>72. PEASANT PARTIES REVOLT:</b> In July, the situation in Poland </p>
<p style="top:437.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">had reached an impasse. After Solidarity’s stunning victory in the June </p>
<p style="top:451.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">elections, Jaruzelski nominated Kiszczak to form a Communist-led </p>
<p style="top:465.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">government. However, all knew the government would have no legiti-</p>
<p style="top:479.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">macy without Solidarity agreeing to participate, and Solidarity refused. </p>
<p style="top:492.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">Instead Walesa approached the Communists’ traditional peasant party </p>
<p style="top:506.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">allies in the United People’s Party, which had won some seats in the </p>
<p style="top:520.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">Sejm, and they agreed to enter a coalition with Solidarity. It was enough </p>
<p style="top:534.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">for Solidarity to form a government.</p>
<p style="top:556.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt"><b>73. LASZLO TOKES:</b> Tokes was an ethnic Hungarian minister of </p>
<p style="top:570.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">the Reformed Church and one of the few people inside Romania brave </p>
<p style="top:584.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">enough to criticize the Ceausescu regime. The decision to evict him </p>
<p style="top:598.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">from his home on December 16th led to the Timisoara protests and </p>
<p style="top:611.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">massacre.</p>
<p style="top:634.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt"><b>74. FRG EMBASSIES: </b>After the </p>
<p style="top:648.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">opening of the Austro-Hungarian </p>
<p style="top:662.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">border, East Germans started fleeing </p>
<p style="top:675.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">to West Germany through Austria. </p>
<p style="top:689.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">The SED’s response was to close </p>
<p style="top:703.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">off travel to Hungary, which left </p>
<p style="top:717.1pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">thousands of East Germans strand-</p>
<p style="top:730.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">ed in West German embassies in </p>
<p style="top:744.6pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">Prague and Budapest. The embas-</p>
<p style="top:758.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">sies served as a safe haven until </p>
<p style="top:772.1pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">a resolution could be negotiated. </p>
<p style="top:785.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">Ultimately Honecker allowed the </p>
<p style="top:799.6pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">refugees to leave, but only if they </p>
<p style="top:813.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">traveled through East Germany first </p>
<p style="top:827.1pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">so he could claim they had been </p>
<p style="top:840.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">expelled.</p>
<p style="top:863.6pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt"><b>75. EXIT VISAS: </b>Travel was tightly restricted across the Eastern Bloc; </p>
<p style="top:877.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">a visa permitting travel to the West was a coveted prize. </p>
</div>
<div id="page9" style="background-image:url('playbook9.jpg');width:765.0pt;height:990.0pt">
<p style="top:29.7pt;left:292.0pt"><b><i>1989 </i></b><b><i>Dawn of Freedom</i></b><b><i> </i></b><i>— PLAYBOOK</i></p>
<p style="top:944.2pt;left:316.4pt"><i>© 2020 GMT Games, LLC</i></p>
<p style="top:29.4pt;left:713.5pt"><b><i>9</i></b></p>
<p style="top:66.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt"><b>76. WARSAW PACT SUMMIT: </b></p>
<p style="top:80.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">The Bucharest Summit was the </p>
<p style="top:94.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">first meeting of leaders since the </p>
<p style="top:108.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">Polish elections. In a complete </p>
<p style="top:121.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">reversal of 1968, Ceausescu called </p>
<p style="top:135.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">for armed intervention in Poland </p>
<p style="top:149.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">and Hungary to stop the slide away </p>
<p style="top:163.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">from socialism. Hungarian Prime </p>
<p style="top:176.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">Minister Nemeth glanced across </p>
<p style="top:190.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">the table to the Soviet delegation, </p>
<p style="top:204.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">where the Soviet representative just </p>
<p style="top:218.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">rolled his eyes and shook his head </p>
<p style="top:231.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">“no.” There would be no repeat of </p>
<p style="top:245.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">the ‘56 invasion. </p>
<p style="top:268.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt"><b>77. SAMIZDAT:</b> Without a free </p>
<p style="top:282.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">press, dissidents relied on secret publication to spread their message. </p>
<p style="top:295.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">Often these were produced by hand or typewriter and laboriously </p>
<p style="top:309.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">re-copied. One of the most famous samizdat was Havel’s essay “The </p>
<p style="top:323.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">Power of the Powerless.”</p>
<p style="top:346.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt"><b>78. WORKERS REVOLT: </b>Austerity programs were never popular </p>
<p style="top:359.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">with the workers, whether imposed by Communist or post-Communist </p>
<p style="top:373.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">governments. Usually these involved freeing prices and imposing wage </p>
<p style="top:387.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">controls, along with shuttering money-losing factories. Appeasing </p>
<p style="top:401.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">workers through wage concessions had to be balanced against main-</p>
<p style="top:414.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">taining the credibility of fiscal reforms for Western lenders.</p>
<p style="top:437.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt"><b>79. THE THIRD WAY:</b> The game <i>1989</i> is a binary system, but most </p>
<p style="top:451.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">of the advocacy groups, and even the Communists themselves, were </p>
<p style="top:465.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">not so easy to classify. For instance the founders of the opposition </p>
<p style="top:478.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">group New Forum did not want to do away with socialism or East </p>
<p style="top:492.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">Germany itself. They opposed the materialism of the West German </p>
<p style="top:506.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">“elbow society.” The intellectuals of the GDR such as Christa Wolf </p>
<p style="top:520.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">sought a third way between communism and capitalism, but their ideals </p>
<p style="top:533.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">were swept away in the tide. As the people learned of the wealth of the </p>
<p style="top:547.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">Federal Republic and the rampant corruption of the SED leadership, </p>
<p style="top:561.5pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">opinion turned decisively in favor of unification with West Germany. </p>
<p style="top:584.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt"><b>80. NEPOTISM:</b> The old joke in Romania was the Ceausescus were </p>
<p style="top:598.0pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">building “socialism in one family.” Family connections accounted for </p>
<p style="top:611.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">much of the opportunity for advancement in the Balkans under com-</p>
<p style="top:625.5pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">munism. Sometimes this would work out well. Lyudmila Zhivkova </p>
<p style="top:639.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">(pictured on the card) was a member of the politburo and acted as a </p>
<p style="top:653.0pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">cultural minister under her father Todor Zhivkov, promoting the arts. </p>
<p style="top:666.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">Her brother Vladimir Zhivkov was a disaster, and his promotion was </p>
<p style="top:680.5pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">one of the factors that turned the rest of the Bulgarian leadership against </p>
<p style="top:694.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">“Uncle Tosho.” The Ceausescus’ son Nicu Ceausescu (also pictured) </p>
<p style="top:708.0pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">was a playboy who lost a fortune of the Romanian treasury gambling </p>
<p style="top:721.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">in casinos and entertaining women. </p>
<p style="top:735.5pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">He drank himself to death and died </p>
<p style="top:749.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">of cirrhosis of the liver in 1996.</p>
<p style="top:772.0pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt"><b>81. THE BALTIC WAY: </b>This was </p>
<p style="top:785.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">a 350 mile chain of people holding </p>
<p style="top:799.5pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">hands across Estonia, Latvia and </p>
<p style="top:813.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">Lithuania on August 23, 1989. </p>
<p style="top:827.0pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">They were commemorating the 50th </p>
<p style="top:840.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">anniversary of the Molotov - Rib-</p>
<p style="top:854.5pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">bentrop non-aggression pact, which </p>
<p style="top:868.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">had secret codicils that divided </p>
<p style="top:882.0pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">Poland close to the pre-Napoleonic </p>
<p style="top:895.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">imperial border and ceded the Baltic </p>
<p style="top:909.5pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">States to Stalin.</p>
<p style="top:67.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt"><b>82. SPITZEL:</b> On January 15, 1990 a mob ransacked the Stasi head-</p>
<p style="top:80.7pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">quarters in Berlin. The Stasi files revealed that many prominent East </p>
<p style="top:94.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">Germans had been informants. One of the most important spitzel was </p>
<p style="top:108.2pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">the leader of the CDU in East Germany, Lothar de Maziere, who had </p>
<p style="top:122.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">to resign his position in the Kohl government. The Stasi headquarters </p>
<p style="top:135.7pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">is now a museum.</p>
<p style="top:158.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt"><b>83. MODROW:</b> Hans Modrow was the Dresden party chief of the </p>
<p style="top:172.2pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">SED. After Honecker’s replacement, Egon Krenz, was ousted on </p>
<p style="top:186.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">December 7, Modrow became the de facto leader of East Germany. </p>
<p style="top:199.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">Modrow was known as a reformer, but his accession was too late to </p>
<p style="top:213.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">save the party or even the state. His role was principally as a caretaker </p>
<p style="top:227.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">while elections were organized to create a government that would </p>
<p style="top:241.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">negotiate East Germany’s demise.</p>
<p style="top:263.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt"><b>84. BREAKAWAY BALTIC REPUBLICS:</b> This event represents the </p>
<p style="top:277.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">Baltic States declaring their independence from the USSR. It prevents </p>
<p style="top:291.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt"><i>‘Gorbachev Charms the West’</i> as an event because Gorbachev could </p>
<p style="top:305.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">no longer translate foreign policy victories into power domestically </p>
<p style="top:318.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">as the USSR broke apart. Lithuania declared independence in March </p>
<p style="top:332.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">1990 and Latvia in May 1990. Estonia’s path to independence was </p>
<p style="top:346.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">more gradual, first adopting a sovereignty declaration in November </p>
<p style="top:360.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">1988 and finally holding a referendum on independence which passed </p>
<p style="top:373.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">easily in January 1991. </p>
<p style="top:396.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt"><b>85. TANK COLUMN/TANK MAN: </b>The identity and the fate of the </p>
<p style="top:410.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">Tank Man remain a mystery. The men who escorted him off the street </p>
<p style="top:424.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">may have been just bystanders, or they may have been plain clothes </p>
<p style="top:437.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">police. The image of a solitary figure stopping a column of tanks is </p>
<p style="top:451.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">one of the iconic images of 1989.</p>
<p style="top:474.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt"><b>86. “THE WALL MUST GO!”:</b> </p>
<p style="top:488.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">On November 9th at the end of a </p>
<p style="top:501.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">long press conference GDR spokes-</p>
<p style="top:515.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">man Gunter Schabowski made a </p>
<p style="top:529.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">comment that travel restrictions </p>
<p style="top:543.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">from East Germany were to be </p>
<p style="top:556.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">lifted. He was asked when would </p>
<p style="top:570.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">this policy take effect, and after </p>
<p style="top:584.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">fumbling through his notes he said </p>
<p style="top:598.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">(mistakenly), “You should have </p>
<p style="top:611.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">this information... err.... The policy </p>
<p style="top:625.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">takes effect immediately.” The </p>
<p style="top:639.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">stunned western reporters ran to </p>
<p style="top:653.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">their telephones to call in the news. </p>
<p style="top:666.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">The news was broadcast by West </p>
<p style="top:680.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">German television back into East </p>
<p style="top:694.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">Germany, and people started gathering at the checkpoints to enter West </p>
<p style="top:708.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">Berlin. The border guards did not know what to do and could not get </p>
<p style="top:721.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">any direction. The crowds began chanting, “We will be right back!” </p>
<p style="top:735.6pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">and “The wall must go!” Finally the border guards lifted the gates, </p>
<p style="top:749.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">and the people walked into West Berlin. </p>
<p style="top:772.1pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt"><b>87. KOHL PROPOSES REUNIFICATION:</b> On November 21st </p>
<p style="top:785.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">an envoy from Gorbachev presented Kohl’s adviser Horst Teltschik a </p>
<p style="top:799.6pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">hastily written note stating that the Soviets were prepared to consider </p>
<p style="top:813.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">all options for the future, “even the unthinkable”, including a united </p>
<p style="top:827.1pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">Germany without nuclear weapons and outside the NATO alliance. </p>
<p style="top:840.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">The Germans were shocked to read this offer, and Kohl decided he </p>
<p style="top:854.6pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">should take the initiative and propose a plan for reunification. Kohl </p>
<p style="top:868.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">presented a ten point plan on November 28th in a speech before the </p>
<p style="top:882.1pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">Bundestag. The British, the French and the Soviets were not consulted. </p>
<p style="top:895.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">The Americans, the fourth of the Allied powers, were sent a copy of </p>
<p style="top:909.6pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">the text but not in time for it to be read prior to Kohl delivering the </p>
</div>
<div id="page10" style="background-image:url('playbook10.jpg');width:765.0pt;height:990.0pt">
<p style="top:29.7pt;left:292.5pt"><b><i>1989 </i></b><b><i>Dawn of Freedom</i></b><b><i> </i></b><i>— PLAYBOOK</i></p>
<p style="top:944.2pt;left:316.4pt"><i>© 2020 GMT Games, LLC</i></p>
<p style="top:30.9pt;left:46.6pt"><b><i>10</i></b></p>
<p style="top:66.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">speech. Needless to say the speech generated quite a reaction. Gor-</p>
<p style="top:80.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">bachev was infuriated. In a meeting with Genscher the following week </p>
<p style="top:94.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">Shevardnadze compared Kohl to Hitler. In the end Kohl got what he </p>
<p style="top:108.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">wanted, a united Germany in NATO.</p>
<p style="top:130.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt"><b>88. ADAMEC: </b>In late November, after the resignation of CCP General </p>
<p style="top:144.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">Secretary Milos Jakes, Ladislav Adamec became the de facto leader </p>
<p style="top:158.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">of the Czechsolvak Communists. Adamec tried to assemble a coali-</p>
<p style="top:172.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">tion government, appointing various Civic Forum figures as minority </p>
<p style="top:185.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">partners in a Communist-dominated government. The people rejected </p>
<p style="top:199.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">this arrangement, leading to the fall of the Adamec government on </p>
<p style="top:213.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">December 10. </p>
<p style="top:236.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt"><b>89. DOMINO THEORY:</b> The Domino Theory was a justification for </p>
<p style="top:249.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">American military intervention in Southeast Asia. It held that if one </p>
<p style="top:263.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">country went Communist other countries in the region would follow. </p>
<p style="top:277.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">1989 saw the Domino Theory working in reverse. Once Poland and </p>
<p style="top:291.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">Hungary made democratic reforms, and it became clear there would </p>
<p style="top:304.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">be no Soviet intervention, the dissidents in the other countries became </p>
<p style="top:318.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">emboldened. </p>
<p style="top:341.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt"><b>90. CIVIC FORUM:</b> The Velvet </p>
<p style="top:355.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">Revolution began November 17th </p>
<p style="top:368.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">as a march to commemorate the </p>
<p style="top:382.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">50th anniversary of the murder of </p>
<p style="top:396.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">Jan Opletal who had been killed </p>
<p style="top:410.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">by the Nazis in November 1939. </p>
<p style="top:423.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">The regime cracked down harshly, </p>
<p style="top:437.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">and there were false rumors that </p>
<p style="top:451.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">a student had been killed. The </p>
<p style="top:465.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">students called for a strike, which </p>
<p style="top:478.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">was supported by the actors. Even </p>
<p style="top:492.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">ninety year old Cardinal Frantisek </p>
<p style="top:506.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">Tomasek joined in supporting the </p>
<p style="top:520.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">students. On November 19th Civic </p>
<p style="top:533.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">Forum was created as the umbrella </p>
<p style="top:547.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">opposition group in the Czech </p>
<p style="top:561.5pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">lands. Its leadership was an eclectic mix of economists, actors, former </p>
<p style="top:575.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">Prague Spring Communists, students, workers and intellectuals who </p>
<p style="top:589.0pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">assembled nightly in the basement of The Magic Lantern Theater in </p>
<p style="top:602.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">Prague. Starting on November 20th, Civic Forum held enormous daily </p>
<p style="top:616.5pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">rallies in Wenceslas Square that ultimately toppled the regime.</p>
<p style="top:639.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt"><b>91. MY FIRST BANANA: </b>There was an approximately 3 week period </p>
<p style="top:653.0pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">after the opening of the wall on November 9th in which the future of the </p>
<p style="top:666.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">GDR was unclear. After the East Germans had a chance to travel to the </p>
<p style="top:680.5pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">West (with a 100 DM welcoming present from the West German gov-</p>
<p style="top:694.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">ernment) and see the abundance in the grocery stores and other shops, </p>
<p style="top:708.0pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">support for a reformed socialism in East Germany started to collapse. </p>
<p style="top:730.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt"><b>92. BETRAYAL:</b> The record of cooperation between the Bulgarian </p>
<p style="top:744.5pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">and Romanian Orthodox churches and the Communist parties made </p>
<p style="top:758.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">the Orthodox churches unlikely sources for democratic protest. After </p>
<p style="top:772.0pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">the massacre in Timisoara, Romanian Patriarch Teoctist sent a telegram </p>
<p style="top:785.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">to Ceausescu praising his “brilliant activity” and “daring thinking.”</p>
<p style="top:808.5pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt"><b>93. SHOCK THERAPY:</b> Harvard professor Jeffrey Sachs, then just </p>
<p style="top:822.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">34 years old, served as consultant to Polish Finance Minister Leszek </p>
<p style="top:836.0pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">Balcerowicz in drawing a radical economic plan to transform Poland </p>
<p style="top:849.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">from a command to a free market economy. The plan was dubbed Shock </p>
<p style="top:863.5pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">Therapy because it was designed to give a jolt to the heart instead of </p>
<p style="top:877.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">using piecemeal reforms. Because Poland was facing hyper-inflation, </p>
<p style="top:891.0pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">interest rates were raised to over 100% and the zloty was pegged to </p>
<p style="top:904.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">the dollar. Prices were freed on virtually everything. Money losing </p>
<p style="top:67.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">firms were shuttered, creating massive unemployment in a society </p>
<p style="top:80.7pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">where unemployment had been virtually non-existent. Surviving state </p>
<p style="top:94.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">owned firms were gradually privatized. As a result of Shock Therapy </p>
<p style="top:108.2pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">Poland suffered a severe recession in 1990-1991, but recovered faster </p>
<p style="top:122.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">than other states that took a less aggressive approach. In a remarkable </p>
<p style="top:135.7pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">success story, since 1991 Poland has enjoyed 20 consecutive years of </p>
<p style="top:149.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">economic growth and was the only EU member state to avoid recession </p>
<p style="top:163.2pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">during the financial crisis of 2008-2009. </p>
<p style="top:186.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt"><b>94. UNION OF DEMOCRATIC FORCES:</b> The UDF was a collec-</p>
<p style="top:199.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">tion of opposition groups in Bulgaria founded December 7, 1989. Its </p>
<p style="top:213.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">leader was philosophy professor Zhelyu Zhelev, who would be elected </p>
<p style="top:227.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">president of Bulgaria in August 1990.</p>
<p style="top:250.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt"><b>95. Scoring Card—ROMANIA</b></p>
<p style="top:272.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt"><b>96. THE CHINESE SOLUTION:</b> The possibility of security forces </p>
<p style="top:286.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">using live ammunition against the crowds loomed over the events </p>
<p style="top:300.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">of 1989. In Timisoara, protests prompted by the eviction of Father </p>
<p style="top:314.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">Tokes resulted in dozens of people being killed by army and Securitate </p>
<p style="top:327.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">agents, and in Bucharest another 1,000 died between December 21 and </p>
<p style="top:341.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">December 25, though most of the victims were killed after the Ceaus-</p>
<p style="top:355.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">escus had been captured. The +3 VP penalty represents international </p>
<p style="top:369.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">condemnation of the use of force against the demonstrators. </p>
<p style="top:391.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt"><b>97. THE TYRANT IS GONE:</b> It’s </p>
<p style="top:405.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">remarkable that a man as paranoid </p>
<p style="top:419.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">as Nicolae Ceausescu had no escape </p>
<p style="top:433.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">plan in the event of an uprising or </p>
<p style="top:446.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">coup. After the crowd turned against </p>
<p style="top:460.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">him, Ceausescu and his wife Elena </p>
<p style="top:474.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">spent the night of December 21st </p>
<p style="top:488.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">in the Central Committee building, </p>
<p style="top:501.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">then attempted to escape the follow-</p>
<p style="top:515.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">ing day by helicopter. By radio the </p>
<p style="top:529.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">pilot was given instructions to land, </p>
<p style="top:543.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">and put the helicopter down only </p>
<p style="top:556.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">40 miles from Bucharest, telling </p>
<p style="top:570.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">the Ceausescus that he had to land </p>
<p style="top:584.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">because they were going to be fired </p>
<p style="top:598.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">upon. The Ceausescus then stole a </p>
<p style="top:611.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">car but were quickly captured and transported to a nearby army base. </p>
<p style="top:625.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">On Christmas Day there was a farcical trial, and they were put against </p>
<p style="top:639.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">the wall and shot.</p>
<p style="top:662.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt"><b>98. POLITBURO INTRIGUE:</b> In </p>
<p style="top:675.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">early November, Zhivkov created </p>
<p style="top:689.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">another international embarrass-</p>
<p style="top:703.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">ment when he ordered a crackdown </p>
<p style="top:717.1pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">against Eco-Glasnost in front of a </p>
<p style="top:730.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">group of Western delegates to the </p>
<p style="top:744.6pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">Conference on Security and Coop-</p>
<p style="top:758.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">eration in Europe meeting in Sofia. </p>
<p style="top:772.1pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">The CSCE (now the OSCE) is the </p>
<p style="top:785.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">Helsinki working group, and to </p>
<p style="top:799.6pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">have public beatings while hosting </p>
<p style="top:813.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">a human rights conference did not </p>
<p style="top:827.1pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">help Bulgaria’s reputation. A long </p>
<p style="top:840.8pt;left:393.8pt;font-size:11pt">planned palace coup against Zhivkov </p>
<p style="top:854.6pt;left:393.8pt;font-size:11pt">was launched on November 10th, </p>
<p style="top:868.3pt;left:393.8pt;font-size:11pt">and he was replaced by the coup’s </p>
<p style="top:882.1pt;left:393.8pt;font-size:11pt">instigator Petr Mladenov. Mladenov himself was forced to resign in </p>
<p style="top:895.8pt;left:393.8pt;font-size:11pt">July 1990 when tapes surfaced of him calling for violent suppression </p>
<p style="top:909.6pt;left:393.8pt;font-size:11pt">of a UDF rally in December 1989, saying “The tanks had better come.”</p>
</div>
<div id="page11" style="background-image:url('playbook11.jpg');width:765.0pt;height:990.0pt">
<p style="top:29.7pt;left:292.0pt"><b><i>1989 </i></b><b><i>Dawn of Freedom</i></b><b><i> </i></b><i>— PLAYBOOK</i></p>
<p style="top:944.2pt;left:316.4pt"><i>© 2020 GMT Games, LLC</i></p>
<p style="top:29.4pt;left:707.0pt"><b><i>11</i></b></p>
<p style="top:66.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt"><b>99. LIGACHEV: </b>Yegor Ligachev was the leading voice of the hard-</p>
<p style="top:80.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">liners inside the Kremlin in 1989. Ligachev challenged Gorbachev’s </p>
<p style="top:94.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">hands off policy toward Eastern Europe, arguing instead for “the class </p>
<p style="top:108.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">nature” of Soviet foreign policy.</p>
<p style="top:130.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt"><b>100. STAND FAST:</b> This card </p>
<p style="top:144.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">represents supporters of either side </p>
<p style="top:158.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">resisting the crowd mentality that </p>
<p style="top:172.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">swayed so many in 1989. Polls </p>
<p style="top:185.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">showed majorities of Eastern Eu-</p>
<p style="top:199.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">ropeans supported the egalitarian </p>
<p style="top:213.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">goals of socialism, while rejecting </p>
<p style="top:227.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">the corrupt and failed Communist </p>
<p style="top:240.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">parties. For most people the 1989 </p>
<p style="top:254.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">revolutions were not ideological; </p>
<p style="top:268.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">they rejected utopian visions for </p>
<p style="top:282.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">the future. They just wanted to live </p>
<p style="top:295.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">normal lives. Certainly the work-</p>
<p style="top:309.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">ers who revolted did not want to </p>
<p style="top:323.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">replace communism with a system </p>
<p style="top:337.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">that would immediately close their </p>
<p style="top:350.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">money-losing factory. Still, people could get caught up in the moment </p>
<p style="top:364.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">as part of the crowd. Voices of moderation were drowned out by pro-</p>
<p style="top:378.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">verbial calls of “Off with their heads!” </p>
<p style="top:401.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt"><b>101. ELENA: </b>The personality cult around Elena Ceausescu rivaled that </p>
<p style="top:414.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">of her husband. She was poorly educated, but in Romanian propaganda </p>
<p style="top:428.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">she became a brilliant chemist, taking credit for research conducted </p>
<p style="top:442.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">by real scientists. </p>
<p style="top:465.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt"><b>102. NATIONAL SALVATION FRONT:</b> In Romania, the revolution </p>
<p style="top:478.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">began before an opposition movement had even emerged, and there </p>
<p style="top:492.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">simply were no dissidents to form an opposition leadership. Instead </p>
<p style="top:506.4pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">the second tier of the Communist party assumed the mantle of the op-</p>
<p style="top:520.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">position. At first they promised free elections and democratic reforms, </p>
<p style="top:533.9pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">but soon reneged on those promises.</p>
<p style="top:556.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt"><b>103. GOVERNMENT RESIGNS: </b>The final capitulation of the re-</p>
<p style="top:570.5pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">gimes might take the form of a resignation en masse by the government. </p>
<p style="top:584.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">This happened in December in East Germany and Czechoslovakia.</p>
<p style="top:607.0pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt"><b>104. NEW YEAR’S EVE PARTY:</b> The historic year 1989 ended with </p>
<p style="top:620.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">a party at the Brandenburg Gate on New Year’s Eve. The party has </p>
<p style="top:634.5pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">become an annual tradition in Berlin, with more than a million people </p>
<p style="top:648.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">celebrating on New Year’s Eve each year. This card is a Communist </p>
<p style="top:662.0pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">event because it represents time running out on the Democratic player. </p>
<p style="top:684.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt"><b>105. PUBLIC AGAINST VIOLENCE:</b> Historically, support for </p>
<p style="top:698.5pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">communism was weaker in Slovakia than in Bohemia and Moravia. </p>
<p style="top:712.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">Public Against Violence was the Slovak counterpart of Civic Forum, </p>
<p style="top:726.0pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">and like Civic Forum it broke apart quickly after the Velvet Revolution. </p>
<p style="top:739.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">Most of the leadership of Public Against Violence would go on to lead </p>
<p style="top:753.5pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">the Movement for a Democratic Slovakia, which advocated for Slovak </p>
<p style="top:767.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">independence, resulting in the Velvet Divorce and the dissolution of </p>
<p style="top:781.0pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">Czechoslovakia on January 1, 1993.</p>
<p style="top:803.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt"><b>106. SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC PLATFORM ADOPTED:</b> After </p>
<p style="top:817.5pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">the 1989 Revolutions, the Communist parties renamed themselves </p>
<p style="top:831.2pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">and splintered into factions. The reformed Communists adopted a </p>
<p style="top:845.0pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">left wing agenda that respected the new institutions of democracy. </p>
<p style="top:858.7pt;left:45.0pt;font-size:11pt">The Bulgarian Communists, renamed the Bulgarian Socialist Party, </p>
<p style="top:67.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">would retain power in free elections in March 1990. The Romanian </p>
<p style="top:80.7pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">Communists also remained in power through less honest means. The </p>
<p style="top:94.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">other Communists would return to power as social democrats across </p>
<p style="top:108.2pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">the region in the mid to late 1990s.</p>
<p style="top:131.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt"><b>107. MASSACRE IN TIMISOARA:</b> On December 16th a small </p>
<p style="top:144.7pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">group of parishioners of Timisoara’s Hungarian Reformed church </p>
<p style="top:158.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">started protesting outside the church over the eviction of their pastor </p>
<p style="top:172.2pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">Father Tokes. The church was near a train stop, and Romanian workers </p>
<p style="top:186.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">on the way to their factories saw the protest and started joining in. The </p>
<p style="top:199.7pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">crowd quickly grew and turned into an anti-Ceausescu demonstration. </p>
<p style="top:213.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">The demonstration turned to a riot as the crowd moved to ransack the </p>
<p style="top:227.2pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">party headquarters. The following day Securitate and army elements </p>
<p style="top:241.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">fired on the crowds, killing more than 80 people. News of the massa-</p>
<p style="top:254.7pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">cre spread to Bucharest, and outrage at the events helped foment the </p>
<p style="top:268.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">revolution beginning on December 21st.</p>
<p style="top:291.2pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt"><b>108. ARMY BACKS REVOLUTION:</b> The morning of December </p>
<p style="top:305.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">22nd, it was reported that the Romanian Defense Minister Vasile Milea </p>
<p style="top:318.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">had shot himself after being discovered as a traitor. This was the turning </p>
<p style="top:332.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">point for the army. Assuming Milea had been murdered for refusing </p>
<p style="top:346.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">orders to fire on the crowds, the army decisively turned against the </p>
<p style="top:360.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">Ceausescus. The ensuing three days saw bloody street fights between </p>
<p style="top:373.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">the army and elements of the Securitate still loyal to the regime; </p>
<p style="top:387.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">however, it was often unclear who was shooting at whom. Many of </p>
<p style="top:401.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">the Securitate wore plainclothes and simply slipped away, while many </p>
<p style="top:415.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">ordinary Romanians were caught in the crossfire.</p>
<p style="top:437.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt"><b>109. KREMLIN COUP!:</b> This card represents the overthrow of </p>
<p style="top:451.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">Gorbachev by conservatives in the party. The abortive coup against </p>
<p style="top:465.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">Gorbachev was launched in August 1991 and accelerated the disso-</p>
<p style="top:479.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">lution of the USSR.</p>
<p style="top:501.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt"><b>110. MALTA SUMMIT:</b> In De-</p>
<p style="top:515.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">cember, 1989 Bush and Gorbachev </p>
<p style="top:529.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">held a summit on the island of Malta </p>
<p style="top:543.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">to discuss the rapidly changing situ-</p>
<p style="top:556.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">ation in Eastern Europe. The meet-</p>
<p style="top:570.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">ings had been scheduled to take </p>
<p style="top:584.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">place aboard Soviet and American </p>
<p style="top:598.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">warships on the Mediterranean Sea. </p>
<p style="top:611.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">Unfortunately there was terrible </p>
<p style="top:625.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">weather in Malta, and a number of </p>
<p style="top:639.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">the scheduled meetings were can-</p>
<p style="top:653.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">celled because of sea sickness. This </p>
<p style="top:666.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">summit can be considered the end of </p>
<p style="top:680.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">the Cold War. In its place there was </p>
<p style="top:694.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">to be a “New World Order.” The </p>
<p style="top:708.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">New World Order was supposed </p>
<p style="top:721.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">to begin with co-operation between the super powers to combat arms </p>
<p style="top:735.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">trafficking and terrorism, and gradual inclusion of the Soviet Union </p>
<p style="top:749.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">in international organizations such as the G-7. It also entailed future </p>
<p style="top:763.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">debt relief to Eastern Europe through the International Monetary Fund </p>
<p style="top:776.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">and the World Bank. This grandiose talk sounded somewhat out of </p>
<p style="top:790.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">character for the prudent Mr. Bush, and he was criticized by some for </p>
<p style="top:804.3pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">not being more ambitious in support of Gorbachev. This New World </p>
<p style="top:818.0pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">Order would be brief, as the United States would find itself at war in </p>
<p style="top:831.8pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">the Gulf in 1990, and the Soviet Union itself would collapse and cease </p>
<p style="top:845.5pt;left:393.7pt;font-size:11pt">to exist in 1991.</p>
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