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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Plantagenet - Background</title>
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<div id="page1" style="background-image:url('playbook/playbook1.jpg');width:765.4pt;height:991.3pt">
<p style="top:618.9pt;left:57.9pt"><b>Quickstart ...............................................................................2</b></p>
<p style="top:638.7pt;left:57.9pt"><b>Solitaire and Team Play </b></p>
<p style="top:638.7pt;left:186.0pt"><b>.........................................................2</b></p>
<p style="top:658.4pt;left:57.9pt"><b>On Strategy </b></p>
<p style="top:658.4pt;left:123.5pt"><b>.............................................................................3</b></p>
<p style="top:678.2pt;left:57.9pt"><b>Examples of Play ....................................................................5</b></p>
<p style="top:695.4pt;left:65.4pt">Levy </p>
<p style="top:695.4pt;left:92.3pt">.......................................................................................5</p>
<p style="top:712.7pt;left:65.4pt">Levying a Lord ......................................................................8</p>
<p style="top:729.9pt;left:65.4pt">Campaign </p>
<p style="top:729.9pt;left:117.3pt">...............................................................................9</p>
<p style="top:747.2pt;left:65.4pt">Battle </p>
<p style="top:747.2pt;left:95.4pt">....................................................................................11</p>
<p style="top:764.4pt;left:65.4pt">Sailing </p>
<p style="top:764.4pt;left:101.6pt">..................................................................................14</p>
<p style="top:781.7pt;left:65.4pt">Feed and Pillage ..................................................................14</p>
<p style="top:798.9pt;left:65.4pt">Exile </p>
<p style="top:798.9pt;left:92.3pt">.....................................................................................15</p>
<p style="top:816.2pt;left:65.4pt">End Campaign .....................................................................15</p>
<p style="top:835.9pt;left:57.9pt"><b>Campaign History </b></p>
<p style="top:835.9pt;left:157.9pt"><b>................................................................16</b></p>
<p style="top:855.7pt;left:57.9pt"><b>Lord and Vassal Histories ...................................................23</b></p>
<p style="top:872.9pt;left:65.4pt">The Lancastrians </p>
<p style="top:872.9pt;left:151.6pt">..................................................................23</p>
<p style="top:619.1pt;left:400.6pt">The Yorkists </p>
<p style="top:619.1pt;left:465.0pt">.........................................................................27</p>
<p style="top:636.4pt;left:400.6pt">The Kingmaker </p>
<p style="top:636.4pt;left:480.6pt">....................................................................29</p>
<p style="top:653.6pt;left:400.6pt">Prominent Houses </p>
<p style="top:653.6pt;left:493.1pt">................................................................30</p>
<p style="top:673.4pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Arts of War – Notes </b></p>
<p style="top:673.4pt;left:499.4pt"><b>..............................................................31</b></p>
<p style="top:690.6pt;left:400.6pt">Yorkist Events </p>
<p style="top:690.6pt;left:474.4pt">......................................................................31</p>
<p style="top:707.9pt;left:400.6pt">Yorkist Capabilities .............................................................36</p>
<p style="top:725.1pt;left:400.6pt">Lancastrian Events </p>
<p style="top:725.1pt;left:496.3pt">...............................................................42</p>
<p style="top:742.4pt;left:400.6pt">Lancastrian Capabilities ......................................................46</p>
<p style="top:762.1pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Design Notes .........................................................................51</b></p>
<p style="top:781.9pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Selected Sources ...................................................................52</b></p>
<p style="top:801.6pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Credits ...................................................................................53</b></p>
<p style="top:821.4pt;left:393.1pt"><b>House of Lancaster. </b></p>
<p style="top:821.4pt;left:499.4pt"><b>..............................................................54</b></p>
<p style="top:841.1pt;left:393.1pt"><b>House of York .......................................................................55 </b></p>
<p style="top:860.9pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Arts of War – List </b></p>
<p style="top:860.9pt;left:490.0pt"><b>.................................................................56</b></p>
<p style="top:589.2pt;left:274.5pt;font-size:17.5pt"><b>TABLE OF CONTENTS</b></p>
<p style="top:48.0pt;left:207.4pt;font-size:25.0pt" class="h1"><span style="color:#ffffff">Levy & Campaign Series - Volume IV</span></p>
<p style="top:510.0pt;left:169.2pt;font-size:60.0pt" class="h1">Background Book</p>
<p style="top:913.5pt;left:321.2pt">© 2023 GMT Games LLC</p>
<p style="top:929.8pt;left:321.2pt">P.O. Box 1308, Hanford, CA 93232 </p>
<p style="top:946.0pt;left:321.2pt">www.GMTGames.com</p>
</div>
<div id="page2" style="background-image:url('playbook/playbook2.jpg');width:765.4pt;height:991.3pt">
<p style="top:946.8pt;left:321.9pt;font-size:11.2pt"><i>© 2023 GMT Games, LLC</i></p>
<p style="top:44.0pt;left:272.6pt;font-size:15.7pt" class="hr">Plantagenet Background Book</p>
<p style="top:46.9pt;left:69.2pt;font-size:13.8pt">2</p>
<p style="top:82.7pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:21.9pt"><span style="color:#fff" class="h1">Quickstart</span></p>
<p style="top:116.0pt;left:44.4pt"><b><i>START HERE</i></b><i> if you are new to this game series! The </i>Levy & </p>
<p style="top:131.0pt;left:44.4pt">Campaign<i> system can be daunting to learn because it is hard to </i></p>
<p style="top:146.0pt;left:44.4pt"><i>decide on selections during Levy before seeing at least once how </i></p>
<p style="top:161.0pt;left:44.4pt"><i>a subsequent Campaign might unfold. Below you can set up a </i></p>
<p style="top:176.0pt;left:44.4pt"><i>one-and-a-half turn scenario that makes initial Levy and Plan de-</i></p>
<p style="top:191.0pt;left:44.4pt"><i>cisions for you, then offers thoughts on Campaign strategy, so you </i></p>
<p style="top:206.0pt;left:44.4pt"><i>can jump right into Commanding your armies. </i></p>
<p style="top:231.8pt;left:44.4pt;font-size:17.5pt" class="h2">King Henry, 1459</p>
<p style="top:258.0pt;left:44.4pt;font-size:15.0pt" class="h3"><b>Scenario Ia – Campaign/Levy/Campaign</b></p>
<p style="top:282.8pt;left:44.4pt;font-size:13.8pt" class="h3">Prepare</p>
<p style="top:305.0pt;left:44.4pt">Follow sections 2.1 and 6.0 of the Rules of Play booklet to set </p>
<p style="top:320.0pt;left:44.4pt">up Scenario Ia, <b>Henry VI, 1459-1461</b>, as shown on pages 20-21. </p>
<p style="top:335.0pt;left:44.4pt">Then adjust the setup as follows, representing the first Levy (3.0) </p>
<p style="top:350.0pt;left:44.4pt">and Plan (4.1). <b><i>NOTE:</i></b><i> If two players, DO NOT READ the other </i></p>
<p style="top:365.0pt;left:44.4pt"><i>side’s shaded sections below, as players would not know each oth-</i></p>
<p style="top:380.0pt;left:44.4pt"><i>er’s cards and strategies.</i></p>
<p style="top:401.5pt;left:44.4pt;font-size:13.8pt"><b>LORD MATS:</b></p>
<p style="top:420.0pt;left:44.4pt">• At York’s mat, add card Y5 Thomas Bourchier.</p>
<p style="top:437.5pt;left:44.4pt">• At March’s mat, add Y20 York’s Favoured Son.</p>
<p style="top:455.0pt;left:44.4pt">• At Henry VI’s mat, add L15 King’s Parley.</p>
<p style="top:472.5pt;left:44.4pt">• At Somerset’s mat, add L18 Council Member.</p>
<p style="top:495.3pt;left:44.4pt;font-size:13.8pt"><b>GAME BOARD:</b></p>
<p style="top:513.8pt;left:44.4pt">• Place a Yorkist (white rose) Favour marker at Cambridge and </p>
<p style="top:528.8pt;left:54.4pt">another at Hereford.</p>
<p style="top:546.3pt;left:44.4pt">• Place a Lancastrian (red rose) Favour marker at St Albans and </p>
<p style="top:561.3pt;left:54.4pt">another at Oxford.</p>
<p style="top:578.8pt;left:44.4pt">• Slide the “IP” Influence marker on the Influence Track to box </p>
<p style="top:593.8pt;left:54.4pt">“3” on its Lancastrian (red) side.</p>
<p style="top:613.8pt;left:44.4pt">Next, each side creates Plan stacks of Command cards as follows </p>
<p style="top:628.8pt;left:44.4pt">(4.1). </p>
<p style="top:652.4pt;left:50.6pt"><b>YORKIST PLAN:</b> Stack facedown, top to bottom, York-York-</p>
<p style="top:667.4pt;left:50.6pt">March-York.</p>
<p style="top:694.9pt;left:50.6pt"><b>LANCASTRIAN PLAN:</b> Stack facedown, top to bottom, </p>
<p style="top:709.9pt;left:50.6pt">Somerset-Somerset-Henry VI-Somerset.</p>
<p style="top:737.8pt;left:44.4pt;font-size:13.8pt" class="h3">Strategize</p>
<p style="top:764.9pt;left:50.6pt"><b>YORKIST STRATEGY:</b> Yorkist Lords should try end their </p>
<p style="top:779.9pt;left:50.6pt">turn far apart from one another. York can go north to end up in </p>
<p style="top:794.9pt;left:50.6pt">the area around York City where, in the next turn, Salisbury can </p>
<p style="top:809.9pt;left:50.6pt">join him. They then can March further north together, to attack </p>
<p style="top:824.9pt;left:50.6pt">Northumberland if present and to add Favour there. March can </p>
<p style="top:839.9pt;left:50.6pt">head north within Wales and add Favour—looking next Turn to </p>
<p style="top:854.9pt;left:50.6pt">Levy the Welsh Lords Capability to Dominate Wales. Harlech </p>
<p style="top:869.9pt;left:50.6pt">is then a good end spot for him.</p>
<p style="top:84.1pt;left:399.4pt"><b>LANCASTRIAN STRATEGY:</b> Lancastrian Lords should </p>
<p style="top:99.1pt;left:399.4pt">begin by stabilizing a power base in the south and to link </p>
<p style="top:114.1pt;left:399.4pt">Somerset’s Seat, Wells, by Friendly Strongholds to London. </p>
<p style="top:129.1pt;left:399.4pt">Henry VI can go east to Rochester while Somerset goes south-</p>
<p style="top:144.1pt;left:399.4pt">west to Guildford. Both should then Parley. Next turn, they </p>
<p style="top:159.1pt;left:399.4pt">should Levy Vassals and try a push to relieve Northumberland </p>
<p style="top:174.1pt;left:399.4pt">from Yorkist pressure or to pincer the Yorkist Lords to force </p>
<p style="top:189.1pt;left:399.4pt">them to Battle or Exile.</p>
<p style="top:217.0pt;left:393.1pt;font-size:13.8pt" class="h3">Start Play</p>
<p style="top:239.2pt;left:393.1pt">Begin the Command part of the first Campaign (4.2). Refer to </p>
<p style="top:254.2pt;left:393.1pt">“Campaign” on the foldout’s Sequence of Play page and Rule-</p>
<p style="top:269.2pt;left:393.1pt">book sections 4.0 CAMPAIGN STEPS and 4.2 Command, pages </p>
<p style="top:284.2pt;left:393.1pt">12-13. Flip the Yorkist’s top Command card first (because they </p>
<p style="top:299.2pt;left:393.1pt">are the Rebel side here, 2.2.4, 4.2, 6.0). Select actions for the Lord </p>
<p style="top:314.2pt;left:393.1pt">shown on the card. Play through that Command card. Then flip a </p>
<p style="top:329.2pt;left:393.1pt">Lancastrian card to take actions with that Lord. Keep alternating </p>
<p style="top:344.2pt;left:393.1pt">sides.</p>
<p style="top:368.2pt;left:393.1pt;font-size:13.8pt"><b>KEY RULES:</b></p>
<p style="top:386.7pt;left:393.1pt">• To select actions, refer to the foldout’s Commands page for a </p>
<p style="top:401.7pt;left:403.1pt">list of the possible actions and how they work. For details, see </p>
<p style="top:416.7pt;left:403.1pt">rules 4.3-4.6, pages 13-17. Frequent Commands include March </p>
<p style="top:431.7pt;left:403.1pt">(4.3), Supply (4.5), Parley (4.6.4), and Tax (4.6.3).</p>
<p style="top:449.2pt;left:393.1pt">• If Enemies March near each other, consider Intercept (4.3.4). If </p>
<p style="top:464.2pt;left:403.1pt">Lords Approach an Enemy (4.3.5) who stands for Battle (does </p>
<p style="top:479.2pt;left:403.1pt">not go into Exile), refer to the Battle foldout page and rules </p>
<p style="top:494.2pt;left:403.1pt">section 4.4, pages 14-16.</p>
<p style="top:511.7pt;left:393.1pt">• Consult the End Campaign rules (4.8) and particularly Tides of </p>
<p style="top:526.7pt;left:403.1pt">War (4.8.1). In that step, the sides earn Influence points, so these </p>
<p style="top:541.7pt;left:403.1pt">sections provide insight into how to win the game.</p>
<p style="top:561.7pt;left:393.1pt">Continue play through the end of Turn 2 to complete a Campaign, </p>
<p style="top:576.7pt;left:393.1pt">then a Levy, then a final Campaign. Congratulations and welcome </p>
<p style="top:591.7pt;left:393.1pt">to <i>Levy & Campaign</i>!</p>
<p style="top:627.9pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:21.9pt"><span style="color:#fff" class="h1">Solitaire and Team Play</span></p>
<p style="top:660.2pt;left:393.1pt"><span class="h3">Solitaire.</span> <i>Plantagenet</i> does not include a solo system but can ac-</p>
<p style="top:676.2pt;left:393.1pt">commodate a single player running both sides with normal rules, </p>
<p style="top:691.2pt;left:393.1pt">ignoring aspects of hidden information such as Held Events and </p>
<p style="top:706.2pt;left:393.1pt">Plan stacks. In addition, here is a list of alternatives to increase the </p>
<p style="top:721.2pt;left:393.1pt">fun for a solo player:</p>
<p style="top:738.7pt;left:393.1pt">• Play with Hidden Mats (1.5.2). Keep each side’s Lords behind </p>
<p style="top:753.7pt;left:403.1pt">a screen to aid your focus on one side at a time and help you </p>
<p style="top:768.7pt;left:403.1pt">forget what the other side’s Lords have Mustered.</p>
<p style="top:786.2pt;left:393.1pt">• Select one side as your side and the other side as the opponent. </p>
<p style="top:801.2pt;left:403.1pt">Play both sides. However, give the opposing side one extra </p>
<p style="top:816.2pt;left:403.1pt">Command card each Campaign as compensation for your focus </p>
<p style="top:831.2pt;left:403.1pt">on one side. After each Planning step (4.1), shuffle the opposing </p>
<p style="top:846.2pt;left:403.1pt">side’s Plan stack of Command Cards.</p>
<p style="top:863.7pt;left:393.1pt">• Select one side as your own side. After forming your side’s Plan </p>
<p style="top:878.7pt;left:403.1pt">stack (4.1.2), shuffle those cards face down. For the opposing </p>
<p style="top:893.7pt;left:403.1pt">side, do not create a Plan stack. Instead of flipping Command </p>
<p style="top:908.7pt;left:403.1pt">cards for that side (4.2), choose any card from its deck and play </p>
<p style="top:923.7pt;left:403.1pt">as best you can. </p>
</div>
<div id="page3" style="background-image:url('playbook/playbook3.jpg');width:765.4pt;height:991.3pt">
<p style="top:947.9pt;left:321.9pt;font-size:11.2pt"><i>© 2023 GMT Games, LLC</i></p>
<p style="top:44.0pt;left:272.6pt;font-size:15.7pt" class="hr">Plantagenet Background Book</p>
<p style="top:46.9pt;left:689.3pt;font-size:13.8pt">3</p>
<p style="top:77.9pt;left:44.4pt">• Skip the Planning step (4.1). Instead of flipping Command cards </p>
<p style="top:92.9pt;left:54.4pt">(4.2), choose any card from each side’s deck and play that side </p>
<p style="top:107.9pt;left:54.4pt">as best you can.</p>
<p style="top:126.9pt;left:44.4pt"><span class="h3">Teams.</span> You also can play <i>Plantagenet</i> in teams. Players can </p>
<p style="top:142.9pt;left:44.4pt">simply run each side as a committee. Or try out one of these op-</p>
<p style="top:157.9pt;left:44.4pt">tions for greater interest:</p>
<p style="top:175.4pt;left:44.4pt">• Distribute Lords among players, giving each player full con-</p>
<p style="top:190.4pt;left:54.4pt">trol over that player’s Lords’ actions. Any player may play Held </p>
<p style="top:205.4pt;left:54.4pt">Events when that player’s Lord is active in Levy or Campaign </p>
<p style="top:220.4pt;left:54.4pt">(as appropriate to the Event). Decide Levy order and Plans (4.1) </p>
<p style="top:235.4pt;left:54.4pt">by committee.</p>
<p style="top:252.9pt;left:44.4pt">• Distribute Lords as above but designate one player on each side </p>
<p style="top:267.9pt;left:54.4pt">as Leader (perhaps by whoever controls the highest Heir, 6.2.1). </p>
<p style="top:282.9pt;left:54.4pt">The Leader Holds and plays Event cards, decides the order of </p>
<p style="top:297.9pt;left:54.4pt">Lords during Levy, and creates that side’s Plan stack (showing </p>
<p style="top:312.9pt;left:54.4pt">it to teammates, 4.1.2). Teams may discuss strategy only at the </p>
<p style="top:327.9pt;left:54.4pt">outset of each Levy Phase and again at the outset of each the </p>
<p style="top:342.9pt;left:54.4pt">Campaign Phase—not as Lords take actions.</p>
<p style="top:380.4pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:21.9pt"><span style="color:#fff" class="h1">On Strategy</span></p>
<p style="top:413.6pt;left:105.2pt"><i>by Christophe Correia, Series Developer </i></p>
<p style="top:432.4pt;left:44.4pt">If you have played other <i>Levy & Campaign</i> games, you will find </p>
<p style="top:447.4pt;left:44.4pt"><i>Plantagenet</i> has a lot of similarities. You still have Lords that </p>
<p style="top:462.4pt;left:44.4pt">move around a map, taking different actions that the player es-</p>
<p style="top:477.4pt;left:44.4pt">timates will bring that side closer to victory. That said, designer </p>
<p style="top:492.4pt;left:44.4pt">Francisco “Pako” Gradaille here had to account for some specifics </p>
<p style="top:507.4pt;left:44.4pt">of the Wars of the Roses.</p>
<p style="top:527.6pt;left:44.4pt"><span class="h3">Influence.</span> The first and most notable set of changes concerns the </p>
<p style="top:543.6pt;left:44.4pt">historically lesser importance and span of sieges during this con-</p>
<p style="top:558.6pt;left:44.4pt">flict and their replacement by a focus on gaining influence across </p>
<p style="top:573.6pt;left:44.4pt">the land in favor of your side’s claim to the throne. If you are </p>
<p style="top:588.6pt;left:44.4pt">familiar with the <i>Levy & Campaign Series</i>, you will immediately </p>
<p style="top:603.6pt;left:44.4pt">spot <i>Plantagenet</i>’s removal of both Siege and Storm actions and </p>
<p style="top:618.6pt;left:44.4pt">the addition of the concept of Influence as the main victory con-</p>
<p style="top:633.6pt;left:44.4pt">dition of the game.</p>
<p style="top:652.4pt;left:44.4pt">I cannot emphasize enough the importance of Influence. It is the </p>
<p style="top:667.4pt;left:44.4pt">backbone of your strategy. Most of your choices will depend on </p>
<p style="top:682.4pt;left:44.4pt">the current Influence situation and expected Influence situation in </p>
<p style="top:697.4pt;left:44.4pt">future turns. Play your Lords to maximize that amount. The game </p>
<p style="top:712.4pt;left:44.4pt">is designed to offer both players many choices at any moment on </p>
<p style="top:727.4pt;left:44.4pt">how to maximize their side’s Influence in the short or longer term. </p>
<p style="top:742.4pt;left:44.4pt">Will you—</p>
<p style="top:759.9pt;left:44.4pt">• Levy Vassals to be able to Tax more Locales and field a higher </p>
<p style="top:774.9pt;left:54.4pt">number of Troops?</p>
<p style="top:792.4pt;left:44.4pt">• Levy Troops without Levying Vassals, to try to force Enemy </p>
<p style="top:807.4pt;left:54.4pt">Lords into Exile?</p>
<p style="top:824.9pt;left:44.4pt">• Avoid spending and instead maximize your “income” in Influ-</p>
<p style="top:839.9pt;left:54.4pt">ence by spreading your Lords over the different Areas (North, </p>
<p style="top:854.9pt;left:54.4pt">South, Wales) and Parleying only with high Influence ratings?</p>
<p style="top:874.9pt;left:44.4pt">Contrary to most wargames, you do not always need to have the </p>
<p style="top:889.9pt;left:44.4pt">military upper hand to win as a player. Sometimes your Vassals, </p>
<p style="top:904.9pt;left:44.4pt">through their cost in Influence, will show you that you need to </p>
<p style="top:77.9pt;left:393.1pt">reduce your military power. That will also happen if you gather an </p>
<p style="top:92.9pt;left:393.1pt">army too large to be Paid over the year.</p>
<p style="top:111.6pt;left:393.1pt">For example, if your opponent has Mustered a lot of Troops, and </p>
<p style="top:126.6pt;left:393.1pt">you feel you will never be able to match those Forces, you can </p>
<p style="top:141.6pt;left:393.1pt">try just to keep the field long enough for your enemies to end </p>
<p style="top:156.6pt;left:393.1pt">their Service. Your opponent also might run out of money, and </p>
<p style="top:171.6pt;left:393.1pt">then those Troops will start Pillaging around England, making the </p>
<p style="top:186.6pt;left:393.1pt">populace angry at them and yielding Influence for you.</p>
<p style="top:205.4pt;left:393.1pt">Or, if you feel your Enemies will win through Influence, you can </p>
<p style="top:220.4pt;left:393.1pt">try to make a climactic push to break them before their victory </p>
<p style="top:235.4pt;left:393.1pt">is achieved. During playtest, not a lot of games went to the final </p>
<p style="top:250.4pt;left:393.1pt">turn. The game is designed so that the sides, after at one point get-</p>
<p style="top:265.4pt;left:393.1pt">ting a lot of Strongholds to Favour their cause, will start Muster </p>
<p style="top:280.4pt;left:393.1pt">larger armies of Troops and Transport, Tax more efficiently for </p>
<p style="top:295.4pt;left:393.1pt">Coin, and look for decision by Battle at the best possible odds.</p>
<p style="top:314.1pt;left:393.1pt">All options are on the table! Adaptability is key in <i>Plantagenet</i>. </p>
<p style="top:329.1pt;left:393.1pt">The only thing you cannot get back are Lords who Die in battle or </p>
<p style="top:344.1pt;left:393.1pt">at sea. A given strategy will never win by itself, and at every turn </p>
<p style="top:359.1pt;left:393.1pt">you may need to rethink your approach, depending on who is in </p>
<p style="top:374.1pt;left:393.1pt">England and who in Exile, as well as what is the current supply </p>
<p style="top:389.1pt;left:393.1pt">and money situation.</p>
<p style="top:409.4pt;left:393.1pt"><span class="h3">Levy.</span> As standard for <i>Levy & Campaign</i>, during the first turn </p>
<p style="top:425.4pt;left:393.1pt">of each game, you will draw random Capabilities. These initial </p>
<p style="top:440.4pt;left:393.1pt">draws are very important because, in <i>Plantagenet</i>, all Capabilities </p>
<p style="top:455.4pt;left:393.1pt">attach to individual Lords, and you cannot discard Capabilities as </p>
<p style="top:470.4pt;left:393.1pt">long as the Lord who has them remains on the map. Your random </p>
<p style="top:485.4pt;left:393.1pt">Capabilities will probably help shape your starting Levy. Tough </p>
<p style="top:500.4pt;left:393.1pt">choices lie ahead, and you are not likely to receive your best com-</p>
<p style="top:515.4pt;left:393.1pt">bination available. But those Capabilities can enhance your cur-</p>
<p style="top:530.4pt;left:393.1pt">rent Levy or add opportunities starting with your first Campaign.</p>
<p style="top:549.1pt;left:393.1pt">Then, at the outset of each later turn, you will draw Events. As </p>
<p style="top:564.1pt;left:393.1pt">with Capabilities, Events also tend to add opportunities (Parlia-</p>
<p style="top:579.1pt;left:393.1pt">ment’s Truce and Blocked Ford come to mind) or allow you </p>
<p style="top:594.1pt;left:393.1pt">to take more risks with your Lords, such as exposing them to a </p>
<p style="top:609.1pt;left:393.1pt">superior enemy when you have Escape Ship or Suspicion in hand </p>
<p style="top:624.1pt;left:393.1pt">to create some nasty surprises for the opponent.</p>
<p style="top:642.9pt;left:393.1pt">During Muster, you will be faced with many choices. You should </p>
<p style="top:657.9pt;left:393.1pt">already have in view a strategy for the upcoming Campaign. Per-</p>
<p style="top:672.9pt;left:393.1pt">haps your Capability or Event card draws hint at one approach or </p>
<p style="top:687.9pt;left:393.1pt">another. There are many things to consider as you look ahead to </p>
<p style="top:702.9pt;left:393.1pt">the Campaign:</p>
<p style="top:720.4pt;left:393.1pt">• Which Enemy Lords I can reach?</p>
<p style="top:737.9pt;left:393.1pt">• Which of my Lords can the enemy reach?</p>
<p style="top:755.4pt;left:393.1pt">• Can I group my Lords?</p>
<p style="top:772.9pt;left:393.1pt">• Where are my Lord and Vassal Seats to be able to Tax them?</p>
<p style="top:790.4pt;left:393.1pt">• Are there any Vassals that I can Levy to be able to Tax there and </p>
<p style="top:805.4pt;left:403.1pt">strengthen my Lords? And do I even want them, given their cost </p>
<p style="top:820.4pt;left:403.1pt">in Influence?</p>
<p style="top:837.9pt;left:393.1pt">• Where am I currently on the Influence track?</p>
<p style="top:855.4pt;left:393.1pt">• Who has more Cities, Towns, Fortresses? Can I get enough of </p>
<p style="top:870.4pt;left:403.1pt">them by the end of the Campaign to add Influence in the Tides </p>
<p style="top:885.4pt;left:403.1pt">of War step?</p>
</div>
<div id="page4" style="background-image:url('playbook/playbook4.jpg');width:765.4pt;height:991.3pt">
<p style="top:946.8pt;left:321.9pt;font-size:11.2pt"><i>© 2023 GMT Games, LLC</i></p>
<p style="top:44.0pt;left:272.6pt;font-size:15.7pt" class="hr">Plantagenet Background Book</p>
<p style="top:46.9pt;left:69.2pt;font-size:13.8pt">4</p>
<p style="top:77.9pt;left:44.4pt">Here is a summary of the actions available during the Levy phase.</p>
<p style="top:96.6pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Parley</b> (unique to <i>Plantagenet</i>) allows you to tighten your grip </p>
<p style="top:111.6pt;left:44.4pt">over England and gain Favour over Locales. With more Locales </p>
<p style="top:126.6pt;left:44.4pt">loyal to your cause, you will Levy more efficiently, garner more </p>
<p style="top:141.6pt;left:44.4pt">supplies, slowly gain Influence through Tides of War, and be able </p>
<p style="top:156.6pt;left:44.4pt">to Levy Vassals where you have Favour. Certain cards like In the </p>
<p style="top:171.6pt;left:44.4pt">Name of the King, Privy Council, and Jack Cade allow for </p>
<p style="top:186.6pt;left:44.4pt">more efficient Parley. (Note that you also can Parley as a Com-</p>
<p style="top:201.6pt;left:44.4pt">mand action during Campaign, a sure shot at the Lord’s Locale.)</p>
<p style="top:220.4pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Levy Lords</b> into the game for new Forces, more Capabilities in </p>
<p style="top:235.4pt;left:44.4pt">play, a greater variety of Command cards, a bigger Battle Array, </p>
<p style="top:250.4pt;left:44.4pt">and more strategies open to you. As long as you have one Lord on </p>
<p style="top:265.4pt;left:44.4pt">the map, you can still win! However, having a lot of Lords also </p>
<p style="top:280.4pt;left:44.4pt">has downsides. Each Lord will need to pay that Lord’s Troops </p>
<p style="top:295.4pt;left:44.4pt">and will cost you Influence each turn to keep in the field. Added </p>
<p style="top:310.4pt;left:44.4pt">Lords may become juicy targets for your enemy—the limit on </p>
<p style="top:325.4pt;left:44.4pt">Command cards per turn means that reactions to an enemy going </p>
<p style="top:340.4pt;left:44.4pt">straight at one of your many Lords will be more difficult.</p>
<p style="top:359.1pt;left:44.4pt">You will <b>Levy Troops</b> when you feel combat is coming up soon. </p>
<p style="top:374.1pt;left:44.4pt">But beware, as the ability to obtain Coin needed to Pay them dif-</p>
<p style="top:389.1pt;left:44.4pt">fers among Lords. For example, for the Lancastrians in Scenar-</p>
<p style="top:404.1pt;left:44.4pt">io II, Warwick can gather three Coin per Tax Action in Calais, </p>
<p style="top:419.1pt;left:44.4pt">while Jasper Tudor can get only one from Harlech. So, having </p>
<p style="top:434.1pt;left:44.4pt">a lot of Troops with Warwick is usually more viable than with </p>
<p style="top:449.1pt;left:44.4pt">Jasper Tudor. Some cards like Percy’s Power, Quartermasters, </p>
<p style="top:464.1pt;left:44.4pt">Beloved Warwick, or The Commons allow you to Levy or Pay </p>
<p style="top:479.1pt;left:44.4pt">your Troops more efficiently.</p>
<p style="top:497.9pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Levying Vassals</b> works differently here than in other <i>Levy & </i></p>
<p style="top:512.9pt;left:44.4pt"><i>Campaign</i> games. In <i>Plantagenet</i>, either side can Levy regular </p>
<p style="top:527.9pt;left:44.4pt">Vassals, as long as their Seat is Friendly to that side. You will </p>
<p style="top:542.9pt;left:44.4pt">probably feel the need to Levy some if you are going to over-</p>
<p style="top:557.9pt;left:44.4pt">power your enemy. Vassals allow you to Tax their Seat, gather-</p>
<p style="top:572.9pt;left:44.4pt">ing more Coin for potentially bigger armies. Vassals are potent </p>
<p style="top:587.9pt;left:44.4pt">in Battle, with as much Armour as your Retinue—perhaps more </p>
<p style="top:602.9pt;left:44.4pt">worthy of your limited Valour Rolls than fragile Longbowmen. </p>
<p style="top:617.9pt;left:44.4pt">And Vassals do not count as Troops, so they add combat power </p>
<p style="top:632.9pt;left:44.4pt">for no cost in Coin or Provender (though keeping them in the field </p>
<p style="top:647.9pt;left:44.4pt">eventually does cost Influence).</p>
<p style="top:666.6pt;left:44.4pt">You can <b>Levy Capabilities</b> to help your Lords shape the map to </p>
<p style="top:681.6pt;left:44.4pt">your advantage. If you want to augment Command, an Influence </p>
<p style="top:696.6pt;left:44.4pt">rating, or the ability to Supply your Troops, there are Capabilities </p>
<p style="top:711.6pt;left:44.4pt">for that. But be careful—you cannot discard Capabilities in <i>Plan-</i></p>
<p style="top:726.6pt;left:44.4pt"><i>tagenet</i>. Getting Capabilities to improve your Influence rating or </p>
<p style="top:741.6pt;left:44.4pt">Command will improve your situation on the Influence front, but </p>
<p style="top:756.6pt;left:44.4pt">it might be at the cost of defeat in Battle, especially if Enemy </p>
<p style="top:771.6pt;left:44.4pt">Lords have taken Capabilities that give them bonuses in combat </p>
<p style="top:786.6pt;left:44.4pt">and manage to catch your Lords off guard.</p>
<p style="top:805.4pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Levy Transport</b> to get Ships when you are in Exile, a must if </p>
<p style="top:820.4pt;left:44.4pt">you want to get back to the mainland, or additional Carts to allow </p>
<p style="top:835.4pt;left:44.4pt">you to March with more Provender, Supply for more Provender </p>
<p style="top:850.4pt;left:44.4pt">each action and from further away. Ships also allow to draw Sup-</p>
<p style="top:865.4pt;left:44.4pt">ply from Ports, so even on land, they can still be useful. Overall, </p>
<p style="top:880.4pt;left:44.4pt">Transport is important for your actions to be more efficient, to </p>
<p style="top:895.4pt;left:44.4pt">save some precious Command. </p>
<p style="top:79.3pt;left:393.1pt"><span class="h3">Campaign.</span> Once you’re done with the Levy, now it is time </p>
<p style="top:95.3pt;left:393.1pt">to Campaign!</p>
<p style="top:114.0pt;left:393.1pt">Check the enemy armies, can they beat you, or should you try </p>
<p style="top:129.0pt;left:393.1pt">to beat them? Do you start first, but can’t fight King Henry VI? </p>
<p style="top:144.0pt;left:393.1pt">You might want to get York somewhere safer, so Henry doesn’t </p>
<p style="top:159.0pt;left:393.1pt">jump him.</p>
<p style="top:177.8pt;left:393.1pt">As there is no Ravage in the game, there is no such strategy as </p>
<p style="top:192.8pt;left:393.1pt">in <i>Nevsky</i> or <i>Almoravid</i> where you run through the enemy lands, </p>
<p style="top:207.8pt;left:393.1pt">Ravage everything, and potentially win the game. Here, you have </p>
<p style="top:222.8pt;left:393.1pt">to think carefully each move and where you will end up. A single </p>
<p style="top:237.8pt;left:393.1pt">Locale may be the difference between your Lord being in range of </p>
<p style="top:252.8pt;left:393.1pt">the enemy or in a safe haven.</p>
<p style="top:271.5pt;left:393.1pt">During the Campaign, you will be faced with many strategic </p>
<p style="top:286.5pt;left:393.1pt">questions:</p>
<p style="top:304.0pt;left:393.1pt">• Should I group my Lords to try to force Enemy Lords into </p>
<p style="top:319.0pt;left:403.1pt">Exile?</p>
<p style="top:336.5pt;left:393.1pt">• Should I spread my Lords out to gain the Favour of more </p>
<p style="top:351.5pt;left:403.1pt">Strongholds, perhaps to Dominate Wales or the North?</p>
<p style="top:369.0pt;left:393.1pt">• Should my Lords go into Exile when an enemy Approaches me?</p>
<p style="top:386.5pt;left:393.1pt">• Should I go for a scorched-earth strategy, drawing Supply to </p>
<p style="top:401.5pt;left:403.1pt">Exhaust Enemy Seats and Locales?</p>
<p style="top:419.0pt;left:393.1pt">• Should I Tax my Seat and leave for some safer place, to be able </p>
<p style="top:434.0pt;left:403.1pt">to Levy Troops in the next Muster and come back stronger?</p>
<p style="top:451.5pt;left:393.1pt">• How can I keep a Route open to a Port, if I have Escape Ship </p>
<p style="top:466.5pt;left:403.1pt">Event in my hand?</p>
<p style="top:486.5pt;left:393.1pt">Lots of questions, with many possible answers for each of them. </p>
<p style="top:501.5pt;left:393.1pt">Here are some tips.</p>
<p style="top:520.3pt;left:393.1pt">Always have enough Provender and Coin to Feed and Pay your </p>
<p style="top:535.3pt;left:393.1pt">armies. If you end up Pillaging parts of England, the populace will </p>
<p style="top:550.3pt;left:393.1pt">be very angry at you!</p>
<p style="top:569.0pt;left:393.1pt">You can play cat and mouse to force the side who has way more </p>
<p style="top:584.0pt;left:393.1pt">Troops to waste their actions chasing you. (Great Ships or Par-</p>
<p style="top:599.0pt;left:393.1pt">liament’s Truce comes in handy for that.) Often, their situation </p>
<p style="top:614.0pt;left:393.1pt">will deteriorate little by little if they don’t manage to win quickly, </p>
<p style="top:629.0pt;left:393.1pt">as their Vassal Influence or Troops Coin upkeep costs mount.</p>
<p style="top:647.8pt;left:393.1pt">During the scenarios, you will voluntarily Disband some Lords, </p>
<p style="top:662.8pt;left:393.1pt">the goal being, for example, to get some Coin back onto their mats </p>
<p style="top:677.8pt;left:393.1pt">if they are running out too quickly, or to select new Capabilities </p>
<p style="top:692.8pt;left:393.1pt">that will be better suited to the current situation. </p>
<p style="top:711.5pt;left:393.1pt">Battles can do huge damage. The game has been designed to rep-</p>
<p style="top:726.5pt;left:393.1pt">licate what happened historically: sometimes Lords on both sides </p>
<p style="top:741.5pt;left:393.1pt">of a Battle will Die. Fleeing the battlefield is no shame. (Well, it </p>
<p style="top:756.5pt;left:393.1pt">is; but, if you end up surviving and winning, history will remem-</p>
<p style="top:771.5pt;left:393.1pt">ber your side of the story).</p>
<p style="top:790.3pt;left:393.1pt">Do not hesitate to go into Exile. A Lord in Exile is always better </p>
<p style="top:805.3pt;left:393.1pt">than a Dead one. Early Death of your Marshal is difficult to come </p>
<p style="top:820.3pt;left:393.1pt">back from. That said, if that happens to you, it is still less dam-</p>
<p style="top:835.3pt;left:393.1pt">aging than losing Aleksandr or Hermann in <i>Nevsky</i> or Alfonso or </p>
<p style="top:850.3pt;left:393.1pt">Yusuf in <i>Almoravid</i>.</p>
<p style="top:870.5pt;left:393.1pt"><span class="h3">Arc of Play.</span> <i>Plantagenet</i> is overall a quick game to play per </p>
<p style="top:886.5pt;left:393.1pt">turn, relative to earlier volumes. (On average, <i>Nevsky</i> may play </p>
<p style="top:901.5pt;left:393.1pt">slightly quicker per turn than <i>Plantagenet</i>, <i>Almoravid</i> and <i>Inferno</i> </p>
<p style="top:916.5pt;left:393.1pt">slightly longer.) While the first turn of your first game of <i>Planta-</i></p>
</div>
<div id="page5" style="background-image:url('playbook/playbook5.jpg');width:765.4pt;height:991.3pt">
<p style="top:947.9pt;left:321.9pt;font-size:11.2pt"><i>© 2023 GMT Games, LLC</i></p>
<p style="top:44.0pt;left:272.6pt;font-size:15.7pt" class="hr">Plantagenet Background Book</p>
<p style="top:46.9pt;left:689.3pt;font-size:13.8pt">5</p>
<p style="top:77.9pt;left:44.4pt"><i>genet</i> may take some time, as players check out what actions their </p>
<p style="top:92.9pt;left:44.4pt">Lords might take, later turns should go much quicker due to low </p>
<p style="top:107.9pt;left:44.4pt">overall Command ratings, the absence of Call to Arms, Ravage, </p>
<p style="top:122.9pt;left:44.4pt">and—especially—Siege, Storm, Sally, Bypass, and all that. (Note </p>
<p style="top:137.9pt;left:44.4pt">that the summaries on the foldout aid sheet and a table at the back </p>
<p style="top:152.9pt;left:44.4pt">of the rulebook show at a glance the requirements of each action.)</p>
<p style="top:171.7pt;left:44.4pt">From the data we have gathered during playtesting, the longer </p>
<p style="top:186.7pt;left:44.4pt">scenarios that last a maximum of 15 turns (three years) usually </p>
<p style="top:201.7pt;left:44.4pt">end during the second year. </p>
<p style="top:220.4pt;left:44.4pt">For example, in Scenario Ia “Henry VI”, the first year tends not </p>
<p style="top:235.4pt;left:44.4pt">to be decisive—losing a Lord is survivable, and the sides are </p>
<p style="top:250.4pt;left:44.4pt">spending most Commands Parleying Locales to earn Influence </p>
<p style="top:265.4pt;left:44.4pt">Points in Tides of War. You might Levy Troops right away to be </p>
<p style="top:280.4pt;left:44.4pt">able to quickly surprise your opponent and force him to Exile, </p>
<p style="top:295.4pt;left:44.4pt">but that will put a strain on your finances, possibly bringing on </p>
<p style="top:310.4pt;left:44.4pt">lasting problems.</p>
<p style="top:329.2pt;left:44.4pt">During the game, there will be periodic Growth, when Locales re-</p>
<p style="top:344.2pt;left:44.4pt">cover, and Waste, when your Lords will reset their Troops and Coin </p>
<p style="top:359.2pt;left:44.4pt">back to starting amounts (Mercenaries and Handgunners aside).</p>
<p style="top:377.9pt;left:44.4pt">But by the second year, Locale Exhaustion will become import-</p>
<p style="top:392.9pt;left:44.4pt">ant. Lords will start to struggle to pay their Troops. The sides will </p>
<p style="top:407.9pt;left:44.4pt">play games around Vassal control and Stronghold Exhaustion. </p>
<p style="top:422.9pt;left:44.4pt">Players will try to deny each other Tax Sources, Exhausting such </p>
<p style="top:437.9pt;left:44.4pt">Locales or putting them at risk to force a difficult choice on the </p>
<p style="top:452.9pt;left:44.4pt">enemy—to either fight or reduce its armies. Eventually a side can </p>
<p style="top:467.9pt;left:44.4pt">strike even when it felt weaker earlier in the game.</p>
<p style="top:486.7pt;left:44.4pt">If the game is not decided at that stage, the third year usually </p>
<p style="top:501.7pt;left:44.4pt">sees Levy of all the Troops a side is able to get, in order to </p>
<p style="top:516.7pt;left:44.4pt">reach a sudden victory. Often, it is the player behind in Influence </p>
<p style="top:531.7pt;left:44.4pt">Points who is forced to go that way. Or one side’s Troops will </p>
<p style="top:546.7pt;left:44.4pt">start Pillaging the country and losing the population’s Favour. </p>
<p style="top:561.7pt;left:44.4pt">Usually, players will see that coming, with their mats empty of </p>
<p style="top:576.7pt;left:44.4pt">Coin, and look desperately for last-minute sources of money to </p>
<p style="top:591.7pt;left:44.4pt">avoid complete collapse.</p>
<p style="top:611.9pt;left:44.4pt"><span class="h3">The Wars.</span> <i>Plantagenet</i> features a “Wars of the Roses” grand </p>
<p style="top:627.9pt;left:44.4pt">scenario knitting together all three periods of intense fighting </p>
<p style="top:642.9pt;left:44.4pt">1459-1485 into a single contest. A lot of the players (me includ-</p>
<p style="top:657.9pt;left:44.4pt">ed!) prefer to go for the longest scenario right off the bat. If you </p>
<p style="top:672.9pt;left:44.4pt">want to do so, go ahead and start with this scenario, but I advise </p>
<p style="top:687.9pt;left:44.4pt">allowing yourself a restart upon an inevitable mistake that you </p>
<p style="top:702.9pt;left:44.4pt">could not have anticipated (most commonly involving Pillage). </p>
<p style="top:717.9pt;left:44.4pt">Alternatively, first play the short Scenario Ic “Somerset’s Return” </p>
<p style="top:732.9pt;left:44.4pt">as an introduction.</p>
<p style="top:751.7pt;left:44.4pt">Playtime for the full-length scenario of all three Wars is about 13-</p>
<p style="top:766.7pt;left:44.4pt">16 hours, depending on how close the Wars play out. You can eas-</p>
<p style="top:781.7pt;left:44.4pt">ily split the game into the three sessions, for example, packing up </p>
<p style="top:796.7pt;left:44.4pt">the game after each War and continuing some days or weeks later. </p>
<p style="top:811.7pt;left:44.4pt">The only information you will need to record are which Heirs </p>
<p style="top:826.7pt;left:44.4pt">Died or Shipwrecked and whether a certain Event triggered in an </p>
<p style="top:841.7pt;left:44.4pt">earlier War.</p>
<p style="top:860.4pt;left:44.4pt"><i>Plantagenet</i>’s Wars of the Roses skips some heirs, due to their </p>
<p style="top:875.4pt;left:44.4pt">lower influence and that they would not in our judgment have </p>
<p style="top:890.4pt;left:44.4pt">found enough support from the other nobles of the Realm. For </p>
<p style="top:905.4pt;left:44.4pt">example, George, Duke of Clarence would have likely never </p>
<p style="top:77.9pt;left:393.1pt">gotten the throne over the manipulations of his brothers, War-</p>
<p style="top:92.9pt;left:393.1pt">wick, or the Beauforts.</p>
<p style="top:111.6pt;left:393.1pt">In the Wars of the Roses scenario, the Deaths of Heirs will de-</p>
<p style="top:126.6pt;left:393.1pt">fine the future. So, you and your opponent’s play will create your </p>
<p style="top:141.6pt;left:393.1pt">own history of the conflict! Will Henry VI keep his throne, will </p>
<p style="top:156.6pt;left:393.1pt">the Yorkists prevail, will Warwick seize the throne through mili-</p>
<p style="top:171.6pt;left:393.1pt">tary might, or will the Tudors in the end gather enough support to </p>
<p style="top:186.6pt;left:393.1pt">found a new dynasty?</p>
<p style="top:222.9pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:21.9pt"><span style="color:#fff" class="h1">Examples of Play</span></p>
<p style="top:256.1pt;left:393.1pt"><i>Here we walk through a complete turn of the game. If you would </i></p>
<p style="top:271.1pt;left:393.1pt"><i>like to follow along on your own table, set up Scenario Ia “Henry </i></p>
<p style="top:286.1pt;left:393.1pt"><i>VI” from page 20 of the Rules of Play. Insets address Levy of a </i></p>
<p style="top:301.1pt;left:393.1pt"><i>Lord and the Sail Command. These rules explanations, while not </i></p>
<p style="top:316.1pt;left:393.1pt"><i>comprehensive, should help you get going. </i></p>
<p style="top:773.0pt;left:393.1pt;font-size:17.5pt" class="h2">Levy</p>
<p style="top:798.5pt;left:393.1pt"><span class="h3">Arts of War.</span> Players start the Levy phase (3.0) drawing two </p>
<p style="top:814.5pt;left:393.1pt">cards at random from the Arts of War deck (3.1). As it is the first </p>
<p style="top:829.5pt;left:393.1pt">turn of the Scenario, they will assign the Capabilities (lower part </p>
<p style="top:844.5pt;left:393.1pt">of the cards) to eligible Lords (3.1.2). Each Phase of the game, </p>
<p style="top:859.5pt;left:393.1pt">the side considered Rebel will begin and then the side considered </p>
<p style="top:874.5pt;left:393.1pt">King will follow. </p>
<p style="top:893.3pt;left:393.1pt">As specified in Scenario Ia “Henry VI” (6.0), the Lancastrians </p>
<p style="top:908.3pt;left:393.1pt">are the King’s side, so the Yorkists begin. At the beginning of this </p>
<p style="top:923.3pt;left:393.1pt">Scenario, the Yorkists have two Lords on the map. Each has their </p>
</div>
<div id="page6" style="background-image:url('playbook/playbook6.jpg');width:765.4pt;height:991.3pt">
<p style="top:946.8pt;left:321.9pt;font-size:11.2pt"><i>© 2023 GMT Games, LLC</i></p>
<p style="top:44.0pt;left:272.6pt;font-size:15.7pt" class="hr">Plantagenet Background Book</p>
<p style="top:46.9pt;left:69.2pt;font-size:13.8pt">6</p>
<p style="top:77.9pt;left:44.4pt">Lord card set on a Lord mat with a Retinue marker, Troops pieces, </p>
<p style="top:92.9pt;left:44.4pt">and Assets.</p>
<p style="top:275.1pt;left:165.0pt;font-size:11.2pt"><i>Yorkist Lord Cards</i></p>
<p style="top:292.8pt;left:44.4pt">The Yorkist player shuffles the Yorkist Arts of War deck and </p>
<p style="top:307.8pt;left:44.4pt">draws two cards. The first Capability is Thomas Bourchier (card </p>
<p style="top:322.8pt;left:44.4pt">Y5). The player may assign Thomas Bourchier to any Lord, as </p>
<p style="top:337.8pt;left:44.4pt">shown by the “ANY” shield to the left of the Capability text. The </p>
<p style="top:352.8pt;left:44.4pt">Yorkist gives this Capability to the Lord York—it will increase </p>
<p style="top:367.8pt;left:44.4pt">his Command rating whenever starting at a City from 2 to 3. To </p>
<p style="top:382.8pt;left:44.4pt">assign the Capability to York, the player tucks the card under the </p>
<p style="top:397.8pt;left:44.4pt">bottom edge of York’s Lord mat, so that only the bottom half of </p>
<p style="top:412.8pt;left:44.4pt">the card shows.</p>
<p style="top:595.0pt;left:150.1pt;font-size:11.2pt"><i>Yorkist Arts of War Cards</i></p>
<p style="top:612.7pt;left:44.4pt">The second card is York’s Favoured Son (Y20). This Capability </p>
<p style="top:627.7pt;left:44.4pt">may go only to either Rutland or March, as their Livery Badges on </p>
<p style="top:642.7pt;left:44.4pt">the bottom part of the card show. Rutland is not on the map, so the </p>
<p style="top:657.7pt;left:44.4pt">player must place this Capability with March, giving that Lord an </p>
<p style="top:672.7pt;left:44.4pt">extra +1 to his Influence Rating and +1 to Command.</p>
<p style="top:691.5pt;left:44.4pt">The Lancastrians also have two Lords on the map. </p>
<p style="top:873.6pt;left:153.2pt;font-size:11.2pt"><i>Lancastrian Lord Cards</i></p>
<p style="top:77.9pt;left:393.1pt">Now the Lancastrian player draws two cards from the shuffled </p>
<p style="top:92.9pt;left:393.1pt">Lancastrian deck. The first Capability is the Capability Andrew </p>
<p style="top:107.9pt;left:393.1pt">Trollope (L19), which immediately and automatically Musters a </p>
<p style="top:122.9pt;left:393.1pt">Special Vassal (1.5.4). The player assigns the Capability to Som-</p>
<p style="top:137.9pt;left:393.1pt">erset, adding the Andrew Trollope Special Vassal marker to that </p>
<p style="top:152.9pt;left:393.1pt">mat (1.5.3).</p>
<p style="top:466.0pt;left:665.8pt;font-size:11.2pt"><i>\</i></p>
<p style="top:479.5pt;left:457.9pt;font-size:11.2pt"><i>Lancastrian Lord mat with Capability card.</i></p>
<p style="top:497.3pt;left:511.1pt">The second Lancastrian card drawn shows </p>
<p style="top:512.3pt;left:511.4pt">Northmen (L16). This Capability can </p>
<p style="top:527.3pt;left:511.4pt">only go to the Lord Northumberland, who </p>
<p style="top:542.3pt;left:511.4pt">is not yet on the map. (His cylinder is on </p>
<p style="top:557.3pt;left:511.4pt">the Calendar, but he cannot receive a Ca-</p>
<p style="top:572.3pt;left:511.4pt">pability there.) So, the player returns this </p>
<p style="top:587.3pt;left:511.4pt">card back to the Lancastrian Arts of War </p>
<p style="top:602.3pt;left:511.4pt">deck.The next steps of the Levy Phase are </p>
<p style="top:617.3pt;left:511.4pt">Pay (3.2) and Exiles and Vassals (3.3). As </p>
<p style="top:632.3pt;left:511.4pt">they do not apply to the first turn, we will </p>
<p style="top:647.3pt;left:511.4pt">skip them for now. </p>
<p style="top:667.5pt;left:393.1pt"><span class="h3">Muster.</span> Next comes the Muster step (3.4). Lords, one by one, </p>
<p style="top:683.5pt;left:393.1pt">will use their Lordship actions (from the Lordship rating printed </p>
<p style="top:698.5pt;left:393.1pt">on their Lord card, possibly modified by Arts of War Events and/</p>
<p style="top:713.5pt;left:393.1pt">or Capabilities). One Lord must use all that Lord’s actions before </p>
<p style="top:728.5pt;left:393.1pt">continuing with the next Lord.</p>
<p style="top:747.3pt;left:393.1pt">The Yorkist player is first and decides to begin with the Duke of </p>
<p style="top:762.3pt;left:393.1pt">York. York has Lordship “3” printed on his Lord card, with no </p>
<p style="top:777.3pt;left:393.1pt">modifications at this point. On the map, his Lord cylinder is at Ely, </p>
<p style="top:792.3pt;left:393.1pt">a Stronghold marked with Yorkist Favour and therefore Friendly </p>
<p style="top:807.3pt;left:393.1pt">(1.3.1). From there, he may take any Levy action listed on the </p>
<p style="top:822.3pt;left:393.1pt">foldout’s Sequence of Play page and detailed under rules section </p>
<p style="top:837.3pt;left:393.1pt">3.4. Were York at a Neutral or Enemy Stronghold, he could now </p>
<p style="top:852.3pt;left:393.1pt">only Parley (3.4.1).</p>
<p style="top:871.0pt;left:393.1pt">York’s first action will be to <b>Levy Transport</b> (3.4.5). As he is </p>
<p style="top:886.0pt;left:393.1pt">not at a Port, he may only Levy Carts, adding two Carts for the </p>
<p style="top:901.0pt;left:393.1pt">one action. Were York at a Port, he might have Levied one Ship </p>
<p style="top:916.0pt;left:393.1pt">instead (provided he did not already have the maximum of two </p>
</div>
<div id="page7" style="background-image:url('playbook/playbook7.jpg');width:765.4pt;height:991.3pt">
<p style="top:947.9pt;left:321.9pt;font-size:11.2pt"><i>© 2023 GMT Games, LLC</i></p>
<p style="top:44.0pt;left:272.6pt;font-size:15.7pt" class="hr">Plantagenet Background Book</p>
<p style="top:46.9pt;left:689.3pt;font-size:13.8pt">7</p>
<p style="top:77.9pt;left:44.4pt">Ships per Lord, 1.7.3). The player adds a “Cart x2” marker to the </p>
<p style="top:92.9pt;left:44.4pt">“Assets” area of York’s mat.</p>
<p style="top:111.6pt;left:44.4pt">York’s second action will be to Levy Troops (3.4.4) from Ely. The </p>
<p style="top:126.6pt;left:44.4pt">player checks the “Strongholds” table on the foldout play aid to </p>
<p style="top:141.6pt;left:44.4pt">see how many Troops York will receive. Ely is a City, so York </p>
<p style="top:156.6pt;left:44.4pt">will add 1 Longbowmen unit and 1 Militia unit from the pool of </p>
<p style="top:171.6pt;left:44.4pt">unit pieces (1.6, 2.1) to the “Retinue - Vassals - Troops” area of </p>
<p style="top:186.6pt;left:44.4pt">York’s Lord mat. </p>
<p style="top:205.4pt;left:145.4pt">Then, the player puts a “Depleted” marker at </p>
<p style="top:220.4pt;left:145.6pt">Ely (1.3.1), which could later flip to Exhaust-</p>
<p style="top:235.4pt;left:145.6pt">ed, at which point Ely will no longer respond </p>
<p style="top:250.4pt;left:145.6pt">to a Levy of Troops.</p>
<p style="top:269.1pt;left:162.6pt">His third and final action will be to <b>Levy </b></p>
<p style="top:284.1pt;left:162.6pt"><b>a Capability</b> (3.4.6). The player checks </p>
<p style="top:299.1pt;left:162.6pt">the back cover of the Background Book </p>
<p style="top:314.1pt;left:162.6pt">for a list of card options or simply thumbs </p>
<p style="top:329.1pt;left:162.6pt">though the Arts of War deck for the Capa-</p>
<p style="top:344.1pt;left:162.6pt">bility the player is looking for. The player </p>
<p style="top:359.1pt;left:162.6pt">chooses Burgundians (Y14) and puts it </p>
<p style="top:374.1pt;left:162.6pt">under York’s mat so that only the Capabil-</p>
<p style="top:389.1pt;left:162.6pt">ity shows. As this Lord is not at a Port, the </p>
<p style="top:404.1pt;left:162.6pt">card’s text means that York does not yet </p>
<p style="top:419.1pt;left:162.6pt">add the Handgunner units to his mat. At </p>
<p style="top:434.1pt;left:44.4pt">the first moment that York enters any Port Stronghold while he </p>
<p style="top:449.1pt;left:44.4pt">has this card, he must take the Handgunner units.</p>
<p style="top:467.9pt;left:44.4pt">Next comes the Earl of March. March has a Lordship rating of </p>
<p style="top:482.9pt;left:44.4pt">“2”, for two Levy actions. As he is at Ludlow, a Friendly Strong-</p>
<p style="top:497.9pt;left:44.4pt">hold, he may choose any Levy actions from the list.</p>
<p style="top:516.6pt;left:44.4pt">March’s first action will be to <b>Parley</b> (3.4.1) to obtain Favour at </p>
<p style="top:531.6pt;left:44.4pt">nearby Shrewsbury. </p>
<p style="top:770.7pt;left:44.4pt">March must have a <b>Route</b> to the target—an uninterrupted chain </p>
<p style="top:785.7pt;left:44.4pt">of adjacent Locales, including the Lord’s own Locale and the </p>
<p style="top:800.7pt;left:44.4pt">Parley target Stronghold, that is free of any Enemy Lords and, </p>
<p style="top:815.7pt;left:44.4pt">except for the target Stronghold, Friendly. Here, March has such </p>
<p style="top:830.7pt;left:44.4pt">a Route, as Ludlow is adjacent to Shrewsbury and no Lancastri-</p>
<p style="top:845.7pt;left:44.4pt">an Lords are there. </p>
<p style="top:77.9pt;left:393.1pt">March now must <b>check Influence </b>(1.4.2). The player refers </p>
<p style="top:92.9pt;left:393.1pt">to the “Influence Points” table on the foldout for the Influence </p>
<p style="top:107.9pt;left:393.1pt">point (IP) cost. This Influence check bears a base cost of 1 IP, </p>
<p style="top:122.9pt;left:393.1pt">plus 1 IP for the one Way (connection segment) between Ludlow </p>
<p style="top:137.9pt;left:393.1pt">and Shrewsbury.</p>
<p style="top:156.6pt;left:393.1pt">To succeed, an Influence check must roll equal to or less than a </p>
<p style="top:171.6pt;left:393.1pt">Lord’s Influence rating on one die. March’s rating printed on his </p>
<p style="top:186.6pt;left:393.1pt">Lord card is “2”. His Capability York’s Favoured Son increases </p>
<p style="top:201.6pt;left:393.1pt">that rating to 3. The player chooses to spend 1 extra Influence </p>
<p style="top:216.6pt;left:393.1pt">point to add +1 to the Influence rating for this check. That brings </p>
<p style="top:231.6pt;left:393.1pt">the total cost to 3 IP, and the player must roll a 4 or less to succeed.</p>
<p style="top:250.4pt;left:393.1pt">The player rolls a “4”. The check is just barely successful, so the </p>
<p style="top:265.4pt;left:443.8pt">Parley places a Favour marker on its Yorkist side (white </p>
<p style="top:280.4pt;left:443.8pt">rose) at the City of Shrewsbury. The player also updates </p>
<p style="top:295.4pt;left:443.8pt">the Influence Track at the edge of the gameboard. As </p>
<p style="top:310.4pt;left:443.8pt">the Yorkists started with 0 Influence points and just </p>
<p style="top:325.4pt;left:393.1pt">spent 3 IP, they add Lancastrian IP by shifting the “IP” marker </p>
<p style="top:340.4pt;left:393.1pt">from 0 to 3 on the Lancastrian (red) side. Then, the player shifts </p>
<p style="top:355.4pt;left:393.1pt">the Cities marker from 0 to 1 on the Yorkist (white) side, to show </p>
<p style="top:370.4pt;left:393.1pt">the net number of Cities Favouring either side.</p>
<p style="top:544.5pt;left:393.1pt">March’s second and last action this Levy will be to <b>Levy</b> the </p>
<p style="top:559.5pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Vassal</b> Shrewsbury (3.4.3), now that Shrewsbury’s Vassal Seat is </p>
<p style="top:574.5pt;left:393.1pt">Friendly. Just as for his Parley, March needs a Route to the target </p>
<p style="top:589.5pt;left:393.1pt">Seat (there is one), the Stronghold must be Friendly (it is, because </p>
<p style="top:604.5pt;left:393.1pt">of the previous action), and the Vassal must be Ready (Shrews-</p>
<p style="top:619.5pt;left:393.1pt">bury’s markers are on the map, rather than Mustered to some oth-</p>
<p style="top:634.5pt;left:393.1pt">er Lord’s mat or waiting on the Calendar, so he is Ready).</p>
<p style="top:653.2pt;left:393.1pt">The Earl of March again must check Influence. The cost starts at </p>
<p style="top:668.2pt;left:455.2pt">a 1 IP basic cost, (there is no cost for the Route to </p>
<p style="top:683.2pt;left:455.2pt">Shrewsbury). This Vassal has a Loyalty rating of 1 </p>
<p style="top:698.2pt;left:455.2pt">toward Lancaster (the red numeral at the marker’s </p>
<p style="top:713.2pt;left:455.2pt">left, 1.5.4). That modifies a Yorkist Lord’s Influ-</p>
<p style="top:728.2pt;left:393.1pt">ence rating by –1 to Levy this Vassal. So, the player this time </p>
<p style="top:743.2pt;left:393.1pt">chooses to spend 3 extra IP to add +2 to March’s Influence rat-</p>
<p style="top:758.2pt;left:393.1pt">ing for this action.</p>
<p style="top:777.0pt;left:393.1pt">That brings the total cost in Influence points to 4 IP and the die </p>
<p style="top:792.0pt;left:393.1pt">roll needed to a 4 or less (March’s printed Influence of “2”, +1 </p>
<p style="top:807.0pt;left:393.1pt">for the card York’s Favoured Son, +2 for the extra IP spent, –1 </p>
<p style="top:822.0pt;left:393.1pt">for Vassal Loyalty). The Yorkists must spend the IP regardless of </p>
<p style="top:837.0pt;left:393.1pt">success or failure. The player updates the track, shifting the red </p>
<p style="top:852.0pt;left:393.1pt">IP marker up by 4 boxes. The roll is a “4”: Shrewsbury Musters; </p>
<p style="top:867.0pt;left:393.1pt">his markers go on March’s mat and into Calendar box 3, 2 boxes </p>
<p style="top:882.0pt;left:393.1pt">ahead of the current turn for Shrewsbury’s Service rating of “2”.</p>
</div>
<div id="page8" style="background-image:url('playbook/playbook8.jpg');width:765.4pt;height:991.3pt">
<p style="top:946.8pt;left:321.9pt;font-size:11.2pt"><i>© 2023 GMT Games, LLC</i></p>
<p style="top:44.0pt;left:272.6pt;font-size:15.7pt" class="hr">Plantagenet Background Book</p>
<p style="top:46.9pt;left:69.2pt;font-size:13.8pt">8</p>
<p style="top:535.4pt;left:44.4pt">Lancastrian Muster is next. The Lancastrian player decides to be-</p>
<p style="top:550.4pt;left:44.4pt">gin with Henry VI, who has a Lordship Rating of “2” and is at a </p>
<p style="top:565.4pt;left:44.4pt">Friendly Stronghold (London), so can take any Levy action.</p>
<p style="top:584.1pt;left:44.4pt">King Henry’s first action will be a <b>Parley</b> (3.4.1) for St Albans. </p>
<p style="top:599.1pt;left:44.4pt">There is a Route, and the cost for the Influence check at a dis-</p>
<p style="top:614.1pt;left:44.4pt">tance of one Way is 2 IP. The King’s printed Influence rating </p>
<p style="top:629.1pt;left:44.4pt">is a hefty “5”. As a roll of “6” is always a failure regardless of </p>
<p style="top:644.1pt;left:44.4pt">ratings and modifications, it makes no sense to spend added In-</p>
<p style="top:659.1pt;left:44.4pt">fluence points here.</p>
<p style="top:677.9pt;left:220.3pt">The player shifts the red IP </p>
<p style="top:692.9pt;left:220.6pt">marker on the edge track </p>
<p style="top:707.9pt;left:220.6pt">down by 2 boxes for the 2 </p>
<p style="top:722.9pt;left:220.6pt">Lancastrian IP spent. A die </p>
<p style="top:737.9pt;left:44.4pt">roll of “3” yields a success, so Lancaster gets a Favour marker (on </p>
<p style="top:752.9pt;left:44.4pt">its red-rose side) at St Albans and shifts the “Towns” marker from </p>
<p style="top:767.9pt;left:44.4pt">0 to 1 on its red side. </p>
<p style="top:786.6pt;left:44.4pt">Henry’s second action now will be to attempt to <b>Levy</b> the <b>Vassal</b> </p>
<p style="top:801.6pt;left:106.4pt">(3.4.3) at St Albans, Essex. The IP cost is 1; Essex </p>
<p style="top:816.6pt;left:106.4pt">has no Loyalty rating so does not modify Henry’s In-</p>
<p style="top:831.6pt;left:106.4pt">fluence. The Lancastrian player updates the IP mark-</p>
<p style="top:846.6pt;left:106.4pt">er on the track.</p>
<p style="top:535.4pt;left:393.1pt">The roll is another “3”, and that success places one of Essex’s </p>
<p style="top:550.4pt;left:393.1pt">Vassal markers on Henry VI’s mat and the other on the Calendar, </p>
<p style="top:565.4pt;left:393.1pt">one turn ahead (box 2), as Essex’s Service rating is “1” (shown at </p>
<p style="top:580.4pt;left:393.1pt">the right of the Vassal marker).</p>
<p style="top:599.1pt;left:393.1pt">The other Lancastrian Lord, Somerset, next uses his Lordship </p>
<p style="top:614.1pt;left:455.2pt">rating of “2” at the Friendly Stronghold of London. </p>
<p style="top:629.1pt;left:455.2pt">He will first <b>Levy Transport</b> (3.4.5) and then <b>Levy a </b></p>
<p style="top:644.1pt;left:455.2pt"><b>Capability</b> (3.4.6). Somerset adds 2x Carts. </p>
<p style="top:676.6pt;left:511.1pt">The player then selects Capability card </p>
<p style="top:691.6pt;left:511.4pt">L18 Council Member from that side’s </p>
<p style="top:706.6pt;left:511.4pt">Arts of War deck and tucks it under Som-</p>
<p style="top:721.6pt;left:511.4pt">erset’s mat. The new Capability will </p>
<p style="top:736.6pt;left:511.4pt">award the Lancastrian side +1 extra Influ-</p>
<p style="top:751.6pt;left:511.4pt">ence point upon each turn’s Tides of War </p>
<p style="top:766.6pt;left:511.4pt">step (4.8.1).</p>
<p style="top:92.4pt;left:57.5pt;font-size:17.5pt"><span style="color:#626366" class="h2">Levying a Lord</span></p>
<p style="top:117.6pt;left:57.5pt">Levy Lord (3.4.2) is an action that a Lord who is already on the map may take during the Muster phase </p>
<p style="top:132.6pt;left:57.5pt">to bring another Lord onto the map. The Levying Lord must be at a Friendly Locale (it may be an Exile </p>
<p style="top:147.6pt;left:57.5pt">box), and the target Lord’s cylinder must be in the current turn’s Calendar box or to its left.</p>
<p style="top:166.4pt;left:57.5pt">Here, the Yorkist Lord Salisbury is at Peterborough and wants to Levy </p>
<p style="top:181.4pt;left:57.5pt">the Duke of York, whose cylinder is on the Calendar in the current </p>
<p style="top:196.4pt;left:57.5pt">turn’s box. As the Locale that Salisbury is in is not yet Friendly to his </p>
<p style="top:211.4pt;left:57.5pt">side, Salisbury must first use 1 of his 3 Lordship (shown on his Lord </p>
<p style="top:226.4pt;left:57.5pt">card) to successfully Parley there (3.4.1).</p>
<p style="top:245.1pt;left:57.5pt">His next action is to attempt to Levy York. First the player checks if </p>
<p style="top:260.1pt;left:57.5pt">York’s Seat is free of Enemy Lords. That condition is not met, as York’s </p>
<p style="top:275.1pt;left:57.5pt">Seat is Ely, and the Lancastrian Lord Somerset is there. The next possi-</p>
<p style="top:290.1pt;left:57.5pt">bility is that a Seat of some other Yorkist Lord is Friendly. The City of </p>
<p style="top:305.1pt;left:57.5pt">York, which happens to be Salisbury’s Seat, is Friendly. Therefore, the </p>
<p style="top:320.1pt;left:57.5pt">Duke of York will be able to Muster there (3.4.2).</p>
<p style="top:338.9pt;left:57.5pt">Salisbury must check Influence (1.3.2). The base cost is 1 Influence </p>
<p style="top:353.9pt;left:57.5pt">point. (Unlike Parley, Levy Lord checks incur no cost for Ways.) Salis-</p>
<p style="top:368.9pt;left:57.5pt">bury’s Influence rating is “3”. He may spend 1 extra Influence point </p>
<p style="top:383.9pt;left:57.5pt">(IP) to get a +1 to that rating, or 3 extra IP to get +2. The player spends </p>
<p style="top:398.9pt;left:57.5pt">the 3 IP to add +2 for a total expenditure of 4 IP and a modified Influ-</p>
<p style="top:413.9pt;left:57.5pt">ence rating of 5. The roll is a “5”—a success.</p>
<p style="top:432.6pt;left:57.5pt">The Yorkist player takes York’s cylinder from the Calendar and places </p>
<p style="top:447.6pt;left:57.5pt">it at York City, finds York’s Lord card and puts </p>
<p style="top:466.4pt;left:57.5pt">that on a spare Lord mat, then sets up York’s mat with a Retinue, </p>
<p style="top:481.4pt;left:57.5pt">Troops, and Assets as shown on the card (1.5.3). York, just Mustered, </p>
<p style="top:496.4pt;left:57.5pt">will not take part in the rest of this Levy Phase (3.4).</p>
</div>
<div id="page9" style="background-image:url('playbook/playbook9.jpg');width:765.4pt;height:991.3pt">
<p style="top:947.9pt;left:321.9pt;font-size:11.2pt"><i>© 2023 GMT Games, LLC</i></p>
<p style="top:44.0pt;left:272.6pt;font-size:15.7pt" class="hr">Plantagenet Background Book</p>
<p style="top:46.9pt;left:689.3pt;font-size:13.8pt">9</p>
<p style="top:79.3pt;left:44.4pt;font-size:17.5pt" class="h3">Campaign</p>
<p style="top:104.8pt;left:44.4pt"><span class="h3">Plan.</span> Now that the Levy phase is done, the game enters the Cam-</p>
<p style="top:120.8pt;left:44.4pt">paign phase (4.0), which begins with flipping the Turn marker to </p>
<p style="top:135.8pt;left:44.4pt">the Campaign side and then follows with each side creating its </p>
<p style="top:150.8pt;left:44.4pt">Campaign Plan (4.1).</p>
<p style="top:169.5pt;left:44.4pt">Each Calendar box shows how many Command cards each side </p>
<p style="top:184.5pt;left:44.4pt">will use that Campaign. As we are in turn 1, each player must </p>
<p style="top:199.5pt;left:44.4pt">stack exactly 4 cards from that side’s Command deck into its face-</p>
<p style="top:214.5pt;left:44.4pt">down Plan.</p>
<p style="top:233.3pt;left:44.4pt">The Yorkist player chooses these cards: York, March, March, </p>
<p style="top:248.3pt;left:44.4pt">York. To stack them face down in the order in which they will </p>
<p style="top:263.3pt;left:44.4pt">be played, the player arranges them in hand with Lord coats of </p>
<p style="top:278.3pt;left:44.4pt">arms at upper left in order, left to right, then flips the stack over </p>
<p style="top:293.3pt;left:44.4pt">(so that opponent will not know which Lords are activating until </p>
<p style="top:308.3pt;left:44.4pt">each card is revealed).</p>
<p style="top:324.9pt;left:169.8pt;font-size:17.5pt"><b><i>Play order</i></b></p>
<p style="top:542.5pt;left:44.4pt">The Lancastrian player chooses and arranges the cards Henry VI, </p>
<p style="top:557.5pt;left:44.4pt">Somerset, Somerset, Somerset.</p>
<p style="top:574.1pt;left:169.8pt;font-size:17.5pt"><b><i>Play order</i></b></p>
<p style="top:793.3pt;left:44.4pt"><span class="h3">Command.</span> Command actions, the heart of the Campaign phase, </p>
<p style="top:809.3pt;left:44.4pt">comes next. The Yorkists are the Rebels in this scenario, so they </p>
<p style="top:824.3pt;left:44.4pt">play first. The Yorkist player flips the first card of the Yorkist Plan </p>
<p style="top:839.3pt;left:44.4pt">stack to reveal that it is the Duke of York.</p>
<p style="top:77.9pt;left:510.7pt">As shown on York’s Command card (and </p>
<p style="top:92.9pt;left:511.4pt">on his cylinder and Lord card), York’s </p>
<p style="top:107.9pt;left:511.4pt">Command Rating is “2”. His Capability </p>
<p style="top:122.9pt;left:511.4pt">card Thomas Bourchier adds +1 Com-</p>
<p style="top:137.9pt;left:511.4pt">mand to that when he begins a Command </p>
<p style="top:152.9pt;left:511.4pt">card in a Friendly City, and his current </p>
<p style="top:167.9pt;left:511.4pt">location of Ely is that. York will take a </p>
<p style="top:182.9pt;left:511.4pt">total of 3 actions on this card.</p>
<p style="top:201.6pt;left:511.4pt">York’s first action will be to <b>March</b> (4.3) </p>
<p style="top:216.6pt;left:511.4pt">from Ely to Cambridge. Since the Way </p>
<p style="top:231.6pt;left:511.4pt">there is Highway, he can continue his </p>
<p style="top:246.6pt;left:393.1pt">March along another Highway for no added action cost (4.3.3). </p>
<p style="top:261.6pt;left:393.1pt">He chooses to do so to March on to St Albans.</p>
<p style="top:280.4pt;left:393.1pt">As York reaches St Albans, the Lancastrian player decides to try to </p>
<p style="top:295.4pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Intercept</b> (4.3.4) with Somerset, who is at London, adjacent to St </p>
<p style="top:310.4pt;left:393.1pt">Albans. Somerset needs a roll equal or less than his modified Valour </p>
<p style="top:325.4pt;left:393.1pt">of 3 (rating “2” plus 1 for Andrew Trollop). The Lancastrian </p>
<p style="top:340.4pt;left:393.1pt">player rolls a 5 and fails, so there is no Interception. If Somerset </p>
<p style="top:355.4pt;left:393.1pt">had succeeded, he would have entered St Albans as if before York </p>
<p style="top:370.4pt;left:393.1pt">got there: York’s move to St Albans would have been an <b>Approach</b> </p>
<p style="top:385.4pt;left:393.1pt">(4.3.5) toward Somerset, triggering either Battle or Exile.</p>
<p style="top:404.1pt;left:454.9pt">The Yorkist player places a Moved-Fought marker on </p>
<p style="top:419.1pt;left:455.2pt">or near York’s cylinder (or on his mat), as a reminder </p>
<p style="top:434.1pt;left:455.2pt">that he will have to Feed at the end of this Command </p>
<p style="top:449.1pt;left:455.2pt">card. </p>
<p style="top:467.9pt;left:393.1pt">York’s second action on his card is to March again, from St Al-</p>
<p style="top:482.9pt;left:393.1pt">bans to Bedford to Northampton (again using Highway to move </p>
<p style="top:497.9pt;left:393.1pt">an extra Locale).</p>
<p style="top:526.5pt;left:393.1pt">Finally, York takes a Forage action (4.6.2) in</p>
<p style="top:541.5pt;left:393.1pt">Northampton. As Northampton is Neutral (and there </p>
<p style="top:556.5pt;left:393.1pt">is no Enemy Lord adjacent), the player has to make a </p>
<p style="top:571.5pt;left:393.1pt">roll. The roll is a “2”: York is successful in the at-</p>
<p style="top:586.5pt;left:393.1pt">tempt, so he receives a Provender on his mat, and </p>
<p style="top:601.5pt;left:393.1pt">Northampton gets a Depleted marker. </p>
<p style="top:907.6pt;left:396.6pt;font-size:11.2pt"><i>The Duke of York’s Command actions. </i><b><i>NOTE:</i></b><i> For clarity of the exam-</i></p>
<p style="top:921.1pt;left:394.3pt;font-size:11.2pt"><i>ple, some items such as Henry VI’s cylinder at London are omitted here.</i></p>
<p style="top:731.1pt;left:610.1pt;font-size:11.2pt"><b>1</b><sup><b>st</b></sup><b> action:</b></p>
<p style="top:744.9pt;left:617.1pt;font-size:11.2pt"><b>March</b></p>
<p style="top:796.5pt;left:618.8pt;font-size:11.2pt"><b><span style="color:#ed1c24">Failed</span></b></p>
<p style="top:810.2pt;left:611.7pt;font-size:11.2pt"><b><span style="color:#ed1c24">Intercept</span></b></p>
<p style="top:766.3pt;left:462.5pt;font-size:11.2pt"><b>2</b><sup><b>nd</b></sup><b> action:</b></p>
<p style="top:780.1pt;left:470.8pt;font-size:11.2pt"><b>March</b></p>
<p style="top:684.4pt;left:433.7pt;font-size:11.2pt"><b>3</b><sup><b>rd</b></sup><b> action:</b></p>
<p style="top:698.1pt;left:440.8pt;font-size:11.2pt"><b>Forage</b></p>
</div>
<div id="page10" style="background-image:url('playbook/playbook10.jpg');width:765.4pt;height:991.3pt">
<p style="top:946.8pt;left:321.9pt;font-size:11.2pt"><i>© 2023 GMT Games, LLC</i></p>
<p style="top:44.0pt;left:272.6pt;font-size:15.7pt" class="hr">Plantagenet Background Book</p>
<p style="top:46.9pt;left:65.8pt;font-size:13.8pt">10</p>
<p style="top:77.9pt;left:44.4pt">After taking all the actions, as York Moved, he has to Feed (4.7). </p>
<p style="top:92.9pt;left:44.4pt">He expends 2 Provender to feed his 8 Troops (Retinue and Vas-</p>
<p style="top:107.9pt;left:44.4pt">sals do not count toward Feed requirements) and removes the </p>
<p style="top:122.9pt;left:44.4pt">Moved marker.</p>
<p style="top:141.6pt;left:162.6pt">Next comes the Lancastrian player, who </p>
<p style="top:156.6pt;left:162.6pt">reveals the first card of the Lancastrian </p>
<p style="top:171.6pt;left:162.6pt">Plan deck, which shows the Lord Henry </p>
<p style="top:186.6pt;left:162.6pt">VI. Henry VI has a Command Rating of </p>
<p style="top:201.6pt;left:162.6pt">“2”, so he will have two actions.</p>
<p style="top:220.4pt;left:162.6pt">Henry VI’s first action is <b>Supply</b> (4.5) </p>
<p style="top:235.4pt;left:162.6pt">from London. First, he has to check if </p>
<p style="top:250.4pt;left:162.6pt">there is a Route to London—a chain of </p>
<p style="top:265.4pt;left:162.6pt">Locales connected by Ways from the </p>
<p style="top:280.4pt;left:162.6pt">Lord’s Locale to the Source, with all of </p>
<p style="top:295.4pt;left:162.6pt">them Friendly. There is, because Henry </p>
<p style="top:310.4pt;left:44.4pt">VI is in London, and London is marked with Lancastrian Favour. </p>
<p style="top:329.1pt;left:106.2pt">Then, the player checks the Strongholds table to see </p>
<p style="top:344.1pt;left:106.4pt">the amount of Provender that Henry will receive—3 </p>
<p style="top:359.1pt;left:106.4pt">Provender. Finally, the player checks that Henry has </p>
<p style="top:374.1pt;left:106.4pt">(or can Share from other Lords at his Locale) enough </p>
<p style="top:389.1pt;left:106.4pt">Carts to bring that Provender to him (1 per Provender </p>
<p style="top:404.1pt;left:106.4pt">per Way travelled). As there are 0 Ways between the </p>
<p style="top:419.1pt;left:106.4pt">Lord and London, Henry needs 0 Carts. The player </p>
<p style="top:434.1pt;left:106.4pt">adds Provender x3 to Henry VI’s mat and places a </p>
<p style="top:449.1pt;left:44.4pt">Depleted marker at London. </p>
<p style="top:467.9pt;left:44.4pt">The second action will be a <b>Tax</b> action (4.6.3) on St Albans. Hen-</p>
<p style="top:482.9pt;left:44.4pt">ry VI is allowed to take a Tax action on St Albans because he has </p>
<p style="top:497.9pt;left:44.4pt">Essex, the Vassal with St Albans as his Vassal Seat, on his mat. </p>
<p style="top:512.9pt;left:44.4pt">First, he has to check if St Albans is Friendly and there is a Route </p>
<p style="top:527.9pt;left:44.4pt">from London to it. He then checks Influence (1.4.2). The total In-</p>
<p style="top:542.9pt;left:44.4pt">fluence Point cost will be 1 (no cost for the Route), so the player </p>
<p style="top:557.9pt;left:44.4pt">shifts the red IP marker down by 1. </p>
<p style="top:576.6pt;left:106.2pt">The player rolls a “1” for a successful check and, per </p>
<p style="top:591.6pt;left:106.4pt">the Strongholds table, adds a Coin marker to Henry </p>
<p style="top:606.6pt;left:106.4pt">VI’s mat. That Depletes St Albans. </p>
<p style="top:644.1pt;left:162.6pt">Back to the Yorkists, who reveal the next </p>
<p style="top:659.1pt;left:162.6pt">Command card to be one for the Lord </p>
<p style="top:674.1pt;left:162.6pt">March. March has a Command Rating of </p>
<p style="top:689.1pt;left:162.6pt">“2” and a Capability, York’s Favoured </p>
<p style="top:704.1pt;left:162.6pt">Son, that gives adds +1 Command, for a </p>
<p style="top:719.1pt;left:162.6pt">total of 3 actions available.</p>
<p style="top:737.9pt;left:162.6pt">March’s first action will be to <b>March</b> </p>
<p style="top:752.9pt;left:162.6pt">(4.3) to Hereford and then Gloucester us-</p>
<p style="top:767.9pt;left:162.6pt">ing a Highway. March receives a Moved-</p>
<p style="top:782.9pt;left:162.6pt">Fought marker, as a reminder to Feed at </p>
<p style="top:797.9pt;left:162.6pt">the end of his card.</p>
<p style="top:816.6pt;left:44.4pt">March’s second action will be to <b>Parley</b> (4.6.4) in Gloucester. </p>
<p style="top:831.6pt;left:44.4pt">This Parley immediately succeeds because Parley actions during </p>
<p style="top:846.6pt;left:44.4pt">Campaign that target the Stronghold that the Lord occupies suc-</p>
<p style="top:861.6pt;left:44.4pt">ceed automatically without an Influence check. The player places </p>
<p style="top:876.6pt;left:44.4pt">Yorkist Favour at Gloucester and moves the Cities marker (al-</p>
<p style="top:891.6pt;left:44.4pt">ready on the white Yorkist side) on the edge track up by 1 box.</p>
<p style="top:77.9pt;left:393.1pt">March’s third action will be to <b>Parley</b> in Hereford. As Hereford is </p>
<p style="top:92.9pt;left:393.1pt">adjacent to March at Gloucester, the Parley calls for an Influence </p>
<p style="top:107.9pt;left:393.1pt">check even during Campaign (4.6.4). March’s Influence rating is a </p>
<p style="top:122.9pt;left:393.1pt">modified 3 (“2” printed plus 1 for his Capability card). The IP cost </p>
<p style="top:137.9pt;left:393.1pt">is 2 at a distance of 1 Way. The Yorkist player decides to spend 1 </p>
<p style="top:152.9pt;left:393.1pt">IP more to bring the Influence rating to 4, shifting the IP marker </p>
<p style="top:167.9pt;left:393.1pt">(on the Lancastrian side) up by 3 boxes. The roll is a “2”—suc-</p>
<p style="top:182.9pt;left:393.1pt">cessful, so the player places Yorkist Favour at Hereford City and </p>
<p style="top:197.9pt;left:393.1pt">moves the white Cities marker up one box.</p>
<p style="top:216.6pt;left:393.1pt">As March has moved, he now must <b>Feed</b> (4.7). He expends 1 </p>
<p style="top:231.6pt;left:393.1pt">Provender from his mat and removes the Moved-Fought marker.</p>
<p style="top:250.4pt;left:511.1pt">The Lancastrians reveal their next Com-</p>
<p style="top:265.4pt;left:511.4pt">mand Card, Somerset, who gets 2 actions.</p>
<p style="top:284.1pt;left:511.4pt">Somerset Marches to Guildford with his </p>
<p style="top:299.1pt;left:511.4pt">first action, then Parleys at Guildford to </p>
<p style="top:314.1pt;left:511.4pt">place Lancastrian Favour at that City. </p>
<p style="top:329.1pt;left:511.4pt">That shifts the Cities marker (which cur-</p>
<p style="top:344.1pt;left:511.4pt">rently shows a Yorkist net advantage in </p>
<p style="top:359.1pt;left:511.4pt">Friendly Cities) down by 1 box. Having </p>
<p style="top:374.1pt;left:511.4pt">moved, Somerset Feeds at the cost of 1 </p>
<p style="top:389.1pt;left:511.4pt">Provender.</p>
<p style="top:407.9pt;left:511.1pt">The Yorkist player reveals March’s Com-</p>
<p style="top:422.9pt;left:511.4pt">mand card next. The Earl of March with </p>
<p style="top:437.9pt;left:511.4pt">his Arts of War card has 3 Commands to-</p>
<p style="top:452.9pt;left:511.4pt">tal. </p>
<p style="top:471.6pt;left:511.4pt">His first action is to March to Oxford. </p>
<p style="top:486.6pt;left:511.4pt">The Lancastrian Lords nearby could try </p>
<p style="top:501.6pt;left:511.4pt">to Intercept but decline to do so (4.3.4). </p>
<p style="top:516.6pt;left:511.4pt">He then Marches to Northampton with his </p>
<p style="top:531.6pt;left:511.4pt">second action. He was not able to March </p>
<p style="top:546.6pt;left:511.4pt">directly from Gloucester to Northampton </p>
<p style="top:561.6pt;left:511.4pt">with one action because there is only a </p>
<p style="top:576.6pt;left:393.1pt">Road, not a Highway, between Oxford and Northampton.</p>
<p style="top:595.4pt;left:393.1pt">March’s third action Parleys for the Town of Northampton, ad-</p>
<p style="top:610.4pt;left:393.1pt">justing the Towns marker on edge track by 1 box to 0. </p>
<p style="top:629.1pt;left:393.1pt">March must Feed for 1 Provender, but he has no Provender on </p>
<p style="top:644.1pt;left:393.1pt">his mat! Luckily, he is in the same Locale as the Duke of York, </p>
<p style="top:659.1pt;left:393.1pt">so they Share (4.7, 3.2). The player must remove the Provender </p>
<p style="top:674.1pt;left:393.1pt">needed, in this case from York’s mat.</p>
<p style="top:692.9pt;left:511.1pt">The next Lancastrian card is another for </p>
<p style="top:707.9pt;left:511.4pt">Somerset.</p>
<p style="top:726.6pt;left:511.4pt">Somerset Parleys for Favour at Win-</p>
<p style="top:741.6pt;left:511.4pt">chester, which is adjacent to him at Guild-</p>
<p style="top:756.6pt;left:511.4pt">ford. The Lancastrians spend 2 IP and roll </p>
<p style="top:771.6pt;left:511.4pt">a 2, a success, especially with Somerset’s </p>
<p style="top:786.6pt;left:511.4pt">Influence rating of “5”. Lancastrian Fa-</p>
<p style="top:801.6pt;left:511.4pt">vour (red rose) at Winchester shifts the </p>
<p style="top:816.6pt;left:511.4pt">Cities marker by 1.</p>
<p style="top:835.4pt;left:511.4pt">Somerset’s second action is to <b>Supply</b> </p>
<p style="top:850.4pt;left:393.1pt">(4.5) from Winchester. There is a Friendly Route between Som-</p>
<p style="top:865.4pt;left:393.1pt">erset at Guildford to Winchester. The Strongholds chart shows </p>
<p style="top:880.4pt;left:393.1pt">that Winchester as a City yields 2 Provender. There is only one </p>
<p style="top:895.4pt;left:393.1pt">Way segment from Winchester to Guildford, and Somerset has </p>
<p style="top:910.4pt;left:393.1pt">4x Carts—more than enough to Transport 2 Provender along 1 </p>
</div>
<div id="page11" style="background-image:url('playbook/playbook11.jpg');width:765.4pt;height:991.3pt">
<p style="top:947.9pt;left:321.9pt;font-size:11.2pt"><i>© 2023 GMT Games, LLC</i></p>
<p style="top:44.0pt;left:272.6pt;font-size:15.7pt" class="hr">Plantagenet Background Book</p>
<p style="top:46.9pt;left:686.2pt;font-size:13.8pt">11</p>
<p style="top:77.9pt;left:44.4pt">Way. So, Somerset gets the Provender x2 from Winchester, and </p>
<p style="top:92.9pt;left:44.4pt">the player places a Depleted marker there. Had Somerset had </p>
<p style="top:107.9pt;left:44.4pt">only a single Cart, this Supply action would have delivered only </p>
<p style="top:122.9pt;left:44.4pt">1 Provender.</p>
<p style="top:141.6pt;left:44.4pt">The <b>Yorkist’s</b> final card of the Campaign is for the Duke of York. </p>
<p style="top:156.6pt;left:44.4pt">This time, York gets only his printed Command rating for 2 ac-</p>
<p style="top:171.6pt;left:44.4pt">tions, because his Thomas Bourchier Capability only applies if </p>
<p style="top:186.6pt;left:44.4pt">York starts in a Friendly City, but he is at Northampton—a Town.</p>
<p style="top:205.4pt;left:44.4pt">His first action will be to March. York is a Marshal, as stated on </p>
<p style="top:220.4pt;left:44.4pt">his Lord card and shown by the gold ring on his cylinder (1.5.1). </p>
<p style="top:235.4pt;left:44.4pt">As a Marshal, he may choose to lead a <b>Group March</b> (4.3.1). </p>
<p style="top:250.4pt;left:44.4pt">York brings the Earl of March with him to Oxford. Moved-Fought </p>
<p style="top:265.4pt;left:44.4pt">applies to both Lords.</p>
<p style="top:284.1pt;left:44.4pt">York’s second action will be to <b>March</b> again, again taking March </p>
<p style="top:299.1pt;left:44.4pt">with him, on to London. There, the Lancastrian Lord Henry VI </p>
<p style="top:314.1pt;left:44.4pt">stands alone, triggering an <b>Approach</b> (4.3.5). </p>
<p style="top:77.9pt;left:393.1pt">First, Somerset—adjacent London at Guildford—again tries to </p>
<p style="top:92.9pt;left:393.1pt">Intercept (4.3.4), hoping to reinforce the imminent Battle. Somer-</p>
<p style="top:107.9pt;left:393.1pt">set rolls a “5”, greater than his Valour rating, so he fails to move.</p>
<p style="top:126.6pt;left:455.2pt">Next, Henry VI must choose between Battle and Ex-</p>
<p style="top:141.6pt;left:455.2pt">ile (4.3.5). The Lancastrian player decides that Henry </p>
<p style="top:156.6pt;left:455.2pt">will not go into Exile—he will hold his ground to </p>
<p style="top:171.6pt;left:455.2pt">fight in a Battle. Although not really needed, as the </p>
<p style="top:186.6pt;left:393.1pt">players will choose to Array Lord mats rather than cylinders, they </p>
<p style="top:201.6pt;left:393.1pt">put the Battle marker at London to memorialize the clash.</p>
<p style="top:227.4pt;left:393.1pt;font-size:17.5pt" class="h3">Battle</p>
<p style="top:252.6pt;left:393.1pt">The Battle of London ensues (4.4). On one side, the Yorkists as </p>
<p style="top:267.6pt;left:393.1pt">Attackers include York and March. On the other side, the Lancas-</p>
<p style="top:282.6pt;left:393.1pt">trian Defenders have only the Forces of Henry VI.</p>
<p style="top:301.4pt;left:393.1pt">The first step of a battle is the Battle <b>Array</b> (4.4.1). Defender and </p>
<p style="top:316.4pt;left:393.1pt">then Attacker arrange the Lords for Battle, either positioning Lord </p>
<p style="top:737.3pt;left:490.8pt;font-size:11.2pt"><i>Battle Array at the outset of Round 1.</i></p>
</div>
<div id="page12" style="background-image:url('playbook/playbook12.jpg');width:765.4pt;height:991.3pt">
<p style="top:946.8pt;left:321.9pt;font-size:11.2pt"><i>© 2023 GMT Games, LLC</i></p>
<p style="top:44.0pt;left:272.6pt;font-size:15.7pt" class="hr">Plantagenet Background Book</p>
<p style="top:46.9pt;left:65.8pt;font-size:13.8pt">12</p>
<p style="top:77.9pt;left:44.4pt">mats directly or Lord cylinders on the Battle mat included in the </p>
<p style="top:92.9pt;left:44.4pt">game. For this example, we show the mats.</p>
<p style="top:111.6pt;left:44.4pt">Henry VI must fight at Front Center. Then the Yorkists place York </p>
<p style="top:126.6pt;left:44.4pt">in front of Henry and March on York’s Right.</p>
<p style="top:145.4pt;left:106.8pt">Per each Lord’s <b>Valour</b> rating (1.5.2, 4.4.1), the </p>
<p style="top:160.4pt;left:106.8pt">Yorkists put 2 Valour markers on York’s Lord card </p>
<p style="top:175.4pt;left:106.8pt">and 3 on March’s. The Lancastrian gets no Valour </p>
<p style="top:190.4pt;left:106.8pt">markers because Henry VI’s Valour Rating is “0”.</p>
<p style="top:209.1pt;left:44.4pt">At this point, players would be able to play Held Events that affect </p>
<p style="top:224.1pt;left:44.4pt">the Battle, but they have none.</p>
<p style="top:242.9pt;left:44.4pt">The sides begin the first Round of Battle (4.4.2). No Lords on </p>
<p style="top:257.9pt;left:44.4pt">either side choose to Flee.</p>
<p style="top:276.6pt;left:44.4pt">Lords group into <b>Engagements</b>, within which to fight each other. </p>
<p style="top:291.6pt;left:44.4pt">Henry VI and York Engage, because they face each other. March </p>
<p style="top:306.6pt;left:44.4pt">joins in that to make a single Engagement—he has no Enemy to </p>
<p style="top:321.6pt;left:44.4pt">his Front, so he Flanks the closest Front Enemy, Henry VI. All </p>
<p style="top:336.6pt;left:44.4pt">Hits from York and March will add together against Henry, and </p>
<p style="top:351.6pt;left:44.4pt">York and March will resolve Protection together.</p>
<p style="top:370.4pt;left:44.4pt">The players refer to the Forces chart to find under “Strikes” how </p>
<p style="top:385.4pt;left:44.4pt">many Melee and Missile Hits from Enemy units their Lords </p>
<p style="top:400.4pt;left:44.4pt">must assign to their units, and under “Protection” what Armour </p>
<p style="top:415.4pt;left:44.4pt">or Unarmoured die-roll ranges will enable the units absorb Hits </p>
<p style="top:430.4pt;left:44.4pt">without Routing.</p>
<p style="top:449.1pt;left:145.4pt">The players place Hits markers on the edge </p>
<p style="top:464.1pt;left:145.6pt">track as remainders of the number of Hits </p>
<p style="top:479.1pt;left:145.6pt">each side has left to resolve.</p>
<p style="top:497.9pt;left:44.4pt">As shown on the Battle sheet, the Engagement’s <b>Strike</b> step be-</p>
<p style="top:512.9pt;left:44.4pt">gins with an exchange of <b>Missiles</b>. The Lancastrians must absorb </p>
<p style="top:527.9pt;left:44.4pt">12 Hits (2 Hits each from 5 units of Yorkist Longbowmen, plus ½ </p>
<p style="top:542.9pt;left:44.4pt">Hit each from 4 Militia). The Yorkists simultaneously must take </p>
<p style="top:557.9pt;left:44.4pt">6 Missile Hits.</p>
<p style="top:576.6pt;left:44.4pt">The Lancastrian decides to take the 12 Hits first with Henry’s Mi-</p>
<p style="top:591.6pt;left:44.4pt">litia. He has to roll “1” for any Unarmoured Militia taking a Hit to </p>
<p style="top:606.6pt;left:44.4pt">avoid its Rout. The player rolls 4 dice for the first 4 Hits against </p>
<p style="top:621.6pt;left:44.4pt">the Militia—“3”, “1”, “1”, and “2”. With great luck, 2 Militia still </p>
<p style="top:636.6pt;left:44.4pt">stand. So the player continues rolling, Hit per Hit—“3”, “1”, and </p>
<p style="top:651.6pt;left:44.4pt">“4”. The 4 militia are Routed (slid back on their mat behind the </p>
<p style="top:666.6pt;left:44.4pt">“Routed” line) but have succeeded in absorbing 7 of 12 Missile </p>
<p style="top:681.6pt;left:44.4pt">Hits. With still 5 Hits left to assign, the Lancastrian decides to </p>
<p style="top:696.6pt;left:44.4pt">take them with the Longbowmen. They also have Unarmoured </p>
<p style="top:711.6pt;left:44.4pt">Protection of 1. The rolls are three rolls of “1” and two rolls of </p>
<p style="top:726.6pt;left:44.4pt">“6”. The 2 units of Longbowmen Rout as well, but they have done </p>
<p style="top:741.6pt;left:44.4pt">very well to draw all the Yorkist Missiles away from Henry’s Ar-</p>
<p style="top:756.6pt;left:44.4pt">moured units!</p>
<p style="top:775.4pt;left:44.4pt">The Yorkist decide to have their 4 Militia take the Missile Hits. </p>
<p style="top:790.4pt;left:44.4pt">None of the rolls are a “1”, so York’s and March’s Militia all Rout. </p>
<p style="top:805.4pt;left:44.4pt">Of the 6 Missile Hits from Henry’s archers, 2 Hits remain. York’s </p>
<p style="top:820.4pt;left:44.4pt">Longbowmen roll for those, and a “2” and a “3” Rout them.</p>
<p style="top:839.1pt;left:44.4pt">The next Strike step is <b>Melee</b>. The Lancastrians receive 11 Hits: </p>
<p style="top:854.1pt;left:44.4pt">3 from each Yorkist Retinue, 2 from Shrewsbury, and 1 from each </p>
<p style="top:869.1pt;left:44.4pt">Men-at-Arms piece). (Militia also generate Melee Hits, but they </p>
<p style="top:884.1pt;left:44.4pt">have all Routed.) The Yorkists take 7 Hits (3 from Henry’s Reti-</p>
<p style="top:899.1pt;left:44.4pt">nue, 2 from Essex, and 2 from Men-at-Arms).</p>
<p style="top:77.9pt;left:393.1pt">The Lancastrian begins to resolve the 11 Hits with Men-at-Arms, </p>
<p style="top:92.9pt;left:393.1pt">who have a Protection range of 1-3. Rolling Hit by Hit, the first 4 </p>
<p style="top:107.9pt;left:393.1pt">rolls are 3 or less, but the fifth roll of “4” Routs a Men-at-Arms </p>
<p style="top:122.9pt;left:393.1pt">unit. Henry could take the next Hit with the other Men-at-Arms, </p>
<p style="top:137.9pt;left:393.1pt">but, if they Rout, Henry will have no more Troops pieces (only </p>
<p style="top:153.5pt;left:503.0pt">his Retinue and Vassal counters), causing </p>
<p style="top:168.5pt;left:503.0pt">the Lord himself automatically to Rout at </p>
<p style="top:183.5pt;left:503.0pt">the end of Round 1—dramatically increas-</p>
<p style="top:198.5pt;left:503.0pt">ing King Henry’s chance of Death. </p>
<p style="top:221.0pt;left:517.2pt">So, Henry begins to receive Hits with his </p>
<p style="top:236.0pt;left:517.2pt">Vassal Essex, who has Armour 1-4. The </p>
<p style="top:251.0pt;left:517.2pt">next roll is a “6”—Essex Routs! Henry’s </p>
<p style="top:266.0pt;left:517.2pt">Retinue will take the remaining Hits. </p>
<p style="top:281.0pt;left:393.1pt">Each roll is a 4 or less, well enough that the Retinue does not Rout </p>
<p style="top:296.0pt;left:393.1pt">this Round. </p>
<p style="top:314.7pt;left:393.1pt">The Yorkists defend against 7 Melee Hits, also choosing first their </p>
<p style="top:329.7pt;left:393.1pt">Men-at-Arms, first the unit that belongs to March. The first roll </p>
<p style="top:344.7pt;left:393.1pt">is a “6”. </p>
<p style="top:363.5pt;left:443.5pt">The Yorkist player expends one of March’s Valour </p>
<p style="top:378.5pt;left:443.8pt">markers to re-roll. (York’s Valour markers can only re-</p>
<p style="top:393.5pt;left:443.8pt">roll Hits on York’s Forces.) Unfortunately, the re-roll is </p>
<p style="top:408.5pt;left:443.8pt">a “5”. Because Valour can only re-roll a given Hit once, </p>
<p style="top:423.5pt;left:393.1pt">March cannot use another Valour marker now and the Men-at-</p>
<p style="top:438.5pt;left:393.1pt">Arms Rout. </p>
<p style="top:457.2pt;left:393.1pt">More rolls against the Melee Hits and, at the player’s option, </p>
<p style="top:472.2pt;left:393.1pt">use of some more Valour ends up Routing all 3 Yorkist Men-at-</p>
<p style="top:487.2pt;left:393.1pt">Arms units.</p>
<p style="top:506.0pt;left:393.1pt">Round 1 ends with Henry VI standing with his Retinue and 1 </p>
<p style="top:521.0pt;left:393.1pt">Men-at-Arms unit left. The Yorkists, along with their Retinues, </p>
<p style="top:536.0pt;left:393.1pt">have 1 Longbow unit left with York and 2 Longbowmen units and </p>
<p style="top:551.0pt;left:393.1pt">Shrewsbury with March.</p>
<p style="top:569.7pt;left:454.6pt">A new Round begins, following the same procedure </p>
<p style="top:584.7pt;left:455.2pt">as the first. At outset, the Lancastrian player decides </p>
<p style="top:599.7pt;left:455.2pt">to <b>Flee</b> with Henry VI. The Lancastrian Lord flips </p>
<p style="top:614.7pt;left:455.2pt">his Retinue marker to its “Fled” side and instantly </p>
<p style="top:629.7pt;left:393.1pt">Routs. Since all Lords of a side have Routed, the Battle ends </p>
<p style="top:644.7pt;left:393.1pt">(4.4.3) with the Lord mats in the situation as shown in our Battle </p>
<p style="top:659.7pt;left:393.1pt">Array illustration.</p>
<p style="top:678.5pt;left:393.1pt">The Yorkists win the Battle. Now it is time for check for <b>Death</b> </p>
<p style="top:693.5pt;left:393.1pt">of any Routed Lords—that means Henry VI only, as no Yorkist </p>
<p style="top:708.5pt;left:393.1pt">Lords Routed. The Lancastrians could now play any Held Event </p>
<p style="top:723.5pt;left:393.1pt">that refers to Death checks, but they have none. Lords Die on a </p>
<p style="top:738.5pt;left:393.1pt">modified 3 or above. Henry has Fled, so he receives a beneficial </p>
<p style="top:753.5pt;left:393.1pt">–2 to his Death Check. For him, only a roll of “5” or “6” will </p>
<p style="top:768.5pt;left:393.1pt">mean he is Dead.</p>
<p style="top:787.2pt;left:393.1pt">Henry rolls a “3”, modified by –2 because he Fled to a 1—he does </p>
<p style="top:802.2pt;left:393.1pt">not Die but rather <b>Disbands</b> (3.2.4). Troops and Assets from his </p>
<p style="top:817.2pt;left:393.1pt">mat return to their pools. His Lord card and Retinue are set aside </p>
<p style="top:832.2pt;left:393.1pt">until he Musters again. His cylinder goes onto the Calendar, a </p>
<p style="top:847.2pt;left:393.1pt">number of boxes ahead of the current turn equal to 6 minus his </p>
<p style="top:862.2pt;left:393.1pt">printed Influence rating (in Henry’s case, 6 minus 5 for 1 box </p>
<p style="top:877.2pt;left:393.1pt">ahead, so into box 2). </p>
</div>
<div id="page13" style="background-image:url('playbook/playbook13.jpg');width:765.4pt;height:991.3pt">
<p style="top:947.9pt;left:321.9pt;font-size:11.2pt"><i>© 2023 GMT Games, LLC</i></p>
<p style="top:44.0pt;left:272.6pt;font-size:15.7pt" class="hr">Plantagenet Background Book</p>
<p style="top:46.9pt;left:685.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">13</p>
<p style="top:672.3pt;left:125.0pt">Henry’s <b>Vassal</b> Essex also <b>Disbands</b>. (Vassals </p>
<p style="top:687.3pt;left:125.0pt">Disband if they have Routed or if their Lord Dis-</p>
<p style="top:702.3pt;left:125.0pt">bands or Dies.) Essex’s marker from Henry’s mat </p>
<p style="top:717.3pt;left:125.0pt">joins that on the Calendar, both flipped to their </p>
<p style="top:732.3pt;left:125.0pt">back side (naming Essex’s Seat of St Albans) and </p>
<p style="top:747.3pt;left:44.4pt">into a box ahead of the current turn equal to 6 minus Essex’s Ser-</p>
<p style="top:762.3pt;left:44.4pt">vice rating of “1”, therefore into box 6. Essex will not be available </p>
<p style="top:777.3pt;left:44.4pt">to Muster again until Turn 6, at which point both of his markers </p>
<p style="top:792.3pt;left:44.4pt">will go back to the map at his St Albans Seat.</p>
<p style="top:811.1pt;left:44.4pt">Since the Yorkists have won a battle, they gain <b>Influence points </b></p>
<p style="top:826.1pt;left:44.4pt">equal to the sum of all the defeated Enemy Lords’ printed Influ-</p>
<p style="top:841.1pt;left:44.4pt">ence ratings, plus 1 IP per defeated Vassal. For this Battle, Henry </p>
<p style="top:856.1pt;left:44.4pt">VI’s Influence of “5” plus Essex there yields a total of 6 IP to the </p>
<p style="top:871.1pt;left:44.4pt">Yorkists for their victory. The IP marker, currently on the red Lan-</p>
<p style="top:886.1pt;left:44.4pt">castrian side, shifts down toward 0, then flips to its white Yorkist </p>
<p style="top:901.1pt;left:44.4pt">side and shifts up again, until it has moved a total of 6 boxes, </p>
<p style="top:916.1pt;left:44.4pt">down plus up.</p>
<p style="top:671.0pt;left:393.1pt">The Yorkist victors check for <b>Spoils</b>—Assets that they might take </p>
<p style="top:686.0pt;left:393.1pt">from the losers’ mats. Because the Battle Locale, London, is Ene-</p>
<p style="top:701.0pt;left:393.1pt">my to the victors, they receive nothing. </p>
<p style="top:719.8pt;left:393.1pt">Next, Lords still in the field roll for Losses—determining whether </p>
<p style="top:734.8pt;left:393.1pt">to recover or remove their Routed Troops. Yorkists roll Protection </p>
<p style="top:749.8pt;left:393.1pt">once for each Routed Troops piece—success slides that unit back </p>
<p style="top:764.8pt;left:393.1pt">into the mat’s Forces area. Here, they all fail and are removed to </p>
<p style="top:779.8pt;left:393.1pt">the Troops pool, except for one of York’s Militia units, which rolls </p>
<p style="top:794.8pt;left:393.1pt">a “1” and so stays on York’s mat to fight other Battles.</p>
<p style="top:467.3pt;left:463.6pt;font-size:11.2pt"><i>Battle Array in Round 2 as Henry decides to Flee.</i></p>
</div>
<div id="page14" style="background-image:url('playbook/playbook14.jpg');width:765.4pt;height:991.3pt">
<p style="top:946.8pt;left:321.9pt;font-size:11.2pt"><i>© 2023 GMT Games, LLC</i></p>
<p style="top:44.0pt;left:272.6pt;font-size:15.7pt" class="hr">Plantagenet Background Book</p>
<p style="top:46.9pt;left:65.8pt;font-size:13.8pt">14</p>
<p style="top:91.1pt;left:55.6pt;font-size:17.5pt" class="h3"><span style="color:#626366">Sailing</span></p>
<p style="top:117.6pt;left:55.6pt">York is at the Port of Newcastle, with his mat at the outset of the Campaign as illustrated below. He will use Sail actions </p>
<p style="top:132.6pt;left:55.6pt">(4.6.1) over multiple Command cards to land at Harlech (for purposes of illustration, instead of Marching overland). </p>
<p style="top:152.6pt;left:55.6pt">York uses his first Command Card fully for a Sail action. York has only a single Ship marker, which can carry his 6 Forces </p>
<p style="top:167.6pt;left:55.6pt">(Retinue plus 5 Troops), plus his 2x Carts, plus Provender x2. Therefore, to Sail, York must first discard 3 of his 5 Provender. </p>
<p style="top:182.6pt;left:55.6pt">York’s cylinder then Sails into the North Sea. (York could have landed immediately at Lynn or Scarborough, as they are all </p>
<p style="top:197.6pt;left:55.6pt">Ports in that same Sea, but he wants to Sail on around the coast on his next card.) York has moved and the card has ended, so </p>
<p style="top:212.6pt;left:55.6pt">York’s Troops must be Fed (4.7). York expends 1x Provender from his Lord mat.</p>
<p style="top:232.6pt;left:55.6pt">When his next Command Card appears, York takes another Sail action, moving cylinder from the North Sea to the adjacent </p>
<p style="top:247.6pt;left:55.6pt">English Channel (a “Sea” in game terms) and chooses to remain there. (Instead of remaining in the Sea, he could have </p>
<p style="top:262.6pt;left:55.6pt">moved immediately to any Port on the English Channel free of Enemy Lords.) York again must Feed, leaving no Provender </p>
<p style="top:277.6pt;left:55.6pt">on his mat.</p>
<p style="top:297.6pt;left:55.6pt">Finally, York uses last of his 3 pos-</p>
<p style="top:312.6pt;left:55.6pt">sible Command cards to Sail into the </p>
<p style="top:327.6pt;left:55.6pt">Irish Sea and then land at the Port </p>
<p style="top:342.6pt;left:55.6pt">there of Harlech. York once more </p>
<p style="top:357.6pt;left:55.6pt">must Feed. He has no Provender left, </p>
<p style="top:372.6pt;left:55.6pt">so he Pillages (3.2.1, 4.7) Harlech.</p>
<p style="top:392.6pt;left:55.6pt">(Had York instead ended the Cam-</p>
<p style="top:407.6pt;left:55.6pt">paign at sea, he would have had to </p>
<p style="top:422.6pt;left:55.6pt">Disembark (4.8.2), on a die roll either </p>
<p style="top:437.6pt;left:55.6pt">Disbanding permanently or landing at </p>
<p style="top:452.6pt;left:55.6pt">a Port and having to Feed (and, unless </p>
<p style="top:467.6pt;left:55.6pt">meeting up with a Yorkist Lord there </p>
<p style="top:482.6pt;left:55.6pt">who could Share Provender, Pillage).</p>
<p style="top:729.9pt;left:44.4pt;font-size:17.5pt" class="h3">Feed and Pillage</p>
<p style="top:755.1pt;left:44.4pt">York and March during this Command card both moved and </p>
<p style="top:770.1pt;left:44.4pt">fought, so they must now Feed (4.7). They would need 2 Proven-</p>
<p style="top:785.1pt;left:44.4pt">der total, 1 for each Lord. As they have none, the Yorkists must </p>
<p style="top:800.1pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Pillage</b> (4.7, 3.2.1). </p>
<p style="top:818.9pt;left:44.4pt">The Yorkist player must choose one of the Lords to Pillage Lon-</p>
<p style="top:833.9pt;left:44.4pt">don and picks York. Per the Strongholds chart, York gets 3 Prov-</p>
<p style="top:848.9pt;left:44.4pt">ender and 3 Coin for Pillaging London. As a penalty, the Yorkists </p>
<p style="top:863.9pt;left:44.4pt">lose a number of Influence points equal to twice the total of Assets </p>
<p style="top:878.9pt;left:44.4pt">gained, that is, twice 6, for 12 IP total to the Lancastrians.</p>
<p style="top:728.5pt;left:443.8pt">London gets an Exhausted marker. Were it Neutral or </p>
<p style="top:743.5pt;left:443.8pt">Yorkist, it would become Lancastrian in Favour. It is </p>
<p style="top:758.5pt;left:443.8pt">already Lancastrian, so it simply remains so. Then each </p>
<p style="top:773.5pt;left:443.8pt">adjacent Stronghold shifts one step towards Lancastrian </p>
<p style="top:788.5pt;left:393.1pt">Favour: Oxford and Rochester go to Lancastrian Favour (adjust </p>
<p style="top:803.5pt;left:393.1pt">the Cities marker). Guildford and St Albans are already Lancastri-</p>
<p style="top:818.5pt;left:393.1pt">an and remain so.</p>
<p style="top:837.3pt;left:393.1pt">Now York’s army must again attempt to Feed, drawing on its </p>
<p style="top:852.3pt;left:393.1pt">Pillaged Provender. That consumes 1 Provender, leaving Prov-</p>
<p style="top:867.3pt;left:393.1pt">ender x2. </p>
</div>
<div id="page15" style="background-image:url('playbook/playbook15.jpg');width:765.4pt;height:991.3pt">
<p style="top:947.9pt;left:321.9pt;font-size:11.2pt"><i>© 2023 GMT Games, LLC</i></p>
<p style="top:44.0pt;left:272.6pt;font-size:15.7pt" class="hr">Plantagenet Background Book</p>
<p style="top:46.9pt;left:685.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">15</p>
<p style="top:77.9pt;left:44.4pt">Then March must Feed. He cannot Pillage (London is Exhaust-</p>
<p style="top:92.9pt;left:44.4pt">ed), but <b>Shares</b> (4.7, 3.2) with York, who is at the same Locale, </p>
<p style="top:107.9pt;left:44.4pt">consuming 1 Provender from York’s mat and thus avoiding Dis-</p>
<p style="top:122.9pt;left:44.4pt">band. (Had March not been able to Share Provender from York, </p>
<p style="top:137.9pt;left:44.4pt">he would now have Disbanded Unfed, imposing an IP penalty on </p>
<p style="top:152.9pt;left:44.4pt">his side, 3.2.1.)</p>
<p style="top:178.6pt;left:44.4pt;font-size:17.5pt" class="h3">Exile</p>
<p style="top:203.9pt;left:162.4pt">The final card of the Campaign is Somer-</p>
<p style="top:218.9pt;left:162.6pt">set of the Lancastrians.</p>
<p style="top:237.6pt;left:162.6pt">Somerset March to London to Approach </p>
<p style="top:252.6pt;left:162.6pt">the Yorkists there. The Yorkist player </p>
<p style="top:267.6pt;left:162.6pt">judges Battle now too risky so has both </p>
<p style="top:282.6pt;left:162.6pt">Yorkist Lords choose <b>Exile</b> (4.3.5).</p>
<p style="top:301.4pt;left:162.6pt">The Yorkists first lose Influence points </p>
<p style="top:316.4pt;left:162.6pt">equal to the printed Influence ratings of </p>
<p style="top:331.4pt;left:162.6pt">the Lords going into Exile, plus one for </p>
<p style="top:346.4pt;left:162.6pt">each of their Vassals. The total IP cost is </p>
<p style="top:361.4pt;left:162.6pt">5 for York, plus 2 for March, plus 1 for </p>
<p style="top:376.4pt;left:44.4pt">Shrewsbury, for a total of 8 IP awarded to the Lancastrians.</p>
<p style="top:395.1pt;left:44.4pt">Somerset receives York’s and March’s Assets as if Spoils in Battle </p>
<p style="top:410.1pt;left:44.4pt">(4.4.3)—since London Favours the Lancastrians, all the Yorkists’ </p>
<p style="top:425.1pt;left:44.4pt">Carts and Provender.</p>
<p style="top:443.9pt;left:94.5pt">York, March, and Shrewsbury Disband (3.2.4). Their </p>
<p style="top:458.9pt;left:95.0pt">Capability cards return to the Yorkist Arts of War deck. </p>
<p style="top:473.9pt;left:95.0pt">York’s cylinder goes to Calendar box 2 (6 boxes minus </p>
<p style="top:488.9pt;left:95.0pt">his Influence rating of 5, so 1 box ahead, 3.2.4), and </p>
<p style="top:503.9pt;left:44.4pt">March’s goes to box 5, each with an Exile marker, showing that </p>
<p style="top:518.9pt;left:44.4pt">they will later return to the map into a Yorkist Exile box (3.3.1). </p>
<p style="top:533.9pt;left:44.4pt">Shrewsbury’s markers go facedown into Calendar box 5. </p>
<p style="top:552.6pt;left:44.4pt">The Approach automatically ends Somerset’s Command card </p>
<p style="top:567.6pt;left:44.4pt">(due to 4.3.5 RECOVERY). He Feeds, removing 1 Provender.</p>
<p style="top:79.3pt;left:393.1pt;font-size:17.5pt" class="h3">End Campaign</p>
<p style="top:104.5pt;left:393.1pt">With </p>
<p style="top:104.5pt;left:431.4pt">all </p>
<p style="top:104.5pt;left:457.6pt">Command</p>
<p style="top:119.5pt;left:393.1pt">cards expended, Tides </p>
<p style="top:134.5pt;left:393.1pt">of War is next (4.8.1). </p>
<p style="top:149.5pt;left:393.1pt">Both players calculate </p>
<p style="top:164.5pt;left:393.1pt">how many Influence </p>
<p style="top:179.5pt;left:393.1pt">points they might win </p>
<p style="top:194.5pt;left:393.1pt">for the situation on the </p>
<p style="top:209.5pt;left:393.1pt">map. The players con-</p>
<p style="top:224.5pt;left:393.1pt">sult the Tides of War </p>
<p style="top:239.5pt;left:393.1pt">list in the pink Influ-</p>
<p style="top:254.5pt;left:393.1pt">ence Points section of </p>
<p style="top:269.5pt;left:393.1pt">the foldout.</p>
<p style="top:287.0pt;left:393.1pt">• There are no Lords in any of the North, South, or Wales map </p>
<p style="top:302.0pt;left:403.1pt">Areas (1.3.1).</p>
<p style="top:319.5pt;left:393.1pt">• There is no Domination of any of the Areas (North/South/</p>
<p style="top:334.5pt;left:403.1pt">Wales).</p>
<p style="top:352.0pt;left:393.1pt">• Lancastrians enjoy Favour at London for 2 IP and Favour at the </p>
<p style="top:367.0pt;left:403.1pt">most Cities for another 2 IP.</p>
<p style="top:384.5pt;left:393.1pt">• The Yorkists have the most Fortresses for 1 IP.</p>
<p style="top:402.0pt;left:393.1pt">• The Towns marker is at 0, so nobody receives IP for that.</p>
<p style="top:419.5pt;left:393.1pt">• Lancastrians get a bonus 1 IP for Somerset’s Council Member </p>
<p style="top:434.5pt;left:403.1pt">Capability.</p>
<p style="top:452.0pt;left:393.1pt">• Lastly, this is a “Gain Lords Influence” Turn, so the Lancastri-</p>
<p style="top:467.0pt;left:403.1pt">ans get 5 IP for the net printed Influence ratings of all Lords on </p>
<p style="top:482.0pt;left:403.1pt">the map.</p>
<p style="top:502.0pt;left:393.1pt">That’s 10 IP total for the Lancastrians and 1 IP for the Yorkists, </p>
<p style="top:517.0pt;left:393.1pt">which results in the red IP marker shifting 9 boxes (10 minus 1) in </p>
<p style="top:532.0pt;left:393.1pt">the Lancastrian direction.</p>
<p style="top:550.8pt;left:393.1pt">Players next check if any Lords are at Sea and must <b>Disembark</b> </p>
<p style="top:565.8pt;left:393.1pt">(4.8.2); there are none. Victory (4.8.3) is not yet achieved: the </p>
<p style="top:580.8pt;left:393.1pt">Yorkists have avoided defeat only because they have a Lord </p>
<p style="top:595.8pt;left:393.1pt">marked Exile in the next turn’s box (5.1). Neither <b>Grow</b> (4.8.4) </p>
<p style="top:610.8pt;left:393.1pt">nor <b>Waste</b> (4.8.5) shows on the Calendar for this turn.</p>
<p style="top:629.5pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Reset</b> (4.8.6) first checks whether there are any Held Arts of War </p>
<p style="top:644.5pt;left:393.1pt">cards that players want to discard or “This Campaign” Events that </p>
<p style="top:659.5pt;left:393.1pt">they must discard; there are none. The players then prepare for the </p>
<p style="top:674.5pt;left:393.1pt">next turn by advancing the marker to the next Calendar box and </p>
<p style="top:689.5pt;left:393.1pt">flipping it to the “Levy” side. The turn is over. </p>
</div>
<div id="page16" style="background-image:url('playbook/playbook16.jpg');width:765.4pt;height:991.3pt">
<p style="top:946.8pt;left:321.9pt;font-size:11.2pt"><i>© 2023 GMT Games, LLC</i></p>
<p style="top:44.0pt;left:272.6pt;font-size:15.7pt" class="hr">Plantagenet Background Book</p>
<p style="top:46.9pt;left:65.8pt;font-size:13.8pt">16</p>
<p style="top:82.7pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:21.9pt"><span style="color:#fff" class="h1">Campaign History</span></p>
<p style="top:116.0pt;left:44.4pt"><i>Here we relate the political context of the military campaigns de-</i></p>
<p style="top:131.0pt;left:44.4pt"><i>picted in </i>Plantagenet<i>.</i></p>
<p style="top:149.8pt;left:44.4pt">The Wars of the Roses is the name given to a series of internecine </p>
<p style="top:164.8pt;left:44.4pt">dynastic squabbles in England during the latter half of the 15<sup>th</sup> </p>
<p style="top:179.8pt;left:44.4pt">Century. The name is not contemporary with the period and did </p>
<p style="top:194.8pt;left:44.4pt">not come into common usage until the early 19<sup>th</sup> Century. The pe-</p>
<p style="top:209.8pt;left:44.4pt">riod is mired in controversy. Sources are alternately very detailed </p>
<p style="top:224.8pt;left:44.4pt">or irritatingly vague. Propaganda and spin were used at the time </p>
<p style="top:239.8pt;left:44.4pt">and persist to this day. But why did the Wars take place, and what </p>
<p style="top:254.8pt;left:44.4pt">happened?</p>
<p style="top:273.5pt;left:44.4pt">History builds on history. In order to understand a period, we have </p>
<p style="top:288.5pt;left:44.4pt">to look back, sometimes centuries, to identify the causes. For the </p>
<p style="top:303.5pt;left:44.4pt">Wars of the Roses, we need to go back only two or three genera-</p>
<p style="top:318.5pt;left:44.4pt">tions to see the tinder that ignited into conflict.</p>
<p style="top:337.3pt;left:44.4pt">In 1377, 40 years into the Hundred Years War, Edward III, one of </p>
<p style="top:352.3pt;left:44.4pt">England’s greatest kings, died. His heir had been his first-born, </p>
<p style="top:367.3pt;left:44.4pt">Edward, known as the Black Prince, who had died a year before </p>
<p style="top:382.3pt;left:44.4pt">his father did. The throne therefore passed to the Black Prince’s </p>
<p style="top:397.3pt;left:44.4pt">son, who would be crowned as Richard II.</p>
<p style="top:416.0pt;left:44.4pt">The succession was undisputed, although Richard was only 10 </p>
<p style="top:431.0pt;left:44.4pt">years old at the time. His accession to the throne was supported by </p>
<p style="top:446.0pt;left:44.4pt">Edward III’s other four sons, the new King’s uncles. Among these </p>
<p style="top:461.0pt;left:44.4pt">powerful men, brothers of the Black Prince, would be those who </p>
<p style="top:476.0pt;left:44.4pt">would see the young King to adulthood, and who would also lay </p>
<p style="top:491.0pt;left:44.4pt">the seeds of the Wars of the Roses.</p>
<p style="top:509.8pt;left:44.4pt">The eldest brother, Lionel of Antwerp, 1<sup>st</sup> Duke of Clarence, pre-</p>
<p style="top:524.8pt;left:44.4pt">deceased his father. His importance is that his descendent Ann </p>
<p style="top:539.8pt;left:44.4pt">Mortimer had married Richard, Earl of Cambridge, and they were </p>
<p style="top:554.8pt;left:44.4pt">the parents of the future Richard of <b>York</b>. This gave Richard of </p>
<p style="top:569.8pt;left:44.4pt">York a claim to the throne through his mother.</p>
<p style="top:588.5pt;left:44.4pt">The second brother, John of Gaunt, 1<sup>st</sup> Duke of Lancaster (sec-</p>
<p style="top:603.5pt;left:44.4pt">ond creation), was probably the most influential individual of his </p>
<p style="top:618.5pt;left:44.4pt">time. From his first marriage to Blanche of Lancaster among his </p>
<p style="top:633.5pt;left:44.4pt">descendants were Philippa, who became Queen of Portugal, and </p>
<p style="top:648.5pt;left:44.4pt">Henry Bolingbroke, who became Henry IV of England, father to </p>
<p style="top:663.5pt;left:44.4pt">Henry V and grandfather to Henry VI. From his second marriage </p>
<p style="top:678.5pt;left:44.4pt">to Constance of Castille came Catherine, who became Queen of </p>
<p style="top:693.5pt;left:44.4pt">Castille. His third marriage, to Katherine Swynford, gave rise </p>
<p style="top:708.5pt;left:44.4pt">to the Beaufort line: John, 1<sup>st</sup> Earl of Somerset; Henry, bishop </p>
<p style="top:723.5pt;left:44.4pt">of Winchester and later Cardinal; Thomas, Duke of Exeter; and </p>
<p style="top:738.5pt;left:44.4pt">Joan, who married Ralph Neville, grandfather of Richard Neville, </p>
<p style="top:753.5pt;left:44.4pt">the Earl of <b>Warwick</b>, the “Kingmaker”. John Beaufort was the </p>
<p style="top:768.5pt;left:44.4pt">grandfather of Margaret Beaufort, who would give birth to <b>Henry </b></p>
<p style="top:783.5pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Tudor</b>, the future Henry VII.</p>
<p style="top:802.3pt;left:44.4pt">Next in age was Edmund of Langley, 1<sup>st</sup> Duke of York. His grand-</p>
<p style="top:817.3pt;left:44.4pt">son was Richard, 3<sup>rd</sup> Duke of York. This meant that York had a </p>
<p style="top:832.3pt;left:44.4pt">claim to the throne through both of his parents, and arguably a </p>
<p style="top:847.3pt;left:44.4pt">stronger one than that of those who claimed descent from Gaunt, </p>
<p style="top:862.3pt;left:44.4pt">as on his mother’s side it came from a senior line, being descend-</p>
<p style="top:877.3pt;left:44.4pt">ed from the Black Prince’s oldest brother.</p>
<p style="top:77.9pt;left:393.1pt">Finally, there was Thomas of Woodstock, who fell into dispute </p>
<p style="top:92.9pt;left:393.1pt">with his nephew Richard II and died in prison, before Henry </p>
<p style="top:107.9pt;left:393.1pt">Bolingbroke seized the throne.</p>
<p style="top:126.6pt;left:393.1pt">As you can see from the list above, most of the major protagonists </p>
<p style="top:141.6pt;left:393.1pt">in the conflict, such as York, Warwick, Henry VI, and Somerset </p>
<p style="top:156.6pt;left:393.1pt">were closely related by both blood and marriage, hence the period </p>
<p style="top:171.6pt;left:393.1pt">has also been called the “Cousins War”.</p>
<p style="top:190.4pt;left:393.1pt">As Richard II grew to adulthood, his sense of entitlement grew. </p>
<p style="top:205.4pt;left:393.1pt">He had, for most of his life, been deferred to as King. He may </p>
<p style="top:220.4pt;left:393.1pt">have come to resent the influence and advice of his uncles. In </p>
<p style="top:235.4pt;left:393.1pt">asserting himself and becoming “his own man”, he alienated </p>
<p style="top:250.4pt;left:393.1pt">his natural support base and fell to relying upon sycophants and </p>
<p style="top:265.4pt;left:393.1pt">hangers on. His attempts to achieve peace with France cost him </p>
<p style="top:280.4pt;left:393.1pt">territory and the backing of his more martial nobles. His inability </p>
<p style="top:295.4pt;left:393.1pt">to produce a male heir, meaning that the throne would pass to one </p>
<p style="top:310.4pt;left:393.1pt">of his cousins—Roger Mortimer or even John of Gaunt himself—</p>
<p style="top:325.4pt;left:393.1pt">further added to instability. </p>
<p style="top:344.1pt;left:393.1pt">In 1398, a dispute broke out between Henry Bolingbroke and </p>
<p style="top:359.1pt;left:393.1pt">Thomas Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk. Richard ordered the two no-</p>
<p style="top:374.1pt;left:393.1pt">bles to sort the matter out in a trial by combat, but then intervened </p>
<p style="top:389.1pt;left:393.1pt">at the last moment and exiled the pair instead. When Gaunt died </p>
<p style="top:404.1pt;left:393.1pt">the following year, and Richard confiscated his lands, Boling-</p>
<p style="top:419.1pt;left:393.1pt">broke’s inheritance, the latter felt he had no option but to return </p>
<p style="top:434.1pt;left:393.1pt">and claim his birth right in person. </p>
<p style="top:452.9pt;left:393.1pt">Bolingbroke landed at Ravenspur in June 1399 and marched </p>
<p style="top:467.9pt;left:393.1pt">south. Richard’s erratic behavior meant Bolingbroke’s return be-</p>
<p style="top:482.9pt;left:393.1pt">came a rebellion, and Richard abdicated in Bolingbroke’s favor, </p>
<p style="top:497.9pt;left:393.1pt">making him Henry IV. Richard II died in captivity the following </p>
<p style="top:512.9pt;left:393.1pt">year. The problem with the accession of Henry, however, was that </p>
<p style="top:527.9pt;left:393.1pt">he was not the most senior claimant, as his father’s older brother, </p>
<p style="top:542.9pt;left:393.1pt">Lionel, had offspring which created the Mortimer claim to the </p>
<p style="top:557.9pt;left:393.1pt">throne. Henry IV dealt with this issue by emphasizing the pure </p>
<p style="top:572.9pt;left:393.1pt">male line of his descent, contrasting with the Mortimer claim, </p>
<p style="top:587.9pt;left:393.1pt">which came through the distaff side.</p>
<p style="top:606.6pt;left:393.1pt">Henry’s reign was not entirely smooth, and he did face rebellions. </p>
<p style="top:621.6pt;left:393.1pt">However, he survived to die as King through natural causes, pass-</p>
<p style="top:636.6pt;left:393.1pt">ing the throne on to his son, the famous warrior king, Henry V.</p>
<p style="top:655.4pt;left:393.1pt">Henry V is one of the best-known English kings, not least because </p>
<p style="top:670.4pt;left:393.1pt">of Shakespeare’s play about him. He united the country behind </p>
<p style="top:685.4pt;left:393.1pt">his campaign to capture the French Crown and restored national </p>
<p style="top:700.4pt;left:393.1pt">pride (as well as emptying the national treasury). There is much to </p>
<p style="top:715.4pt;left:393.1pt">be said about Henry V, from his military exploits to his marriage </p>
<p style="top:730.4pt;left:393.1pt">to the King of France’s daughter Catherine, and for anyone who </p>
<p style="top:745.4pt;left:393.1pt">wants to learn more about him there are some suggestions in the </p>
<p style="top:760.4pt;left:393.1pt">Selected Sources. </p>
<p style="top:786.1pt;left:393.1pt;font-size:17.5pt" class="h3">Henry VI</p>
<p style="top:811.4pt;left:393.1pt">Henry V’s untimely death at the age of 36 left a young widow and </p>
<p style="top:826.4pt;left:393.1pt">an infant son, Henry. The accession of <b>Henry VI</b> went smoothly </p>
<p style="top:841.4pt;left:393.1pt">and was undisputed. The King’s uncles, Thomas, Duke of Clar-</p>
<p style="top:856.4pt;left:393.1pt">ence; John, Duke of Bedford; and Humphrey of Gloucester took </p>
<p style="top:871.4pt;left:393.1pt">control of the government. They ensured the infant Henry was </p>
<p style="top:886.4pt;left:393.1pt">crowned King not only of England, but also of France.</p>
<p style="top:905.1pt;left:393.1pt">Gloucester acted as Lord Protector, and continued an active </p>
<p style="top:920.1pt;left:393.1pt">French policy, attempting to retain Henry V’s gains and maintain </p>
</div>
<div id="page17" style="background-image:url('playbook/playbook17.jpg');width:765.4pt;height:991.3pt">
<p style="top:947.9pt;left:321.9pt;font-size:11.2pt"><i>© 2023 GMT Games, LLC</i></p>
<p style="top:44.0pt;left:272.6pt;font-size:15.7pt" class="hr">Plantagenet Background Book</p>
<p style="top:46.9pt;left:685.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">17</p>
<p style="top:77.9pt;left:44.4pt">the claim to the French throne. Finances for the war in France </p>
<p style="top:92.9pt;left:44.4pt">came to a large extent from one of Gaunt’s sons by Kathryn </p>
<p style="top:107.9pt;left:44.4pt">Swynford, Henry Beaufort, Bishop of Winchester and eventually </p>
<p style="top:122.9pt;left:44.4pt">a Cardinal. The Cardinal often predicated his support upon the </p>
<p style="top:137.9pt;left:44.4pt">advancement of his other Beaufort kin, moving them closer to the </p>
<p style="top:152.9pt;left:44.4pt">Crown to become the King’s inner circle of advisors. The other </p>
<p style="top:167.9pt;left:44.4pt">significant adviser to Henry was William de la Pole, Earl (later </p>
<p style="top:182.9pt;left:44.4pt">Duke) of Suffolk. Suffolk, along with Cardinal Beaufort, favored </p>
<p style="top:197.9pt;left:44.4pt">making peace with France. </p>
<p style="top:216.6pt;left:44.4pt">Gloucester, together with Richard of <b>York</b>, were more inclined </p>
<p style="top:231.6pt;left:44.4pt">toward continuing the conflict. This division at court came into </p>
<p style="top:246.6pt;left:44.4pt">more prominence when Henry at last took over the Crown in his </p>
<p style="top:261.6pt;left:44.4pt">own right in 1437, favoring Beaufort and Suffolk over Gloucester </p>
<p style="top:276.6pt;left:44.4pt">and York.</p>
<p style="top:295.4pt;left:44.4pt">In 1444, Suffolk brokered a marriage for King <b>Henry</b> with the </p>
<p style="top:310.4pt;left:44.4pt">French Princess, <b>Margaret</b> d’Anjou, a niece of Charles VII. The </p>
<p style="top:325.4pt;left:44.4pt">marriage settlement was not universally welcomed in England. </p>
<p style="top:340.4pt;left:44.4pt">The main benefit to England was that it included a 23-month ces-</p>
<p style="top:355.4pt;left:44.4pt">sation of hostilities. In exchange for this, Margaret’s dowry was </p>
<p style="top:370.4pt;left:44.4pt">small, and England also made territorial concessions. Margaret </p>
<p style="top:385.4pt;left:44.4pt">herself had a strong personality and an understanding of how </p>
<p style="top:400.4pt;left:44.4pt">things were done in France. This did not necessarily sit well with </p>
<p style="top:415.4pt;left:44.4pt">some members of the English court.</p>
<p style="top:434.1pt;left:44.4pt">These tensions eventually led to the final downfall of Humphrey, </p>
<p style="top:449.1pt;left:44.4pt">Duke of Gloucester. Prior to the French marriage, opponents at-</p>
<p style="top:464.1pt;left:44.4pt">tacked him through his wife by accusing her of witchcraft. In 1447, </p>
<p style="top:479.1pt;left:44.4pt">they accused him of treason, but he died before any trial. Suffolk </p>
<p style="top:494.1pt;left:44.4pt">effectively replaced Gloucester as chief councilor to the King. </p>
<p style="top:512.9pt;left:44.4pt">With Gloucester gone, leadership of the anti-French faction </p>
<p style="top:527.9pt;left:44.4pt">passed to Richard of York. York had served two terms as Lieu-</p>
<p style="top:542.9pt;left:44.4pt">tenant of France, 1436-1437 and then 1440-1445. Although not </p>
<p style="top:557.9pt;left:44.4pt">important as a battlefield commander—a role he usually delegat-</p>
<p style="top:572.9pt;left:44.4pt">ed to others—he was a skilled administrator and did a good job of </p>
<p style="top:587.9pt;left:44.4pt">stabilizing the English position on the Continent. </p>
<p style="top:606.6pt;left:44.4pt">He achieved this despite being starved of funds, rarely being giv-</p>
<p style="top:621.6pt;left:44.4pt">en the required resources, and only infrequently being paid his </p>
<p style="top:636.6pt;left:44.4pt">salary. To make up for shortfalls, he used his own funds and credit </p>
<p style="top:651.6pt;left:44.4pt">to pay the forces under his command. To add insult to injury, the </p>
<p style="top:666.6pt;left:44.4pt">Kingdom sent John Beaufort, 1<sup>st</sup> Duke of Somerset (son of the 1<sup>st</sup> </p>
<p style="top:681.6pt;left:44.4pt">Earl), on a fully funded campaign into Gascony in 1443, while </p>
<p style="top:696.6pt;left:44.4pt">York was struggling to pay his many troops and garrisons. Som-</p>
<p style="top:711.6pt;left:44.4pt">erset’s uncle, Cardinal Beaufort, had arranged the funding for the </p>
<p style="top:726.6pt;left:44.4pt">Gascony campaign and insisted on his nephew commanding the </p>
<p style="top:741.6pt;left:44.4pt">expedition. The campaign was a disaster. Somerset returned home </p>
<p style="top:756.6pt;left:44.4pt">and died shortly afterwards, probably by his own hand. </p>
<p style="top:775.4pt;left:44.4pt">John Beaufort’s brother Edmund, the new Duke of <b>Somerset</b>, re-</p>
<p style="top:790.4pt;left:44.4pt">placed York in France. His tenure saw wholesale losses in France. </p>
<p style="top:805.4pt;left:44.4pt">York, meanwhile, became Lieutenant of Ireland. This appoint-</p>
<p style="top:820.4pt;left:44.4pt">ment was commensurate with his standing as a senior nobleman </p>
<p style="top:835.4pt;left:44.4pt">with royal blood, but it also served to keep him away from court.</p>
<p style="top:854.1pt;left:44.4pt">Henry VI’s unsuitability to rule was creating discontent within the </p>
<p style="top:869.1pt;left:44.4pt">Kingdom. Blame at the time fell upon his councilors: Parliament </p>
<p style="top:884.1pt;left:44.4pt">imprisoned Suffolk before the King sent him into exile, only to </p>
<p style="top:899.1pt;left:44.4pt">suffer lynching on the way. But there is no doubt that Henry’s </p>
<p style="top:914.1pt;left:44.4pt">own vacillating personality and the backing of his strong-willed </p>
<p style="top:77.9pt;left:393.1pt">Queen, who despised York and his followers, together contributed </p>
<p style="top:92.9pt;left:393.1pt">most to the problems.</p>
<p style="top:111.6pt;left:393.1pt">In 1450, rebels from Kent led by Jack Cade (who referred to him-</p>
<p style="top:126.6pt;left:393.1pt">self as a Mortimer, implying a connection to York, see Yorkist </p>
<p style="top:141.6pt;left:393.1pt">Arts of War Event Y4) briefly took London by force. Later that </p>
<p style="top:156.6pt;left:393.1pt">year, York returned from Ireland and raised forces to confront the </p>
<p style="top:171.6pt;left:393.1pt">King. This led to the temporary imprisonment of <b>Somerset</b>, the </p>
<p style="top:186.6pt;left:393.1pt">Queen’s favorite and York’s principal rival at court. In 1452, York </p>
<p style="top:201.6pt;left:393.1pt">raised another army to force his way into government and remove </p>
<p style="top:216.6pt;left:393.1pt">the Beauforts. At Dartford, Henry convinced York to disband his </p>
<p style="top:231.6pt;left:393.1pt">men, but then had him seized and made him swear he would never </p>
<p style="top:246.6pt;left:393.1pt">raise forces against the King again.</p>
<p style="top:265.4pt;left:393.1pt">In 1453, the King fell into catatonia after English defeat to the </p>
<p style="top:280.4pt;left:393.1pt">French at the Battle of Castillion. A Great Council was called, </p>
<p style="top:295.4pt;left:393.1pt">inviting Richard of <b>York</b> and making him Lord Protector. York </p>
<p style="top:310.4pt;left:393.1pt">again imprisoned <b>Somerset</b> and brought the Neville family into </p>
<p style="top:325.4pt;left:393.1pt">the government, appointing Richard Neville, Earl of <b>Salisbury</b> </p>
<p style="top:340.4pt;left:393.1pt">(father of Richard Neville, Earl of <b>Warwick</b>) Lord Chancellor. </p>
<p style="top:355.4pt;left:393.1pt">This polarized the court further, entrenching the Percy-Neville </p>
<p style="top:370.4pt;left:393.1pt">feud as a fault line between red rose and white.</p>
<p style="top:389.1pt;left:393.1pt">York and Salisbury soon proved to be more capable administra-</p>
<p style="top:404.1pt;left:393.1pt">tors than the previous council. They restored order and started to </p>
<p style="top:419.1pt;left:393.1pt">repair the country’s finances. </p>
<p style="top:437.9pt;left:393.1pt">But then disaster struck. After 17 months in a catatonic state, which </p>
<p style="top:452.9pt;left:393.1pt">saw the birth of <b>Henry VI’s</b> son Edward at Westminster, the King </p>
<p style="top:467.9pt;left:393.1pt">recovered his senses. He quickly reversed all <b>York’s</b> measures, </p>
<p style="top:482.9pt;left:393.1pt">threatened to prosecute him and the Nevilles, and called them to a </p>
<p style="top:497.9pt;left:393.1pt">Great Council at Leicester, where they faced likely arrest.</p>
<p style="top:516.6pt;left:393.1pt">The Lancastrian King <b>Henry</b> with <b>Somerset</b> set out from London </p>
<p style="top:531.6pt;left:393.1pt">with what was mostly an enlarged court retinue, perhaps 2,000 </p>
<p style="top:546.6pt;left:393.1pt">men. A slightly larger force under <b>York</b>, <b>Salisbury</b>, and <b>Warwick</b> </p>
<p style="top:561.6pt;left:393.1pt">caught up with them at the town of St Albans.</p>
<p style="top:915.2pt;left:449.7pt;font-size:11.2pt"><i>Richard of York shows Somerset the white rose.</i></p>
</div>
<div id="page18" style="background-image:url('playbook/playbook18.jpg');width:765.4pt;height:991.3pt">
<p style="top:946.8pt;left:321.9pt;font-size:11.2pt"><i>© 2023 GMT Games, LLC</i></p>
<p style="top:44.0pt;left:272.6pt;font-size:15.7pt" class="hr">Plantagenet Background Book</p>
<p style="top:46.9pt;left:65.8pt;font-size:13.8pt">18</p>
<p style="top:79.3pt;left:44.4pt;font-size:17.5pt" class="h3">The First War</p>
<p style="top:104.5pt;left:44.4pt">The Lancastrian forces arrayed in streets and buildings of St Al-</p>
<p style="top:119.5pt;left:44.4pt">bans itself, with the Yorkists slightly to the east. Negotiations be-</p>
<p style="top:134.5pt;left:44.4pt">tween the two sides ensued and lasted several hours. King <b>Henry</b> </p>
<p style="top:149.5pt;left:44.4pt">refused to accede to <b>York’s</b> request to surrender <b>Somerset</b>, and </p>
<p style="top:164.5pt;left:44.4pt">fighting finally broke out, most likely initiated by <b>Warwick</b>. So </p>
<p style="top:179.5pt;left:44.4pt">started the 1<sup>st</sup> Battle of St Albans on 22<sup>nd</sup> May 1455, normally </p>
<p style="top:194.5pt;left:44.4pt">regarded as the start of the Wars of the Roses. </p>
<p style="top:213.3pt;left:44.4pt">The battle was more of a skirmish, and the losses were low on </p>
<p style="top:228.3pt;left:44.4pt">both sides. Warwick led the attack, gaining some fame for his </p>
<p style="top:243.3pt;left:44.4pt">bravery, and the Yorkists prevailed. The outcome was catastroph-</p>
<p style="top:258.3pt;left:44.4pt">ic for the Lancastrians: <b>Northumberland</b>, <b>Somerset</b>, and <b>Clif-</b></p>
<p style="top:273.3pt;left:44.4pt"><b>ford</b> were killed, and <b>Henry VI</b> and the Duke of <b>Buckingham</b> </p>
<p style="top:288.3pt;left:44.4pt">were injured and captured.</p>
<p style="top:307.0pt;left:44.4pt">With Henry now in <b>York’s</b> custody, the Yorkist nobles professed </p>
<p style="top:322.0pt;left:44.4pt">their loyalty to the King. Within six months, York was once more </p>
<p style="top:337.0pt;left:44.4pt">Lord Protector, and <b>Warwick</b> was made Lieutenant of Calais. </p>
<p style="top:355.8pt;left:44.4pt">There now followed an uneasy period, in which Queen <b>Margaret</b> </p>
<p style="top:370.8pt;left:44.4pt">rebuilt her party and tried through King Henry to replace York’s </p>
<p style="top:385.8pt;left:44.4pt">supporters and reduce his influence. As tensions grew, <b>Henry VI </b></p>
<p style="top:400.8pt;left:44.4pt">in 1458 forced feuding enemies such as the Percys on the one </p>
<p style="top:415.8pt;left:44.4pt">hand and York and the Nevilles on the other to put on a public </p>
<p style="top:430.8pt;left:44.4pt">display of reconciliation at a so-called “Love Day” in London.</p>
<p style="top:449.5pt;left:44.4pt">By the following year, <b>Margaret</b> felt sufficiently strong to move </p>
<p style="top:464.5pt;left:44.4pt">against York and his associates. York reacted in the normal way. </p>
<p style="top:479.5pt;left:44.4pt">He called his supporters to meet him at his castle at Ludlow, </p>
<p style="top:494.5pt;left:44.4pt">intent on once more pressing his demands of the King with a </p>
<p style="top:509.5pt;left:44.4pt">show of force. </p>
<p style="top:528.3pt;left:44.4pt">The Queen likewise rallied supporters, and on 23<sup>rd</sup> September </p>
<p style="top:543.3pt;left:44.4pt">1459, Lancastrian forces under Lord Audley intercepted Richard </p>
<p style="top:558.3pt;left:44.4pt">Neville of <b>Salisbury</b> and his contingent at Blore Heath. This first </p>
<p style="top:573.3pt;left:44.4pt">field battle of the Wars of the Roses saw a heavy defeat of the </p>
<p style="top:588.3pt;left:44.4pt">Lancastrians after Yorkist archers brought a rare series of cavalry </p>
<p style="top:603.3pt;left:44.4pt">charges to grief. Audley was killed, and Salisbury joined <b>York</b> at </p>
<p style="top:618.3pt;left:44.4pt">Ludlow, along with <b>Warwick</b> and a Calais garrison contingent.</p>
<p style="top:637.0pt;left:44.4pt">But the Lancastrians now had a full army in the field under <b>Hen-</b></p>
<p style="top:652.0pt;left:44.4pt"><b>ry VI’s</b> command. They met <b>York</b> and his followers at Ludford </p>
<p style="top:667.0pt;left:44.4pt">Bridge on 12<sup>th</sup> October 1459. When <b>Andrew Trollope</b>, com-</p>
<p style="top:682.0pt;left:44.4pt">mander of the Calais contingent, switched sides to the King, York, </p>
<p style="top:697.0pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Salisbury</b>, and <b>Warwick</b> secretly fled their army at night. York </p>
<p style="top:712.0pt;left:44.4pt">took his second son Edmund, Earl of <b>Rutland</b>, with him to exile </p>
<p style="top:727.0pt;left:44.4pt">in Ireland. Salisbury and Warwick took York’s first son, Edward, </p>
<p style="top:742.0pt;left:44.4pt">Earl of <b>March</b>, with them to Calais.</p>
<p style="top:760.8pt;left:44.4pt">Queen <b>Margaret</b> moved quickly to consolidate her victory </p>
<p style="top:775.8pt;left:44.4pt">through what became known as “The Parliament of Devils”, held </p>
<p style="top:790.8pt;left:44.4pt">the next month at Coventry. York and his followers were “attaint-</p>
<p style="top:805.8pt;left:44.4pt">ed”—declared traitors by Act of Parliament—which removed all </p>
<p style="top:820.8pt;left:44.4pt">their titles and offices and disinherited their entire families.</p>
<p style="top:839.5pt;left:44.4pt">Backed into a corner, the Yorkist lords planned their return for </p>
<p style="top:854.5pt;left:44.4pt">the following year. In June 1460, <b>Warwick</b> and his forces landed </p>
<p style="top:869.5pt;left:44.4pt">in Kent and moved swiftly via London up the country, gaining </p>
<p style="top:884.5pt;left:44.4pt">favor as they went. The Queen’s army moved from Coventry to </p>
<p style="top:899.5pt;left:44.4pt">confront them at Northampton, erecting an artillery fortification </p>
<p style="top:914.5pt;left:44.4pt">in the fields surrounding Delapré Abbey. The ensuing Battle of </p>
<p style="top:77.9pt;left:393.1pt">Northampton, fought on 10th July 1460, is notable for several </p>
<p style="top:92.9pt;left:393.1pt">things beyond the conflict’s only recorded use of purpose-built </p>
<p style="top:107.9pt;left:393.1pt">field artillery fortifications. It was the last battle at which negotia-</p>
<p style="top:122.9pt;left:393.1pt">tions preceded the fighting, the only one for which one army (the </p>
<p style="top:137.9pt;left:393.1pt">Lancastrian) was excommunicated, and the site where the oldest </p>
<p style="top:152.9pt;left:393.1pt">cannonball on an English battlefield has been found. Treachery </p>
<p style="top:167.9pt;left:393.1pt">against the King, on the part of Lord Grey of Ruthin, decided the </p>
<p style="top:182.9pt;left:393.1pt">outcome. </p>
<p style="top:201.7pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Henry VI</b> was captured at the battle and many of his high-pro-</p>
<p style="top:216.7pt;left:393.1pt">file supporters killed, but <b>Margaret</b> escaped. After the battle, </p>
<p style="top:231.7pt;left:393.1pt">Henry was taken to London. Later in the year, Richard of <b>York</b> </p>
<p style="top:246.7pt;left:393.1pt">returned from Ireland and laid claim to the throne. In October </p>
<p style="top:261.7pt;left:393.1pt">1460, Parliament passed the “Act of Settlement”, naming York </p>
<p style="top:276.7pt;left:393.1pt">as Henry’s heir and disinheriting Henry and Margaret’s son, <b>Ed-</b></p>
<p style="top:291.7pt;left:393.1pt"><b>ward, Prince of Wales</b>—making Margaret an even more impla-</p>
<p style="top:306.7pt;left:393.1pt">cable foe of the Yorkists.</p>
<p style="top:325.4pt;left:393.1pt">Yorkists controlled the government, but Lancastrians still held </p>
<p style="top:340.4pt;left:393.1pt">great favor in the provinces. Leaving <b>Warwick</b> in London, <b>York</b> </p>
<p style="top:355.4pt;left:393.1pt">and <b>Salisbury</b> went North and <b>March</b> to Wales to pacify the </p>
<p style="top:370.4pt;left:393.1pt">countryside.</p>
<p style="top:389.2pt;left:393.1pt">Disaster struck <b>York</b> on 30th December 1460, when he was am-</p>
<p style="top:404.2pt;left:393.1pt">bushed near Sandal Castle at the Battle of Wakefield. York and </p>
<p style="top:419.2pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Salisbury</b> were killed, as was one of York’s sons, Edmund. York </p>
<p style="top:434.2pt;left:393.1pt">and Salisbury’s heads were placed on spikes on the gates of the </p>
<p style="top:449.2pt;left:393.1pt">City of York, and York’s head given a paper crown. The death of </p>
<p style="top:464.2pt;left:393.1pt">York made Edward of <b>March</b> the Yorkist claimant to the throne.</p>
<p style="top:482.9pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Margaret</b> had now consolidated her northern power. She set off</p>
<p style="top:482.9pt;left:717.5pt"> </p>
<p style="top:497.9pt;left:393.1pt">south, accompanied by Scottish allies. (See Arts of War Event </p>
<p style="top:512.9pt;left:393.1pt">L14 Scots.)</p>
<p style="top:531.7pt;left:393.1pt">The Lancastrians fought two battles in February 1461, to starkly </p>
<p style="top:546.7pt;left:393.1pt">different outcomes. In the Welsh Marches, Edward of <b>March</b> in </p>
<p style="top:561.7pt;left:393.1pt">February was able to confront and destroy Lancastrian forces led </p>
<p style="top:576.7pt;left:393.1pt">by <b>Jasper Tudor </b>in a notable victory at Mortimer’s Cross. Details </p>
<p style="top:591.7pt;left:393.1pt">of the battle are scarce but record appearance of a parhelion, an </p>
<p style="top:606.7pt;left:393.1pt">atmospheric phenomenon in which ice crystals create an illusion </p>
<p style="top:621.7pt;left:393.1pt">of multiple suns. Edward cited the suns as an omen of victory, and </p>
<p style="top:636.7pt;left:393.1pt">the “sun in splendour” became his livery badge (see Event Y24). </p>
<p style="top:655.4pt;left:393.1pt">Meanwhile, <b>Warwick</b> had left London to intercept <b>Margaret’s</b> </p>
<p style="top:670.4pt;left:393.1pt">army. Warwick arrayed facing north with St Albans behind him </p>
<p style="top:685.4pt;left:393.1pt">and fortified his ground with all sorts of contrivances: caltrops, </p>
<p style="top:700.4pt;left:393.1pt">pavises, and fencing. (See Event Y19 Caltrops.) But Marga-</p>
<p style="top:715.4pt;left:393.1pt">ret’s Lancastrians turned the position through a night march 16<sup>th</sup> </p>
<p style="top:730.4pt;left:393.1pt">to 17<sup>th</sup> February to approach Warwick’s defenses from the south. </p>
<p style="top:745.4pt;left:393.1pt">(See Event Y2 & L2 Flank Attack.) This forced the Yorkists </p>
<p style="top:760.4pt;left:393.1pt">to leave some of their prepared positions. The Lancastrians </p>
<p style="top:775.4pt;left:393.1pt">brought superior forces to bear on a part of the Yorkist army </p>
<p style="top:790.4pt;left:393.1pt">and overwhelmed it. <b>Warwick</b> fled and escaped back to Lon-</p>
<p style="top:805.4pt;left:393.1pt">don. <b>Henry VI</b> was freed, found sitting under a tree. Second St </p>
<p style="top:820.4pt;left:393.1pt">Albans was a major victory for the Lancastrians, but one they </p>
<p style="top:835.4pt;left:393.1pt">were unable to exploit.</p>
<p style="top:854.1pt;left:393.1pt">Although <b>Margaret</b> was hot on <b>Warwick’s</b> heels, her army was </p>
<p style="top:869.1pt;left:393.1pt">unable to enter London, as the citizens barred the gates. Yorkist </p>
<p style="top:884.1pt;left:393.1pt">propaganda had stressed the barbaric nature of the Queen’s Scot-</p>
<p style="top:899.1pt;left:393.1pt">tish allies and what they would do if let loose in the city. The </p>
<p style="top:914.1pt;left:393.1pt">Lancastrians fell back north, retiring upon Dunstable.</p>
</div>
<div id="page19" style="background-image:url('playbook/playbook19.jpg');width:765.4pt;height:991.3pt">
<p style="top:947.9pt;left:321.9pt;font-size:11.2pt"><i>© 2023 GMT Games, LLC</i></p>
<p style="top:44.0pt;left:272.6pt;font-size:15.7pt" class="hr">Plantagenet Background Book</p>
<p style="top:46.9pt;left:685.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">19</p>
<p style="top:77.9pt;left:44.4pt">By now, Edward of <b>March</b> had made his way to the capital and </p>
<p style="top:92.9pt;left:44.4pt">was hastily crowned King <b>Edward IV</b> at Westminster on 4<sup>th</sup> </p>
<p style="top:107.9pt;left:44.4pt">March. England now had two kings.</p>
<p style="top:126.6pt;left:44.4pt">Reunited, <b>Edward</b> and <b>Warwick</b> turned north to find and destroy </p>
<p style="top:141.6pt;left:44.4pt">their opponents. As <b>Henry VI</b> and <b>Margaret</b> awaited news at the </p>
<p style="top:156.6pt;left:44.4pt">City of York, the Yorkist and Lancastrian armies in late March </p>
<p style="top:171.6pt;left:44.4pt">1461 met in what would be one of the most decisive clashes on </p>
<p style="top:186.6pt;left:44.4pt">English soil: the Battle of Towton.</p>
<p style="top:209.4pt;left:44.4pt"><span class="h3">Towton.</span> The sources disagree on the exact development of the </p>
<p style="top:225.4pt;left:44.4pt">battle. It is often seen as two connected battles, Ferrybridge and </p>
<p style="top:240.4pt;left:44.4pt">Towton, making a rolling conflict over a prolonged period, start-</p>
<p style="top:255.4pt;left:44.4pt">ing on the 28<sup>th</sup> March and finishing on the next day, Palm Sunday. </p>
<p style="top:270.4pt;left:44.4pt">The general consensus is that the Lancastrians outnumbered the </p>
<p style="top:285.4pt;left:44.4pt">Yorkists in the initial stages. There were eight Peers alongside the </p>
<p style="top:300.4pt;left:44.4pt">Yorkist King, and 19 with the Lancastrians. <b>Edward IV</b>, <b>War-</b></p>
<p style="top:315.4pt;left:44.4pt"><b>wick</b>, and <b>Norfolk</b> (who arrived late) faced the slain Somerset’s </p>
<p style="top:330.4pt;left:44.4pt">son Henry (now 3<sup>rd</sup> Duke of Somerset), Henry Holland of <b>Exeter</b>, </p>
<p style="top:345.4pt;left:44.4pt">and Henry Percy of <b>Northumberland</b>.</p>
<p style="top:364.1pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Somerset</b> had a blocking force under <b>Clifford</b> to the south at Fer-</p>
<p style="top:379.1pt;left:44.4pt">rybridge. These were destroyed, and <b>Edward’s</b> men could then </p>
<p style="top:394.1pt;left:44.4pt">approach the main position. The Lancastrians were deployed on </p>
<p style="top:409.1pt;left:44.4pt">the top of a plateau, waiting for the Yorkists to attack. The Yorkist </p>
<p style="top:424.1pt;left:44.4pt">vanguard commander, Fauconberg, noticed the strength and di-</p>
<p style="top:439.1pt;left:44.4pt">rection of the wind, deployed his archers at the front, and started a </p>
<p style="top:454.1pt;left:44.4pt">barrage of arrows that fell in the middle of the Lancastrian ranks. </p>
<p style="top:469.1pt;left:44.4pt">When the Lancastrians replied, their arrows fell short of the target </p>
<p style="top:484.1pt;left:44.4pt">(see Event Y1 & L1, Leeward Battle Line). Fauconberg’s ar-</p>
<p style="top:499.1pt;left:44.4pt">chers even gathered enemy arrows from the ground to shoot back </p>
<p style="top:514.1pt;left:44.4pt">when they finished their own.</p>
<p style="top:532.9pt;left:44.4pt">The volleys of arrows forced the Lancastrians to attack. They </p>
<p style="top:547.9pt;left:44.4pt">pushed back the Yorkist forces, who were at risk of losing their </p>
<p style="top:562.9pt;left:44.4pt">left wing. <b>Edward IV</b> joined the thick of the fighting, taking </p>
<p style="top:577.9pt;left:44.4pt">charge of the situation and rallying the troops to withstand the </p>
<p style="top:592.9pt;left:44.4pt">enemy assault.</p>
<p style="top:611.6pt;left:44.4pt">Once stabilized, the fight went on for two or three hours. The Lan-</p>
<p style="top:626.6pt;left:44.4pt">castrians were little by little forcing the Yorkists to fall back. But </p>
<p style="top:641.6pt;left:44.4pt">the decisive moment came when <b>Norfolk</b> finally arrived and took </p>
<p style="top:656.6pt;left:44.4pt">the Lancastrian left wing by surprise, starting a rout that spread </p>
<p style="top:671.6pt;left:44.4pt">through the ranks and ended with a massacre.</p>
<p style="top:690.4pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Northumberland</b> and <b>Andrew Trollope</b> fell in the battle. <b>Henry</b>, </p>
<p style="top:705.4pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Margaret</b>, <b>Somerset</b>, and <b>Exeter</b> fled to Scotland. The Yorkist </p>
<p style="top:720.4pt;left:44.4pt">victory left <b>Edward IV</b> as uncontested ruler of England.</p>
<p style="top:744.4pt;left:44.4pt"><span class="h3">Somerset’s Return.</span> <b>Edward IV</b>, strong and handsome and </p>
<p style="top:760.4pt;left:44.4pt">still an 18-year-old at the time of the 1461 battle, started his reign </p>
<p style="top:775.4pt;left:44.4pt">with pardons to many of his enemies from Towton. <b>Somerset</b> ac-</p>
<p style="top:790.4pt;left:44.4pt">cepted but in 1464 would spurn this peace offering. </p>
<p style="top:809.1pt;left:44.4pt">Lancastrian opposition still carried on in the North, especially as </p>
<p style="top:824.1pt;left:44.4pt">the Crown’s diplomacy with Scotland in 1463 threatened the Lan-</p>
<p style="top:839.1pt;left:44.4pt">castrian sanctuary there. Edward delegated suppression of these </p>
<p style="top:854.1pt;left:44.4pt">risings to <b>Warwick</b> and the Neville family, principally John Nev-</p>
<p style="top:869.1pt;left:44.4pt">ille, Marquess of Montagu. </p>
<p style="top:887.9pt;left:44.4pt">When <b>Somerset</b> in 1464 rebelled against Edward IV again, Mon-</p>
<p style="top:902.9pt;left:44.4pt">tagu defeated him at the Battle of Hexham, ending the revolts. </p>
<p style="top:917.9pt;left:44.4pt">Somerset fell captive after the battle and was beheaded. Shortly </p>
<p style="top:77.9pt;left:393.1pt">afterwards, <b>Henry VI</b> was captured and transferred to the Tow-</p>
<p style="top:92.9pt;left:393.1pt">er of London, putting an apparent end to the Lancastrian cause, </p>
<p style="top:107.9pt;left:393.1pt">though his wife and heir remain free. </p>
<p style="top:130.6pt;left:393.1pt"><span class="h3">The First Respite.</span> The year 1464 also saw <b>Edward IV</b> marry </p>
<p style="top:146.6pt;left:393.1pt">Elizabeth Woodville, an attractive widow of Lancastrian sympa-</p>
<p style="top:161.6pt;left:393.1pt">thies. Her father had achieved a level of notoriety by marrying </p>
<p style="top:176.6pt;left:393.1pt">Jacquetta of Luxembourg, widow of the Duke of Bedford, a wom-</p>
<p style="top:191.6pt;left:393.1pt">an of considerably higher social status. The Woodvilles were a </p>
<p style="top:206.6pt;left:393.1pt">large family and gave Edward an opportunity to broaden his favor </p>
<p style="top:221.6pt;left:393.1pt">through his wife’s relatives (see Event Y31 Earl Rivers and Ca-</p>
<p style="top:236.6pt;left:393.1pt">pability Y31 Woodvilles).</p>
<p style="top:255.4pt;left:393.1pt">Over the following five years Edward IV started to assert his au-</p>
<p style="top:270.4pt;left:393.1pt">thority, much to the chagrin of <b>Warwick</b>, who expected not only </p>
<p style="top:285.4pt;left:393.1pt">to be rewarded materially for his role in putting Edward on the </p>
<p style="top:300.4pt;left:393.1pt">throne, but also to be granted political power and effectively act </p>
<p style="top:315.4pt;left:393.1pt">as a medieval first minister.</p>
<p style="top:334.1pt;left:393.1pt">The relationship between Edward and Warwick slowly broke </p>
<p style="top:349.1pt;left:393.1pt">down. Traditionally this has been put down to Warwick’s opposi-</p>
<p style="top:364.1pt;left:393.1pt">tion to the King’s marriage and his dislike of Queen Elizabeth’s </p>
<p style="top:379.1pt;left:393.1pt">family and their increasing influence. For example, Lord Rivers, </p>
<p style="top:394.1pt;left:393.1pt">the Queen’s father, became Lord Treasurer in 1466 (Event Y31 </p>
<p style="top:409.1pt;left:393.1pt">Earl Rivers). </p>
<p style="top:427.9pt;left:393.1pt">Issues, however, ran deeper than that. Warwick favored a pro-</p>
<p style="top:442.9pt;left:393.1pt">French foreign policy. Edward was naturally drawn to Burgundy </p>
<p style="top:457.9pt;left:393.1pt">as an ally against England’s traditional enemy. Edward also pro-</p>
<p style="top:472.9pt;left:393.1pt">moted men who owed their advancement entirely to him, men </p>
<p style="top:487.9pt;left:393.1pt">such as William Herbert, Earl of <b>Pembroke</b>, and Humphrey Staf-</p>
<p style="top:502.9pt;left:393.1pt">ford, Earl of <b>Devon</b> (see also Event Y29 Dorset and Capability </p>
<p style="top:517.9pt;left:393.1pt">Y29 Stafford Branch). These men received lands and offices </p>
<p style="top:532.9pt;left:393.1pt">coveted by Warwick himself. Edward’s fiscal policies also meant </p>
<p style="top:547.9pt;left:393.1pt">that he benefitted from trade at the expense of some of Warwick’s </p>
<p style="top:562.9pt;left:393.1pt">traditional allies in the merchant community (see Lancastrian Ca-</p>
<p style="top:577.9pt;left:393.1pt">pability L30 Merchants).</p>
<p style="top:603.6pt;left:393.1pt;font-size:17.5pt" class="h3">Warwick’s Rebellion</p>
<p style="top:628.9pt;left:393.1pt">Things came to a head in 1469. Warwick had managed to suborn </p>
<p style="top:643.9pt;left:393.1pt">Edward’s brother, George Duke of Clarence who at that time was </p>
<p style="top:658.9pt;left:393.1pt">regarded as heir to the throne as Edward was yet to have a son. </p>
<p style="top:673.9pt;left:393.1pt">Warwick, who had only daughters, was keen to marry his eldest, </p>
<p style="top:688.9pt;left:393.1pt">Isabel, to Clarence, and Clarence was happy to agree. Alas Ed-</p>
<p style="top:703.9pt;left:393.1pt">ward did not. Having married an English woman, he now needed </p>
<p style="top:718.9pt;left:393.1pt">his siblings to make foreign marriages to build alliances. He had </p>
<p style="top:733.9pt;left:393.1pt">already married his sister Margaret to Charles of Burgundy in </p>
<p style="top:748.9pt;left:393.1pt">1468, and further diplomatic opportunities beckoned.</p>
<p style="top:767.6pt;left:393.1pt">Open rebellion broke out in 1469. A series of risings in the north, </p>
<p style="top:782.6pt;left:393.1pt">under the mysterious “Robin of Redesdale” (Event L31 Rob-</p>
<p style="top:797.6pt;left:393.1pt">in’s Rebellion), finally provoked <b>Edward IV</b> to respond rath-</p>
<p style="top:812.6pt;left:393.1pt">er than rely upon local leaders. While he was gathering forces, </p>
<p style="top:827.6pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Warwick</b> left for Calais with <b>Clarence</b> and Isabel, who were </p>
<p style="top:842.6pt;left:393.1pt">then married by George Neville, Archbishop of York. Warwick </p>
<p style="top:857.6pt;left:393.1pt">then returned with an army, aiming to catch Edward between </p>
<p style="top:872.6pt;left:393.1pt">his forces and those of Redesdale, which were actually led by a </p>
<p style="top:887.6pt;left:393.1pt">loyal Warwick retainer. </p>
<p style="top:906.4pt;left:393.1pt">Fearing the worst, Edward summoned <b>Pembroke</b> and <b>Devon</b> to </p>
<p style="top:921.4pt;left:393.1pt">come to his aid. These two ran into Redesdale’s forces at Edgcote </p>
</div>
<div id="page20" style="background-image:url('playbook/playbook20.jpg');width:765.4pt;height:991.3pt">
<p style="top:946.8pt;left:321.9pt;font-size:11.2pt"><i>© 2023 GMT Games, LLC</i></p>
<p style="top:44.0pt;left:272.6pt;font-size:15.7pt" class="hr">Plantagenet Background Book</p>
<p style="top:46.9pt;left:65.8pt;font-size:13.8pt">20</p>
<p style="top:77.9pt;left:44.4pt">on the 24<sup>th</sup> July 1469. With neither Warwick nor Edward pres-</p>
<p style="top:92.9pt;left:44.4pt">ent this was like a play with the lead actors absent. Redesdale’s </p>
<p style="top:107.9pt;left:44.4pt">men prevailed, <b>Devon</b> fleeing before the battle. <b>Pembroke</b> was </p>
<p style="top:122.9pt;left:44.4pt">captured during the fighting and executed several days later, on </p>
<p style="top:137.9pt;left:44.4pt">Warwick’s orders.<b> Edward IV</b> was captured shortly afterwards as </p>
<p style="top:152.9pt;left:44.4pt">support deserted him.</p>
<p style="top:171.6pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Warwick’s</b> attempts to rule with Edward as a puppet failed. With </p>
<p style="top:186.6pt;left:44.4pt">Edward incarcerated, Warwick went on a killing spree, dispos-</p>
<p style="top:201.6pt;left:44.4pt">ing of his “enemies”, notably Lord Rivers, but come September, </p>
<p style="top:216.6pt;left:44.4pt">Warwick needed King Edward to enable him to raise forces to </p>
<p style="top:231.6pt;left:44.4pt">suppress rebellions, and <b>Edward</b> took the opportunity to return to </p>
<p style="top:246.6pt;left:44.4pt">London and announce he was back in control. Publicly he claimed </p>
<p style="top:261.6pt;left:44.4pt">that he was reconciled with <b>Warwick</b> and <b>Clarence</b>, but privately </p>
<p style="top:276.6pt;left:44.4pt">among his household it was said that this was not the case.</p>
<p style="top:295.4pt;left:44.4pt">The following year a revolt in Lincolnshire prompted <b>Edward</b> to </p>
<p style="top:310.4pt;left:44.4pt">leave London with his army to crush the rebels. Traditional ac-</p>
<p style="top:325.4pt;left:44.4pt">counts, including the official version written by one of Edward’s </p>
<p style="top:340.4pt;left:44.4pt">scribes, claim that the rebels were organized by <b>Warwick</b> and </p>
<p style="top:355.4pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Clarence</b>. More recent research suggests that this might not have </p>
<p style="top:370.4pt;left:44.4pt">been the case, and Edward was taking the opportunity to deal with </p>
<p style="top:385.4pt;left:44.4pt">his troublesome over-mighty noble and brother. </p>
<p style="top:404.1pt;left:44.4pt">With the rebels defeated at the Battle of Losecote, 12<sup>th</sup> March </p>
<p style="top:419.1pt;left:44.4pt">1470, and <b>Edward</b> hot on their trail, <b>Warwick</b> and <b>Clarence</b> fled </p>
<p style="top:434.1pt;left:44.4pt">to France. Here, with the help of Louis XI, Warwick arranged an </p>
<p style="top:449.1pt;left:44.4pt">alliance with <b>Margaret</b> d’Anjou, sealed by an agreement to mar-</p>
<p style="top:464.1pt;left:44.4pt">ry his second daughter, Anne Neville, to Henry VI and Margaret’s </p>
<p style="top:479.1pt;left:44.4pt">son <b>Edward, Prince of Wales</b>. </p>
<p style="top:497.9pt;left:44.4pt">This unfortunately side-lined <b>Clarence</b>, who was now realizing </p>
<p style="top:512.9pt;left:44.4pt">the error of his ways. Getting the deal was not an easy matter for </p>
<p style="top:527.9pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Warwick</b>, however. <b>Margaret</b> made him stay on his knees in her </p>
<p style="top:542.9pt;left:44.4pt">presence for half an hour before deigning to speak to him. Even </p>
<p style="top:557.9pt;left:44.4pt">with the agreement in place, Margaret did not fully trust Warwick.</p>
<p style="top:576.6pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Warwick</b> and <b>Clarence</b> next staged a full-scale invasion with the </p>
<p style="top:591.6pt;left:44.4pt">help of the French and the Lancastrian allies they had in England. </p>
<p style="top:606.6pt;left:44.4pt">Creating a diversion in the north, they landed in Dartmouth and </p>
<p style="top:621.6pt;left:44.4pt">Plymouth at the head of two armies.</p>
<p style="top:640.4pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Edward IV</b> was in the north, dealing with the bush wars insti-</p>
<p style="top:655.4pt;left:44.4pt">gated by Warwick’s associates in that region, but found himself </p>
<p style="top:670.4pt;left:44.4pt">trapped by an army led by Montagu. He realized he had insuffi-</p>
<p style="top:685.4pt;left:44.4pt">cient time to raise a full-sized army to deal with the problem and, </p>
<p style="top:700.4pt;left:44.4pt">desperate, fled to Burgundy with his brother Richard, the Duke of </p>
<p style="top:715.4pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Gloucester</b> (and future King Richard III), and what he could save </p>
<p style="top:730.4pt;left:44.4pt">of his retinue.</p>
<p style="top:749.1pt;left:44.4pt">Once in Burgundy, <b>Edward</b> and <b>Gloucester</b> started gathering re-</p>
<p style="top:764.1pt;left:44.4pt">sources and allies to come back to England. <b>Warwick’s</b> alliance </p>
<p style="top:779.1pt;left:44.4pt">with France to put <b>Henry VI</b> back on the throne served in this </p>
<p style="top:794.1pt;left:44.4pt">case to aid Edward. If both England and France were hostile to </p>
<p style="top:809.1pt;left:44.4pt">Burgundy, then the Duke of Burgundy had a problem (see Event </p>
<p style="top:824.1pt;left:44.4pt">Y23 Charles The Bold).</p>
<p style="top:842.9pt;left:44.4pt">Meanwhile, <b>Warwick</b> freed <b>Henry VI</b> from the Tower and on </p>
<p style="top:857.9pt;left:44.4pt">3<sup>rd</sup> October 1470 reinstated him as King of England in what was </p>
<p style="top:872.9pt;left:44.4pt">known as the “Readeption”. <b>Margaret</b> was still wary of Warwick, </p>
<p style="top:887.9pt;left:44.4pt">however, and had remained in France. Henry VI was very weak </p>
<p style="top:902.9pt;left:44.4pt">mentally and incapable of governing, the perfect King for a man </p>
<p style="top:917.9pt;left:44.4pt">like Warwick.</p>
<p style="top:77.9pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Edward IV</b>, with the backing of the Burgundians, landed in Ra-</p>
<p style="top:92.9pt;left:393.1pt">venspur at the head of a small army. This was a symbolic moment, </p>
<p style="top:107.9pt;left:393.1pt">as it had reminiscences of Henry Bolingbroke’s return, over 70 </p>
<p style="top:122.9pt;left:393.1pt">years before. As with that return, Edward also initially claimed </p>
<p style="top:137.9pt;left:393.1pt">to be coming back to recover his legitimate inheritance. But, as </p>
<p style="top:152.9pt;left:393.1pt">allies gathered around him, it became clear that he was there to </p>
<p style="top:167.9pt;left:393.1pt">recover the throne.</p>
<p style="top:186.6pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Edward’s</b> forces increased as he journeyed south. <b>Clarence</b>, to-</p>
<p style="top:201.6pt;left:393.1pt">tally disaffected with <b>Warwick</b>, came back to the fold, and his </p>
<p style="top:216.6pt;left:393.1pt">brothers received him with open arms. <b>Edward</b> and <b>Gloucester</b> </p>
<p style="top:231.6pt;left:393.1pt">were careful enough, though, not to give Clarence any command </p>
<p style="top:246.6pt;left:393.1pt">in the forthcoming battles. Edward entered London on 12<sup>th</sup> April </p>
<p style="top:261.6pt;left:393.1pt">and paused only long enough to lock <b>Henry VI</b> back in the Tow-</p>
<p style="top:276.6pt;left:393.1pt">er of London before heading off to fight <b>Warwick</b>. Edward had </p>
<p style="top:291.6pt;left:393.1pt">a narrow window of opportunity while <b>Margaret</b> and her forces </p>
<p style="top:306.6pt;left:393.1pt">remained in France, most likely trapped by contrary winds. Here </p>
<p style="top:321.6pt;left:393.1pt">was an opportunity for King Edward to defeat his enemies one </p>
<p style="top:336.6pt;left:393.1pt">at a time.</p>
<p style="top:355.4pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Edward</b> found <b>Warwick</b> near Barnet, deploying close to him </p>
<p style="top:370.4pt;left:393.1pt">in the evening dark. The following day, 14<sup>th</sup> April, with the </p>
<p style="top:385.4pt;left:393.1pt">battlefield shrouded in heavy mist and despite being outnum-</p>
<p style="top:400.4pt;left:393.1pt">bered, Edward attacked. The two armies were offset, with both </p>
<p style="top:415.4pt;left:393.1pt">left flanks being overlapped. <b>Oxford</b> held the Lancastrian right </p>
<p style="top:430.4pt;left:393.1pt">flank for Warwick and broke <b>Hastings</b> on the Yorkist left. Ox-</p>
<p style="top:445.4pt;left:393.1pt">ford’s men pursued the defeated Yorkists into Barnet, before a </p>
<p style="top:460.4pt;left:393.1pt">few returned to the battle. Richard of <b>Gloucester</b> on the Yorkist </p>
<p style="top:475.4pt;left:393.1pt">right was pushing back the Lancastrian left, causing the battle </p>
<p style="top:490.4pt;left:393.1pt">lines to turn counterclockwise.</p>
<p style="top:508.5pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Edward</b> then was the beneficiary of an amazing piece of luck. As </p>
<p style="top:523.5pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Oxford’s</b> men began to return to the field from their pursuit, Mon-</p>
<p style="top:538.5pt;left:393.1pt">tagu’s fellow Lancastrians mistook the star of Oxford’s banner for </p>
<p style="top:553.5pt;left:393.1pt">Edward IV’s “sun in splendour” badge. They started to shoot ar-</p>
<p style="top:568.5pt;left:393.1pt">rows at the returning men. Oxford’s forces, shouting “treachery”, </p>
<p style="top:583.5pt;left:393.1pt">counterattacked. One of Warwick’s retainers murdered Montagu </p>
<p style="top:598.5pt;left:393.1pt">for fear he was about to change sides. <b>Exeter</b>, who had command-</p>
<p style="top:613.5pt;left:393.1pt">ed the Lancastrian left, also lay dead. As <b>Warwick’s</b> army col-</p>
<p style="top:628.5pt;left:393.1pt">lapsed, one of Edward’s men slew the Kingmaker himself. </p>
<p style="top:646.6pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Edward IV</b> had disposed of his one-time mentor, and now had </p>
<p style="top:661.6pt;left:393.1pt">to turn his attention to the remaining Lancastrian threat. <b>Mar-</b></p>
<p style="top:676.6pt;left:393.1pt"><b>garet</b> and <b>Edward, Prince of Wales</b>, had landed at Weymouth </p>
<p style="top:691.6pt;left:393.1pt">(near Dorchester) on the same day as the Yorkist King’s victory </p>
<p style="top:706.6pt;left:393.1pt">at Barnet. Refreshing his forces, Edward IV headed off to the </p>
<p style="top:721.6pt;left:393.1pt">West Country.</p>
<p style="top:739.8pt;left:393.1pt">He tracked down <b>Margaret’s</b> army at Tewkesbury on 4<sup>th</sup> May </p>
<p style="top:754.8pt;left:393.1pt">1471. Although the armies were smaller than at Barnet, King <b>Ed-</b></p>
<p style="top:769.8pt;left:393.1pt"><b>ward</b> was again outnumbered. In addition to Margaret and the </p>
<p style="top:784.8pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Prince of Wale</b>s, Edmund Beaufort of <b>Somerset</b> was present </p>
<p style="top:799.8pt;left:393.1pt">and commanded the army. Edward IV was again supported by </p>
<p style="top:814.8pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Gloucester</b> and <b>Hastings</b>. </p>
<p style="top:833.5pt;left:393.1pt">The battle opened with a Yorkist advance, and Somerset respond-</p>
<p style="top:848.5pt;left:393.1pt">ed by trying to turn the Yorkist left flank, passing his men along </p>
<p style="top:863.5pt;left:393.1pt">a concealed path. As the Lancastrians emerged, the two broth-</p>
<p style="top:878.5pt;left:393.1pt">ers Edward IV and Gloucester forced them back and a concealed </p>
<p style="top:893.5pt;left:393.1pt">force of cavalry, placed by Edward before the battle started, at-</p>
<p style="top:908.5pt;left:393.1pt">tacked them in the flank and then pursued them. The rest of the </p>
<p style="top:923.5pt;left:393.1pt">Lancastrian army broke and fled. </p>
</div>
<div id="page21" style="background-image:url('playbook/playbook21.jpg');width:765.4pt;height:991.3pt">
<p style="top:947.9pt;left:321.9pt;font-size:11.2pt"><i>© 2023 GMT Games, LLC</i></p>
<p style="top:44.0pt;left:272.6pt;font-size:15.7pt" class="hr">Plantagenet Background Book</p>
<p style="top:46.9pt;left:685.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">21</p>
<p style="top:432.5pt;left:107.1pt;font-size:11.2pt"><i>Edward IV defeats Warwick at Barnet, 1471.</i></p>
<p style="top:450.3pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Prince Edward</b> was captured and killed, as was <b>Somerset</b>. <b>Mar-</b></p>
<p style="top:465.3pt;left:44.4pt"><b>garet</b> herself was captured and sent to join her husband in the </p>
<p style="top:480.3pt;left:44.4pt">Tower. The remaining Lancastrian resistance crumbled. <b>Jasper </b></p>
<p style="top:495.3pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Tudor</b> fled to the Continent. Forces under Thomas Neville, the </p>
<p style="top:510.3pt;left:44.4pt">Bastard of <b>Fauconberg</b>, failed in their attempt to seize London. </p>
<p style="top:525.3pt;left:44.4pt">He was captured shortly afterwards and executed.</p>
<p style="top:544.0pt;left:44.4pt">Edward had won.</p>
<p style="top:568.0pt;left:44.4pt"><span class="h3">The Second Respite.</span> The remaining years of <b>Edward IV’s </b></p>
<p style="top:584.0pt;left:44.4pt">reign were more or less peaceful. He now had a male heir, also </p>
<p style="top:599.0pt;left:44.4pt">named Edward, to be followed soon by another, named Richard. </p>
<p style="top:614.0pt;left:44.4pt">These were placed mainly in the care of his wife’s family, the </p>
<p style="top:629.0pt;left:44.4pt">Woodvilles, as they prepared for their roles as royal adults. Ed-</p>
<p style="top:644.0pt;left:44.4pt">ward put the country’s finances on a more solid footing and be-</p>
<p style="top:659.0pt;left:44.4pt">haved as an English king was supposed to, for example, by invad-</p>
<p style="top:674.0pt;left:44.4pt">ing France in 1475, although this campaign ended with the French </p>
<p style="top:689.0pt;left:44.4pt">King, Louis XI, paying off the English to withdraw.</p>
<p style="top:707.8pt;left:44.4pt">Alas, Edward IV’s relationship with his brother George, Duke of </p>
<p style="top:722.8pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Clarence</b>, never really settled down, and the King executed him </p>
<p style="top:737.8pt;left:44.4pt">in 1478 after another act of rebellion.</p>
<p style="top:756.5pt;left:44.4pt">One of <b>Edward IV’s</b> last acts of foreign policy was to order an </p>
<p style="top:771.5pt;left:44.4pt">invasion of Scotland in 1482, under the command of Richard of </p>
<p style="top:786.5pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Gloucester</b>. The campaign was in support of a rival claimant to the </p>
<p style="top:801.5pt;left:44.4pt">Scottish throne. Although this aspect failed, the English did regain </p>
<p style="top:816.5pt;left:44.4pt">control of Berwick upon Tweed, which <b>Margaret</b> d’Anjou had </p>
<p style="top:831.5pt;left:44.4pt">gifted to Scotland in exchange for support against Edward in 1461. </p>
<p style="top:850.3pt;left:44.4pt">Much to everyone’s surprise, Edward died in 1483, at barely the </p>
<p style="top:865.3pt;left:44.4pt">age of 40, probably due to overindulgence. He had become in-</p>
<p style="top:880.3pt;left:44.4pt">dolent as he became older and enjoyed the pleasures of the flesh. </p>
<p style="top:895.3pt;left:44.4pt">Another theory is that he caught pneumonia while fishing, some-</p>
<p style="top:910.3pt;left:44.4pt">what ironic given all the risks he had run in combat when younger.</p>
<p style="top:77.9pt;left:393.1pt">The succession should have been straightforward. Although a mi-</p>
<p style="top:92.9pt;left:393.1pt">nor, his son Edward was a healthy 13-year-old, who would reach </p>
<p style="top:107.9pt;left:393.1pt">his majority in five years (see Event Y33 Edward V). Edward IV </p>
<p style="top:122.9pt;left:393.1pt">had put in place clear guidance for what was to happen should he </p>
<p style="top:137.9pt;left:393.1pt">die before his son was old enough, with Richard of <b>Gloucester</b> </p>
<p style="top:152.9pt;left:393.1pt">as Protector of the Kingdom and his wife’s family the Woodvilles </p>
<p style="top:167.9pt;left:393.1pt">accorded a role in raising the Princes and in government.</p>
<p style="top:186.6pt;left:393.1pt">What happened next is controversial and divisive even today. </p>
<p style="top:201.6pt;left:393.1pt">Gloucester seized the young Prince Edward while on his way to </p>
<p style="top:216.6pt;left:393.1pt">London, taking him out of the control of his mother’s family. His </p>
<p style="top:231.6pt;left:393.1pt">motives are open to interpretation. His brother had entrusted him </p>
<p style="top:246.6pt;left:393.1pt">with the Protectorate, and he may have had reason to think that </p>
<p style="top:261.6pt;left:393.1pt">the Woodvilles were about to stage a coup. Alternatively, he may </p>
<p style="top:276.6pt;left:393.1pt">already have had in mind what would be his first step on the road </p>
<p style="top:291.6pt;left:393.1pt">to seizure of the throne for himself.</p>
<p style="top:310.4pt;left:393.1pt">Gloucester had the young Prince brought to London and placed in </p>
<p style="top:325.4pt;left:393.1pt">the Tower, soon to be joined there by the Prince’s younger brother. </p>
<p style="top:340.4pt;left:393.1pt">The Tower at this time served two distinct roles. It was a prison </p>
<p style="top:355.4pt;left:393.1pt">for high-ranking prisoners, but it was also a luxurious royal palace </p>
<p style="top:370.4pt;left:393.1pt">where kings traditionally had stayed before their coronations. </p>
<p style="top:389.1pt;left:393.1pt">Plans for the coronation of Edward V were delayed, then put on </p>
<p style="top:404.1pt;left:393.1pt">hold. Then a clergyman suggested to Gloucester that his broth-</p>
<p style="top:419.1pt;left:393.1pt">er’s marriage to Elizabeth Woodville was bigamous, rendering his </p>
<p style="top:434.1pt;left:393.1pt">children illegitimate and therefore making Richard of Gloucester </p>
<p style="top:449.1pt;left:393.1pt">himself the heir to the throne. </p>
<p style="top:467.9pt;left:393.1pt">On 3<sup>rd</sup> July 1483, Richard was crowned King. Neither young </p>
<p style="top:482.9pt;left:393.1pt">Prince was seen outside the Tower again, and their disappearance </p>
<p style="top:497.9pt;left:393.1pt">is one of history’s abiding mysteries.</p>
<p style="top:523.6pt;left:393.1pt;font-size:17.5pt" class="h3">My Kingdom for a Horse</p>
<p style="top:548.9pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Richard III’s </b>coronation seemed to show a nation united be-</p>
<p style="top:563.9pt;left:393.1pt">hind a strong, adult ruler, but all was not well. Even before his </p>
<p style="top:578.9pt;left:393.1pt">coronation, Richard had taken steps to remove likely opposition, </p>
<p style="top:593.9pt;left:393.1pt">executing his deceased brother Edward’s close friend <b>Hastings</b> </p>
<p style="top:608.9pt;left:393.1pt">and temporarily imprisoning the wealthy <b>Thomas Stanley</b>. As </p>
<p style="top:623.9pt;left:393.1pt">well, he had the senior male members of the extended Woodville </p>
<p style="top:638.9pt;left:393.1pt">family executed. </p>
<p style="top:657.6pt;left:393.1pt">One of Richard’s chief supporters in his seizure of the crown </p>
<p style="top:672.6pt;left:393.1pt">was Henry Stafford, 2<sup>nd</sup> Duke of Buckingham (grandson of the </p>
<p style="top:687.6pt;left:393.1pt">Lancastrian-loyalist 1<sup>st</sup> Duke of <b>Buckingham</b>; see L34 Buck-</p>
<p style="top:702.6pt;left:393.1pt">ingham’s Plot). But, married to a Woodville, Buckingham by </p>
<p style="top:717.6pt;left:393.1pt">the end of July was in discussions with <b>Henry Tudor’s</b> mother, </p>
<p style="top:732.6pt;left:393.1pt">Margaret Beaufort (see Event L35), and by October Buckingham </p>
<p style="top:747.6pt;left:393.1pt">was in open rebellion. Troops under Henry Tudor were unable to </p>
<p style="top:762.6pt;left:393.1pt">leave France to join him, due to contrary winds. Yorkists crushed </p>
<p style="top:777.6pt;left:393.1pt">the rebels and executed Buckingham.</p>
<p style="top:796.4pt;left:393.1pt">The following year saw <b>Richard III</b> attempt to consolidate his </p>
<p style="top:811.4pt;left:393.1pt">hold on the realm, but behind the scenes <b>Edward IV’s</b> Queen, </p>
<p style="top:826.4pt;left:393.1pt">Elizabeth Woodville, and <b>Henry Tudor’s </b>mother, Margaret Beau-</p>
<p style="top:841.4pt;left:393.1pt">fort, were arranging the deal that would unseat Richard. A mar-</p>
<p style="top:856.4pt;left:393.1pt">riage of Edward’s oldest daughter to Henry Tudor, would unite the </p>
<p style="top:871.4pt;left:393.1pt">Houses of York and Lancaster on the throne (see Capabilitity L32 </p>
<p style="top:886.4pt;left:393.1pt">Two Roses). In England, the remnants of Lancastrian supporters </p>
<p style="top:901.4pt;left:393.1pt">joined with Yorkists who now regretted backing Richard intent on </p>
<p style="top:916.4pt;left:393.1pt">his overthrow. Henry Tudor would return to England, backed by </p>
</div>
<div id="page22" style="background-image:url('playbook/playbook22.jpg');width:765.4pt;height:991.3pt">
<p style="top:946.8pt;left:321.9pt;font-size:11.2pt"><i>© 2023 GMT Games, LLC</i></p>
<p style="top:44.0pt;left:272.6pt;font-size:15.7pt" class="hr">Plantagenet Background Book</p>
<p style="top:46.9pt;left:65.8pt;font-size:13.8pt">22</p>
<p style="top:77.9pt;left:44.4pt">French troops and money (see Capabilities L34 Piquiers and L36 </p>
<p style="top:92.9pt;left:44.4pt">Chevaliers).</p>
<p style="top:111.6pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Henry Tudor’s</b> invasion started in early August 1485, when he </p>
<p style="top:126.6pt;left:44.4pt">set sail from Harfleur. He was accompanied by <b>Jasper Tudor</b> and </p>
<p style="top:141.6pt;left:44.4pt">had the services of an experienced French commander, Philibert </p>
<p style="top:156.6pt;left:44.4pt">de Chandeé (see Capability L33). Landing in Pembrokeshire, he </p>
<p style="top:171.6pt;left:44.4pt">moved northeast before cutting across eastward through Shrews-</p>
<p style="top:186.6pt;left:44.4pt">bury, toward the English Midlands, gathering support as he went. </p>
<p style="top:205.4pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Richard III</b> positioned his army centrally, in Nottingham, and </p>
<p style="top:220.4pt;left:44.4pt">his supporters marched to join him from London and the North. </p>
<p style="top:235.4pt;left:44.4pt">Troops under <b>Thomas</b> (2<sup>nd</sup> Baron) <b>Stanley</b> and his brother Wil-</p>
<p style="top:250.4pt;left:44.4pt">liam <b>Stanley</b> also made their way to the battlefield. </p>
<p style="top:269.1pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Thomas Stanley</b> was husband to Margaret Beaufort and thus </p>
<p style="top:284.1pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Henry Tudor’s</b> stepfather. <b>Richard</b> held Thomas Stanley’s son, </p>
<p style="top:299.1pt;left:44.4pt">Lord Strange, as a hostage, to guarantee the father’s good conduct </p>
<p style="top:314.1pt;left:44.4pt">and support. While historians have widely derided the Stanleys </p>
<p style="top:329.1pt;left:44.4pt">as turncoats and fence-sitters, it seems unlikely that they were </p>
<p style="top:344.1pt;left:44.4pt">intending to do anything other than turn on <b>Richard III</b> once the </p>
<p style="top:359.1pt;left:44.4pt">time was right.</p>
<p style="top:381.9pt;left:44.4pt"><span class="h3">Bosworth.</span> The two armies met at Bosworth on 22<sup>nd</sup> August </p>
<p style="top:397.9pt;left:44.4pt">1485, for one of the most important battles in English history. The </p>
<p style="top:412.9pt;left:44.4pt">site has been subject to the most intensive archaeological work on </p>
<p style="top:427.9pt;left:44.4pt">any English battlefield in recent years, which has added greatly to </p>
<p style="top:442.9pt;left:44.4pt">our understanding of the battle, although the evidence is still open </p>
<p style="top:457.9pt;left:44.4pt">to interpretation.</p>
<p style="top:476.6pt;left:44.4pt">What seems most likely is that <b>Henry Tudor</b> attacked <b>Richard </b></p>
<p style="top:491.6pt;left:44.4pt"><b>III </b>first. The two sides clashed, the Yorkist vanguard led by <b>Nor-</b></p>
<p style="top:506.6pt;left:44.4pt"><b>folk</b> and the Tudor’s center led by <b>Oxford</b>, while <b>Thomas Stan-</b></p>
<p style="top:521.6pt;left:44.4pt"><b>ley </b>and William <b>Stanley</b> held off.</p>
<p style="top:77.9pt;left:393.1pt">During a small break in the fight, the French, who were concealed </p>
<p style="top:92.9pt;left:393.1pt">behind or near Oxford’s lines, attacked <b>Norfolk</b> from the flank </p>
<p style="top:107.9pt;left:393.1pt">with their 22 foot-long pikes (L34 Piquiers). Richard’s rear sup-</p>
<p style="top:122.9pt;left:393.1pt">ports were unable to react due to the terrain. <b>Northumberland</b>, </p>
<p style="top:137.9pt;left:393.1pt">seeing that the <b>Stanleys</b> had joined the Lancastrian side, started </p>
<p style="top:152.9pt;left:393.1pt">to flee.</p>
<p style="top:171.6pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Norfolk</b> was destroyed, and <b>Richard III </b>could either flee and </p>
<p style="top:186.6pt;left:393.1pt">save his life or try a last desperate maneuver. No one can call him </p>
<p style="top:201.6pt;left:393.1pt">a coward, as he chose the latter. Mounting his horse, and accom-</p>
<p style="top:216.6pt;left:393.1pt">panied by his bodyguards, he charged through the battlefield in </p>
<p style="top:231.6pt;left:393.1pt">search of <b>Henry Tudor</b>, hoping to kill him and win the battle with </p>
<p style="top:246.6pt;left:393.1pt">one stroke of a sword.</p>
<p style="top:265.4pt;left:393.1pt">Seeing <b>Henry</b> and his bodyguards behind <b>Oxford’s</b> battle, <b>Rich-</b></p>
<p style="top:280.4pt;left:393.1pt"><b>ard</b> attempted to end the fight with a decisive cavalry charge, </p>
<p style="top:295.4pt;left:393.1pt">something that had not been tried in the Wars of the Roses for </p>
<p style="top:310.4pt;left:393.1pt">over two decades (see Capability Y32 Final Charge). Skirting </p>
<p style="top:325.4pt;left:393.1pt">the marsh that protected Henry’s right flank, Richard headed for </p>
<p style="top:340.4pt;left:393.1pt">his enemy. The King, first with his lance and then with his battle </p>
<p style="top:355.4pt;left:393.1pt">axe, fought his way through the men around Henry until he was no </p>
<p style="top:370.4pt;left:393.1pt">more than a sword point away from the pretender. But then Wil-</p>
<p style="top:385.4pt;left:393.1pt">liam <b>Stanley’s</b> troops came crashing from the back of the battle-</p>
<p style="top:400.4pt;left:393.1pt">field. The melee that followed cut down Richard and his followers.</p>
<p style="top:419.1pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Richard III</b> fell as he fought on foot beside his dead horse, sur-</p>
<p style="top:434.1pt;left:393.1pt">rounded by enemies. Forced to his knees, his helmet ripped off, </p>
<p style="top:449.1pt;left:393.1pt">repeated blows to the head killed him, bringing the Plantagenet </p>
<p style="top:464.1pt;left:393.1pt">dynasty to a bloody end.</p>
<p style="top:482.9pt;left:393.1pt">After Bosworth, <b>Henry Tudor</b> was crowned King of England. </p>
<p style="top:497.9pt;left:393.1pt">He followed through on marrying <b>Edward IV’s</b> daughter Eliz-</p>
<p style="top:512.9pt;left:393.1pt">abeth, thus merging the York bloodline with his and uniting the </p>
<p style="top:527.9pt;left:393.1pt">two Roses. </p>
<p style="top:546.6pt;left:393.1pt">The Tudor dynasty had begun.</p>
<p style="top:921.8pt;left:258.4pt;font-size:11.2pt"><i>The death of Richard III during the battle of Bosworth.</i></p>
</div>
<div id="page23" style="background-image:url('playbook/playbook23.jpg');width:765.4pt;height:991.3pt">
<p style="top:947.9pt;left:321.9pt;font-size:11.2pt"><i>© 2023 GMT Games, LLC</i></p>
<p style="top:44.0pt;left:272.6pt;font-size:15.7pt" class="hr">Plantagenet Background Book</p>
<p style="top:46.9pt;left:685.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">23</p>
<p style="top:82.7pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:21.9pt"><span style="color:#fff" class="h1">Lord and Vassal Histories</span></p>
<p style="top:116.0pt;left:44.4pt"><i>Here we briefly discuss the lives of historical figures depicted in </i></p>
<p style="top:131.0pt;left:44.4pt"><i>the game as Lords and Vassals. As a convention, we refer to no-</i></p>
<p style="top:146.0pt;left:44.4pt"><i>bles by their titles, except where other names better distinguish </i></p>
<p style="top:161.0pt;left:44.4pt"><i>them. See also the House of Lancaster and House of York family </i></p>
<p style="top:176.0pt;left:44.4pt"><i>trees, pages 54 & 55.</i></p>
<p style="top:201.8pt;left:44.4pt;font-size:17.5pt" class="h3">The Lancastrians</p>
<p style="top:231.0pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt"><span style="color:#ffffff">Henry VI Plantagenet, King of England</span></p>
<p style="top:250.8pt;left:106.8pt">Henry was born on 6<sup>th</sup> December 1421, the only son </p>
<p style="top:265.8pt;left:106.7pt">of King Henry V and Catherine of Valois, daughter </p>
<p style="top:280.8pt;left:106.7pt">of Charles VI of France. Henry VI in 1422 succeed-</p>
<p style="top:295.8pt;left:106.7pt">ed his father as the third King of England (and </p>
<p style="top:310.8pt;left:44.4pt">claimant to the French throne) from the Lancastrian branch of </p>
<p style="top:325.8pt;left:44.4pt">the Plantagenets, after Henry IV and Henry V. Until the new </p>
<p style="top:340.8pt;left:44.4pt">King’s coming of age, a Lord Protector (Humphrey, Duke of </p>
<p style="top:355.8pt;left:44.4pt">Gloucester) and a regency council of Henry’s uncles (Henry V’s </p>
<p style="top:370.8pt;left:44.4pt">brothers) governed the country. </p>
<p style="top:389.5pt;left:44.4pt">Henry VI was pious, shy, and averse to conflict, so when he </p>
<p style="top:404.5pt;left:44.4pt">took up the reins of government in 1437, he allowed a few noble </p>
<p style="top:419.5pt;left:44.4pt">favorites to dominate his court, first Suffolk, then after Suffolk’s </p>
<p style="top:434.5pt;left:44.4pt">death, Edmund Beaufort, 2<sup>nd</sup> Duke of Somerset. Suffolk’s ar-</p>
<p style="top:449.5pt;left:44.4pt">rangement of a royal marriage to the French Margaret d’Anjou, </p>
<p style="top:464.5pt;left:44.4pt">along with Henry’s less aggressive policy toward France relative </p>
<p style="top:479.5pt;left:44.4pt">to that of his father, stirred conflict among the nobles and divid-</p>
<p style="top:494.5pt;left:44.4pt">ed the court itself. An anti-French party led by Gloucester, later </p>
<p style="top:509.5pt;left:44.4pt">succeeded by York, on one side opposed a party around the new </p>
<p style="top:524.5pt;left:44.4pt">Queen on the other.</p>
<p style="top:543.3pt;left:44.4pt">Henry VI suffered from bouts of mental illness or catatonia. </p>
<p style="top:558.3pt;left:44.4pt">During the first one, in 1453, York was named Lord Protector. </p>
<p style="top:573.3pt;left:44.4pt">And—perhaps ill-suited to a king in these times of division—</p>
<p style="top:588.3pt;left:44.4pt">Henry always sought to negotiate rather than resort to resolution </p>
<p style="top:603.3pt;left:44.4pt">by arms, as can be seen in his response to Jack Cade’s rebellion in </p>
<p style="top:618.3pt;left:44.4pt">1450 and during the confrontation with York a bit later.</p>
<p style="top:642.0pt;left:44.4pt">When armed conflict nevertheless came, the Yorkists proved the </p>
<p style="top:657.0pt;left:44.4pt">greater military leaders. After the Battle of Towton and Yorkist </p>
<p style="top:672.0pt;left:44.4pt">victory, Henry VI fled to Scotland and spent some years there in </p>
<p style="top:687.0pt;left:44.4pt">exile before his capture and imprisonment in 1464.</p>
<p style="top:705.8pt;left:44.4pt">Indeed, Henry VI was captured and freed multiple times after bat-</p>
<p style="top:720.8pt;left:44.4pt">tles in the Wars of the Roses and even reinstated to the throne for a </p>
<p style="top:735.8pt;left:44.4pt">few months in 1471, upon Edward IV’s exile to Burgundy. Henry </p>
<p style="top:750.8pt;left:44.4pt">VI finally died 21<sup>st</sup> May 1471, captive in the Tower of London.</p>
<p style="top:773.5pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt"><span style="color:#ffffff">Margaret d’Anjou, Queen of England</span></p>
<p style="top:793.3pt;left:106.7pt">Margaret (Marguerite) was born 23<sup>rd</sup> March 1430, the </p>
<p style="top:808.3pt;left:106.7pt">daughter of René, Duke of Anjou, and Isabella of </p>
<p style="top:823.3pt;left:106.7pt">Lorraine. She was a cousin of King Louis XI of </p>
<p style="top:838.3pt;left:106.7pt">France, and when she married King Henry VI in </p>
<p style="top:853.3pt;left:44.4pt">1445, she became Queen of England (and nominally Queen of </p>
<p style="top:868.3pt;left:44.4pt">France) until 1461, and again from 1470 to 1471. Margaret and </p>
<p style="top:883.3pt;left:44.4pt">Henry had only one son, Edward, born in 1453. (See Edward of </p>
<p style="top:898.3pt;left:44.4pt">Westminster, below, and Arts of War Capability card L26 Ed-</p>
<p style="top:913.3pt;left:44.4pt">ward – <i>Prince of Wales</i>.)</p>
<p style="top:77.9pt;left:393.1pt">Margaret’s French family included several women who had ex-</p>
<p style="top:92.9pt;left:393.1pt">ercised power in politics, administration, and war, so she found </p>
<p style="top:107.9pt;left:393.1pt">it difficult to adapt to an English court that expected her to play a </p>
<p style="top:122.9pt;left:393.1pt">secondary role. That, and Henry VI’s reticent personality, quickly </p>
<p style="top:137.9pt;left:393.1pt">led her to become involved in the power struggle between the </p>
<p style="top:152.9pt;left:393.1pt">two factions of the court: the Duke of Gloucester’s party, which </p>
<p style="top:167.9pt;left:393.1pt">wanted to keep Henry V’s policy fighting France, and Cardinal </p>
<p style="top:182.9pt;left:393.1pt">Beaufort’s party, which sought a negotiated exit from the Hundred </p>
<p style="top:197.9pt;left:393.1pt">Years War. She favored the latter agenda and thus became an en-</p>
<p style="top:212.9pt;left:393.1pt">emy of Gloucester and, after his fall, of Richard Plantagenet, the </p>
<p style="top:227.9pt;left:393.1pt">Duke of York.</p>
<p style="top:583.9pt;left:471.8pt;font-size:11.2pt"><i>Margaret d’Anjou, Queen of England</i></p>
<p style="top:604.1pt;left:393.1pt">Highly active at war, Margaret accompanied armies on campaign </p>
<p style="top:619.1pt;left:393.1pt">and took command when Henry VI was imprisoned or unwell. </p>
<p style="top:634.1pt;left:393.1pt">(See Capability L17 Margaret<i> takes the reins.</i>)</p>
<p style="top:652.9pt;left:393.1pt">After Towton, she had to endure hard exiles in Scotland and </p>
<p style="top:667.9pt;left:393.1pt">France. She had little hope of recovering the throne until Louis </p>
<p style="top:682.9pt;left:393.1pt">XI arranged an alliance between her and the Earl of Warwick, </p>
<p style="top:697.9pt;left:393.1pt">by then known as “Kingmaker”. In 1471, Margaret returned to </p>
<p style="top:712.9pt;left:393.1pt">England at the head of a Lancastrian army to confront the Yorkist </p>
<p style="top:727.9pt;left:393.1pt">King Edward IV.</p>
<p style="top:746.6pt;left:393.1pt">The Battle of Tewkesbury saw the defeat of her army and the </p>
<p style="top:761.6pt;left:393.1pt">slaying of her son. She was imprisoned in the Tower of London, </p>
<p style="top:776.6pt;left:393.1pt">briefly with her husband, who died a few weeks later. Louis XI </p>
<p style="top:791.6pt;left:393.1pt">ransomed her in 1475, and spent her final seven years near Anjou, </p>
<p style="top:806.6pt;left:393.1pt">where she died in 1482.</p>
<p style="top:823.4pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt"><span style="color:#ffffff">Henry Beaufort, 3</span><sup><span style="color:#ffffff">rd</span></sup><span style="color:#ffffff"> Duke of Somerset</span></p>
<p style="top:849.1pt;left:455.5pt">Henry Beaufort, born 26<sup>th</sup> January 1436, was the son </p>
<p style="top:864.1pt;left:455.5pt">of Edmund of Somerset and Eleanor de Beauchamp </p>
<p style="top:879.1pt;left:455.5pt">and inherited the ducal title. The new Duke of Som-</p>
<p style="top:894.1pt;left:455.5pt">erset had been present on the field upon his father’s </p>
<p style="top:909.1pt;left:393.1pt">death at First St Albans in 1455, cementing his hatred of York and </p>
<p style="top:924.1pt;left:393.1pt">the Nevilles and his enthusiasm for the Lancastrian cause.</p>
</div>
<div id="page24" style="background-image:url('playbook/playbook24.jpg');width:765.4pt;height:991.3pt">
<p style="top:946.8pt;left:321.9pt;font-size:11.2pt"><i>© 2023 GMT Games, LLC</i></p>
<p style="top:44.0pt;left:272.6pt;font-size:15.7pt" class="hr">Plantagenet Background Book</p>
<p style="top:46.9pt;left:65.8pt;font-size:13.8pt">24</p>
<p style="top:77.9pt;left:44.4pt">Somerset stepped into the forefront of military leadership for the </p>
<p style="top:92.9pt;left:44.4pt">rest the first War of the Roses, commanding Lancastrian armies in </p>
<p style="top:107.9pt;left:44.4pt">several campaigns. (See Capability L28 Loyal Somerset.)</p>
<p style="top:126.6pt;left:44.4pt">Appointed Captain of Calais in 1459, Somerset sailed there but </p>
<p style="top:141.6pt;left:44.4pt">was refused admittance to the city by Warwick’s supporters. </p>
<p style="top:156.6pt;left:44.4pt">He tried unsuccessfully to besiege Calais, and spent some time </p>
<p style="top:171.6pt;left:44.4pt">fighting skirmishes around it, until the Yorkists defeated him and </p>
<p style="top:186.6pt;left:44.4pt">forced his return across the Channel.</p>
<p style="top:205.4pt;left:44.4pt">During Somerset’s absence, the Yorkists had won at Northamp-</p>
<p style="top:220.4pt;left:44.4pt">ton. But Somerset then defeated them at Wakefield in late 1460 </p>
<p style="top:235.4pt;left:44.4pt">and Second St Albans in 1461. Sadly for the Lancastrians, Somer-</p>
<p style="top:250.4pt;left:44.4pt">set lost against Edward of March at the Battle of Towton later that </p>
<p style="top:265.4pt;left:44.4pt">year and had to flee to exile in France.</p>
<p style="top:284.1pt;left:44.4pt">Somerset sought Edward IV’s pardon and briefly became loyal to </p>
<p style="top:299.1pt;left:44.4pt">the Yorkist King. But in 1464 he rebelled again, campaigned for </p>
<p style="top:314.1pt;left:44.4pt">the Lancastrians near the Scottish border in the North, met defeat </p>
<p style="top:329.1pt;left:44.4pt">at the Battle of Hexham, and there was beheaded.</p>
<p style="top:348.9pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt"><span style="color:#ffffff">Edmund Beaufort, 4</span><sup><span style="color:#ffffff">th</span></sup><span style="color:#ffffff"> Duke of Somerset</span></p>
<p style="top:371.6pt;left:106.7pt">Edmund Beaufort and Eleanor de Beauchamp’s </p>
<p style="top:386.6pt;left:106.7pt">named their second son Edmund, born two years af-</p>
<p style="top:401.6pt;left:106.7pt">ter his more famous brother Henry. Succeeding Hen-</p>
<p style="top:416.6pt;left:106.7pt">ry as Duke of Somerset, Edmund became an import-</p>
<p style="top:431.6pt;left:44.4pt">ant figure for the Lancastrians in the period of Warwick’s rebellion.</p>
<p style="top:450.4pt;left:44.4pt">Imprisoned in the Tower of London, Edmund missed the 1460-</p>
<p style="top:465.4pt;left:44.4pt">1461 Lancastrian victories of Wakefield and Second St Albans </p>
<p style="top:480.4pt;left:44.4pt">and their defeat at Towton. He was released in 1462 when his </p>
<p style="top:495.4pt;left:44.4pt">brother reconciled with Edward IV. </p>
<p style="top:514.1pt;left:44.4pt">After his brother’s rebellion and death, the younger Somerset </p>
<p style="top:529.1pt;left:44.4pt">joined Margaret d’Anjou’s court-in-exile at Coeur. There he </p>
<p style="top:544.1pt;left:44.4pt">spent some time fighting for Charles, who later became Duke </p>
<p style="top:559.1pt;left:44.4pt">of Burgundy. </p>
<p style="top:577.9pt;left:44.4pt">When Warwick and Margaret d’Anjou became allies, Edmund of </p>
<p style="top:592.9pt;left:44.4pt">Somerset, alongside the Duke of Exeter, started raising troops for </p>
<p style="top:607.9pt;left:44.4pt">the Lancastrians. He joined Margaret and the Prince of Wales as </p>
<p style="top:622.9pt;left:44.4pt">they finally disembarked in England in 1471. </p>
<p style="top:641.6pt;left:44.4pt">Somerset commanded the Lancastrian army at the Battle of </p>
<p style="top:656.6pt;left:44.4pt">Tewkesbury. After the Lancastrian defeat, Somerset sought shel-</p>
<p style="top:671.6pt;left:44.4pt">ter in a nearby abbey, whence the victors removed him by force </p>
<p style="top:686.6pt;left:44.4pt">and—dispensing the same punishment as befell his brother—be-</p>
<p style="top:701.6pt;left:44.4pt">headed him.</p>
<p style="top:721.4pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt"><span style="color:#ffffff">Henry Holland, 3</span><sup><span style="color:#ffffff">rd</span></sup><span style="color:#ffffff"> Duke of Exeter</span></p>
<p style="top:744.1pt;left:106.7pt">Henry Holland was born 27<sup>th</sup> June 1430 to John Hol-</p>
<p style="top:759.1pt;left:106.7pt">land, the 2<sup>nd</sup> Duke of Exeter, and Anne Stafford and </p>
<p style="top:774.1pt;left:106.7pt">inherited the ducal title when his father died in 1447. </p>
<p style="top:792.9pt;left:106.7pt">Exeter’s character has been described as cruel, sav-</p>
<p style="top:807.9pt;left:44.4pt">age, and unpredictable. In 1447, the soon-to-be Duke of Exeter </p>
<p style="top:822.9pt;left:44.4pt">had married Richard of York’s daughter Anne. However, during </p>
<p style="top:837.9pt;left:44.4pt">the Wars of the Roses, he fought against his Yorkist father-in-law </p>
<p style="top:852.9pt;left:44.4pt">and remained loyal to the Lancastrian cause.</p>
<p style="top:871.6pt;left:44.4pt">Exeter commanded Lancastrian troops at the victories of Wake-</p>
<p style="top:886.6pt;left:44.4pt">field in 1460 and Second St Albans in 1461 and the defeat of Tow-</p>
<p style="top:901.6pt;left:44.4pt">ton in 1461. He joined Margaret d’Anjou in her exile in France </p>
<p style="top:916.6pt;left:44.4pt">and returned to England when she allied with Warwick. He com-</p>
<p style="top:77.9pt;left:393.1pt">manded the Lancastrian left at Barnet, where he was wounded </p>
<p style="top:92.9pt;left:393.1pt">and captured. </p>
<p style="top:111.6pt;left:393.1pt">Exeter received a royal pardon from Edward IV. In 1475, he </p>
<p style="top:126.6pt;left:393.1pt">volunteered for Edward’s expedition to France. (See Capability </p>
<p style="top:141.6pt;left:393.1pt">L29 High Admiral.) On the return voyage, Exeter fell over-</p>
<p style="top:156.6pt;left:393.1pt">board and drowned. </p>
<p style="top:176.4pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt"><span style="color:#ffffff">Humphrey Stafford, 1</span><sup><span style="color:#ffffff">st</span></sup><span style="color:#ffffff"> Duke of Buckingham</span></p>
<p style="top:199.1pt;left:455.5pt">Humphrey Stafford was born in December 1402, the </p>
<p style="top:214.1pt;left:455.5pt">son of Edmund, 5<sup>th</sup> Earl of Stafford, and Anne of </p>
<p style="top:229.1pt;left:455.5pt">Gloucester, a granddaughter of King Edward III. </p>
<p style="top:244.1pt;left:455.5pt">(Yorkist Lord Humphrey Stafford, who became Earl </p>
<p style="top:259.1pt;left:393.1pt">of Devon, was a distant relative.)</p>
<p style="top:277.9pt;left:393.1pt">Humphrey Stafford was a military commander during the Hundred </p>
<p style="top:292.9pt;left:393.1pt">Years War, having joined King Henry V’s campaign in France in </p>
<p style="top:307.9pt;left:393.1pt">1420. After his elevation as Duke of Buckingham and the death </p>
<p style="top:322.9pt;left:393.1pt">of his mother, he became one of the wealthiest and most powerful </p>
<p style="top:337.9pt;left:393.1pt">landowners in England (see Capability L22 Stafford Estates). </p>
<p style="top:356.6pt;left:393.1pt">During the reign of Henry VI, he usually acted as a conciliator </p>
<p style="top:371.6pt;left:393.1pt">and peacemaker between Gloucester’s and Beaufort’s factions in </p>
<p style="top:386.6pt;left:393.1pt">court. Upon war against Henry VI, Buckingham joined the King’s </p>
<p style="top:401.6pt;left:393.1pt">side and served him faithfully.</p>
<p style="top:420.4pt;left:393.1pt">Buckingham was near the King during First St Albans and was </p>
<p style="top:435.4pt;left:393.1pt">captured by the Yorkists. A feud with Warwick made him an even </p>
<p style="top:450.4pt;left:393.1pt">more clear supporter of Henry VI and Margaret d’Anjou.</p>
<p style="top:469.1pt;left:393.1pt">Buckingham fell on 10th July 1460 at the Battle of Northampton, </p>
<p style="top:484.1pt;left:393.1pt">while acting as the King’s personal guard.</p>
<p style="top:503.9pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt"><span style="color:#ffffff">Henry Percy, 3</span><sup><span style="color:#ffffff">rd</span></sup><span style="color:#ffffff"> Earl of Northumberland</span></p>
<p style="top:526.6pt;left:455.2pt">The Percys had ruled estates in northern England </p>
<p style="top:541.6pt;left:455.5pt">since the Norman Conquest. Henry Percy was born </p>
<p style="top:556.6pt;left:455.5pt">25<sup>th</sup> July 1421. His father Henry was the 2<sup>nd</sup> Earl of </p>
<p style="top:571.6pt;left:455.5pt">Northumberland, and his mother Eleanor was of the </p>
<p style="top:586.6pt;left:393.1pt">House of Neville. (See also Capability L14 Percy’s Power.)</p>
<p style="top:605.4pt;left:393.1pt">The younger Henry Percy was appointed Warden of the Eastern </p>
<p style="top:620.4pt;left:393.1pt">March in 1440 and was very active in multiple border conflicts </p>
<p style="top:635.4pt;left:393.1pt">with Scotland. In 1448, he with his father and Sir Robert Ogle </p>
<p style="top:650.4pt;left:393.1pt">invaded and ravaged Dunbar and Dumfries. </p>
<p style="top:669.1pt;left:393.1pt">Henry had married Eleanor Poynings, from an important near-</p>
<p style="top:684.1pt;left:393.1pt">by rival family, and taken the title of Lord Poynings. Marriage </p>
<p style="top:699.1pt;left:393.1pt">ties, however, did not prevent the Percy’s major feuding with the </p>
<p style="top:714.1pt;left:393.1pt">Poynings and also with the Nevilles, against whom Henry even </p>
<p style="top:729.1pt;left:393.1pt">fought a battle, at Topcliffe in 1453.</p>
<p style="top:747.9pt;left:393.1pt">In the Wars of the Roses, Henry Percy was one of a generation </p>
<p style="top:762.9pt;left:393.1pt">of nobles who, like Henry Somerset and John Clifford, saw their </p>
<p style="top:777.9pt;left:393.1pt">Lancastrian fathers killed at the First Battle of St Albans in 1455. </p>
<p style="top:792.9pt;left:393.1pt">As the new Earl of Northumberland after his father’s death, he </p>
<p style="top:807.9pt;left:393.1pt">became a diehard Lancastrian.</p>
<p style="top:826.6pt;left:393.1pt">Northumberland led the central battle (troop formation) at Wake-</p>
<p style="top:841.6pt;left:393.1pt">field in 1460 and took part at Second St Albans in 1461. At the </p>
<p style="top:856.6pt;left:393.1pt">Battle of Towton, on 29<sup>th</sup> March 1461, he commanded the Lancas-</p>
<p style="top:871.6pt;left:393.1pt">trian vanguard. There, he was fatally wounded or slain outright. </p>
<p style="top:886.6pt;left:393.1pt">(See also Yorkist Lord Henry Percy, 4<sup>th</sup> Earl of Northumberland—</p>
<p style="top:901.6pt;left:393.1pt">he was the son of this Henry Percy.)</p>
</div>
<div id="page25" style="background-image:url('playbook/playbook25.jpg');width:765.4pt;height:991.3pt">
<p style="top:947.9pt;left:321.9pt;font-size:11.2pt"><i>© 2023 GMT Games, LLC</i></p>
<p style="top:44.0pt;left:272.6pt;font-size:15.7pt" class="hr">Plantagenet Background Book</p>
<p style="top:46.9pt;left:685.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">25</p>
<p style="top:79.3pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt"><span style="color:#ffffff">George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence</span></p>
<p style="top:99.0pt;left:106.7pt">George was the sixth son of Richard of York and Ce-</p>
<p style="top:114.0pt;left:106.7pt">cily Neville, born in Dublin on 21<sup>st</sup> October 1449, in </p>
<p style="top:129.0pt;left:106.7pt">between his brothers Edward and Richard, each of </p>
<p style="top:144.0pt;left:106.7pt">whom would become King of England. George was </p>
<p style="top:159.0pt;left:44.4pt">made Duke of Clarence and appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland </p>
<p style="top:174.0pt;left:44.4pt">when Edward became King in 1461.</p>
<p style="top:192.8pt;left:44.4pt">Clarence fell under the influence of Warwick the “Kingmaker” </p>
<p style="top:207.8pt;left:44.4pt">and married Warwick’s oldest daughter Isabel Neville against Ed-</p>
<p style="top:222.8pt;left:44.4pt">ward IV’s wishes. When Warwick rebelled against the King, Clar-</p>
<p style="top:237.8pt;left:44.4pt">ence sided with his father-in-law, joining him in France. When </p>
<p style="top:252.8pt;left:44.4pt">Warwick’s rebellion in 1470 restored Henry VI as King, Clarence </p>
<p style="top:267.8pt;left:44.4pt">became the next in line to the throne after Henry and Margaret’s </p>
<p style="top:282.8pt;left:44.4pt">son Edward, Prince of Wales. </p>
<p style="top:301.5pt;left:44.4pt">But Warwick then had his other daughter, Anne, marry Prince Ed-</p>
<p style="top:316.5pt;left:44.4pt">ward. Clarence soon suspected that his faith in his father-in-law </p>
<p style="top:331.5pt;left:44.4pt">was misplaced. He reconciled secretly with his brother Edward. </p>
<p style="top:346.5pt;left:44.4pt">When Edward IV defeated Warwick at Barnet in 1471, the King </p>
<p style="top:361.5pt;left:44.4pt">restored his brother Clarence to royal favor and made him Great </p>
<p style="top:376.5pt;left:44.4pt">Chamberlain. </p>
<p style="top:395.3pt;left:44.4pt">As Richard of Gloucester, Clarences’ younger brother, had mar-</p>
<p style="top:410.3pt;left:44.4pt">ried the widowed Anne Neville, Clarence and Gloucester together </p>
<p style="top:425.3pt;left:44.4pt">had to share Warwick’s inheritance. This situation created tension </p>
<p style="top:440.3pt;left:44.4pt">between them. Clarence was made Earl of Warwick and Earl of </p>
<p style="top:455.3pt;left:44.4pt">Salisbury, but it seems that that was not enough for him, especial-</p>
<p style="top:470.3pt;left:44.4pt">ly after the death of his wife Isabel in 1476 from complications of </p>
<p style="top:485.3pt;left:44.4pt">childbirth. Clarence never recovered from Isabel’s death, which </p>
<p style="top:500.3pt;left:44.4pt">made his behavior increasingly erratic.</p>
<p style="top:519.0pt;left:44.4pt">In 1478, he was imprisoned and privately executed in the Tower </p>
<p style="top:534.0pt;left:44.4pt">of London for a supposed plot to kill King Edward.</p>
<p style="top:556.8pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt"><span style="color:#ffffff">Jasper Tudor, Earl of Pembroke</span></p>
<p style="top:576.5pt;left:106.7pt">Jasper Tudor, born in 1431, was the son of Owen Tu-</p>
<p style="top:591.5pt;left:106.7pt">dor and Catherine de Valois—and thus half-brother </p>
<p style="top:606.5pt;left:106.7pt">to King Henry VI. </p>
<p style="top:625.3pt;left:106.7pt">Jasper Tudor’s father Owen was a descendant of </p>
<p style="top:640.3pt;left:44.4pt">Ednyfed Fychan, Llywelyn the Great’s renowned Chancellor, </p>
<p style="top:655.3pt;left:44.4pt">and that gave Jasper added status in Wales. (See Capability L25 </p>
<p style="top:670.3pt;left:44.4pt">Welsh Lord.)</p>
<p style="top:689.0pt;left:44.4pt">Young Jasper and his brother—sons of Henry V’s widow—</p>
<p style="top:704.0pt;left:44.4pt">were competitors to Henry, so his court at first kept them away. </p>
<p style="top:719.0pt;left:44.4pt">But in 1442 it took them in, educated them, and gave them </p>
<p style="top:734.0pt;left:44.4pt">military positions.</p>
<p style="top:752.8pt;left:44.4pt">In 1452, Jasper Tudor was recognized as a legitimate </p>
<p style="top:767.8pt;left:44.4pt">half-brother to the King and created Earl of Pembroke. Jasper </p>
<p style="top:782.8pt;left:44.4pt">lost the title to the Yorkist William Herbert when Edward IV </p>
<p style="top:797.8pt;left:44.4pt">attained the throne in 1461, briefly regained it in 1471, and </p>
<p style="top:812.8pt;left:44.4pt">then lost it again.</p>
<p style="top:831.5pt;left:44.4pt">Jasper had considerable military expertise, although the only two </p>
<p style="top:846.5pt;left:44.4pt">major battles in which he took part were Mortimer’s Cross, where </p>
<p style="top:861.5pt;left:44.4pt">he lost to Edward IV, and Bosworth.</p>
<p style="top:880.3pt;left:44.4pt">In 1471, after the Lancastrian defeat at Tewkesbury, Jasper fled </p>
<p style="top:895.3pt;left:44.4pt">to Brittany with his nephew Henry (who later would become </p>
<p style="top:910.3pt;left:44.4pt">Henry VII). There, at Chateau de Suscinio, they created an </p>
<p style="top:77.9pt;left:393.1pt">armed camp, where they planned their invasion of England with </p>
<p style="top:92.9pt;left:393.1pt">the help of the French. </p>
<p style="top:111.6pt;left:393.1pt">After a failed invasion attempt in 1483, they had to leave Brittany </p>
<p style="top:126.6pt;left:393.1pt">and go to Charles VIII’s court. There, they prepared for a sec-</p>
<p style="top:141.6pt;left:393.1pt">ond invasion. This one was successful—in 1485, they landed near </p>
<p style="top:156.6pt;left:393.1pt">Pembroke and met Richard III at Bosworth, defeating his army </p>
<p style="top:171.6pt;left:393.1pt">and killing him.</p>
<p style="top:190.4pt;left:393.1pt">As Jasper’s nephew Henry Tudor became King Henry VII, Jasper </p>
<p style="top:205.4pt;left:393.1pt">was finally fully restored as Earl of Pembroke and created Duke </p>
<p style="top:220.4pt;left:393.1pt">of Bedford, taking possession of Cardiff castle. He lived until 21<sup>st</sup> </p>
<p style="top:235.4pt;left:393.1pt">December 1495.</p>
<p style="top:258.1pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt"><span style="color:#ffffff">Henry Tudor</span></p>
<p style="top:277.9pt;left:455.5pt">Henry Tudor was born 28<sup>th</sup> January 1457. He was the </p>
<p style="top:292.9pt;left:455.5pt">son of Edmund Tudor, 1<sup>st</sup> Earl of Richmond and </p>
<p style="top:307.9pt;left:455.5pt">half-brother to Henry VI, and Margaret Beaufort, </p>
<p style="top:322.9pt;left:455.5pt">daughter of John Beaufort, 1<sup>st</sup> Duke of Somerset, </p>
<p style="top:337.9pt;left:393.1pt">niece or cousin of various other Somersets, grandniece of Cardi-</p>
<p style="top:352.9pt;left:393.1pt">nal Beaufort, and great-granddaughter of John of Gaunt, 1<sup>st</sup> Duke </p>
<p style="top:367.9pt;left:393.1pt">of Lancaster. (See also Event L35.)</p>
<p style="top:386.6pt;left:393.1pt">Henry’s mother provided him a claim to the English throne </p>
<p style="top:401.6pt;left:393.1pt">through the House of Beaufort. After the death of Edward, Prince </p>
<p style="top:416.6pt;left:393.1pt">of Wales, in 1471, Henry Tudor became the senior Lancastrian </p>
<p style="top:431.6pt;left:393.1pt">male (though his matrilineal claim was stenuous).</p>
<p style="top:450.4pt;left:393.1pt">From 1470, Henry was under the protection of his uncle, Jasper </p>
<p style="top:465.4pt;left:393.1pt">Tudor, who went into exile with him to Brittany and helped to </p>
<p style="top:480.4pt;left:393.1pt">prepare the Tudor invasion of England, unsuccessfully in 1483 </p>
<p style="top:495.4pt;left:393.1pt">and then again in 1485, culminating in the Battle of Bosworth </p>
<p style="top:510.4pt;left:393.1pt">at which the Lancastrians (by this point, the Tudors) defeated </p>
<p style="top:525.4pt;left:393.1pt">Richard III.</p>
<p style="top:544.1pt;left:393.1pt">Henry was crowned as Henry VII, founding the Tudor dynasty. </p>
<p style="top:559.1pt;left:393.1pt">He married Elizabeth of York, Edward IV’s eldest daughter, unit-</p>
<p style="top:574.1pt;left:393.1pt">ing the feuding Lancastrian and Yorkist dynasties. He reigned for </p>
<p style="top:589.1pt;left:393.1pt">24 years and died in April 1509, succeeded by his son, whose cor-</p>
<p style="top:604.1pt;left:393.1pt">onation as Henry VIII the long-lived Margaret Beaufort attended </p>
<p style="top:619.1pt;left:393.1pt">shortly before her death.</p>
<p style="top:638.9pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt"><span style="color:#ffffff">John de Vere, 13</span><sup><span style="color:#ffffff">th</span></sup><span style="color:#ffffff"> Earl of Oxford</span></p>
<p style="top:661.6pt;left:455.5pt">John was born 8<sup>th</sup> September 1442, the second son of </p>
<p style="top:676.6pt;left:455.5pt">John de Vere, 12<sup>th</sup> Earl of Oxford, and Elizabeth </p>
<p style="top:691.6pt;left:455.5pt">Howard, a first cousin of the Duke of Norfolk. In </p>
<p style="top:706.6pt;left:455.5pt">1462, his father and eldest brother were accused by </p>
<p style="top:721.6pt;left:393.1pt">treason by the Yorkist John Tiptoft, Earl of Worcester, and be-</p>
<p style="top:736.6pt;left:393.1pt">headed a few days later. Following Edward IV’s conciliatory pol-</p>
<p style="top:751.6pt;left:393.1pt">icies with Lancastrians, John was allowed to succeed his father as </p>
<p style="top:766.6pt;left:393.1pt">Earl of Oxford.</p>
<p style="top:785.4pt;left:393.1pt">In 1469, Oxford joined Warwick’s rebellion against Edward IV. </p>
<p style="top:800.4pt;left:393.1pt">When Henry VI was restored, Oxford was appointed Lord High </p>
<p style="top:815.4pt;left:393.1pt">Constable of England, and, from that position, he tried, con-</p>
<p style="top:830.4pt;left:393.1pt">demned, and executed Tiptoft. (See also Oxford and Worcester, </p>
<p style="top:845.4pt;left:393.1pt">under Prominent Houses, page 30.)</p>
<p style="top:864.1pt;left:393.1pt">In April 1471, Oxford led Warwick’s right wing at Barnet, de-</p>
<p style="top:879.1pt;left:393.1pt">feating Hastings and pursuing the Yorkist left from the field. As </p>
<p style="top:894.1pt;left:393.1pt">Oxford’s men began to return to the battle array, allied troops mis-</p>
<p style="top:909.1pt;left:393.1pt">took them for an attack from the rear by Edward’s men and shot </p>
</div>
<div id="page26" style="background-image:url('playbook/playbook26.jpg');width:765.4pt;height:991.3pt">
<p style="top:946.8pt;left:321.9pt;font-size:11.2pt"><i>© 2023 GMT Games, LLC</i></p>
<p style="top:44.0pt;left:272.6pt;font-size:15.7pt" class="hr">Plantagenet Background Book</p>
<p style="top:46.9pt;left:65.8pt;font-size:13.8pt">26</p>
<p style="top:77.9pt;left:44.4pt">arrows at them. Oxford’s troops counterattacked, and the friend-</p>
<p style="top:92.9pt;left:44.4pt">on-friend fighting contributed to a Lancastrian collapse.</p>
<p style="top:111.6pt;left:44.4pt">After this defeat, Oxford went to Scotland and then to France to </p>
<p style="top:126.6pt;left:44.4pt">engage in privateering. Oxford spent a few years as a prisoner </p>
<p style="top:141.6pt;left:44.4pt">near Calais, but when Richard III ordered his transfer to England, </p>
<p style="top:156.6pt;left:44.4pt">he was found to have escaped.</p>
<p style="top:175.4pt;left:44.4pt">Oxford commanded the archers and vanguard on the winning </p>
<p style="top:190.4pt;left:44.4pt">side at Bosworth in 1485. After Richard’s defeat and Henry VII’s </p>
<p style="top:205.4pt;left:44.4pt">coronation, Oxford became one of the most powerful men under </p>
<p style="top:220.4pt;left:44.4pt">Tudor reign. He died childless in 1513, after a life full of fighting </p>
<p style="top:235.4pt;left:44.4pt">and adventure.</p>
<p style="top:258.1pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt"><span style="color:#ffffff">Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales</span></p>
<p style="top:277.9pt;left:106.4pt">Born in 1453, Edward was the royal heir and only </p>
<p style="top:292.9pt;left:106.4pt">son of Henry VI and Margaret d’Anjou. He accom-</p>
<p style="top:307.9pt;left:106.4pt">panied his mother into exile to France and, after her </p>
<p style="top:322.9pt;left:106.4pt">alliance with Warwick, in December 1470 married </p>
<p style="top:337.9pt;left:44.4pt">Anne Neville. He sailed with the Lancastrian army that invaded </p>
<p style="top:352.9pt;left:44.4pt">England in April 1471 and several days later was killed at the </p>
<p style="top:367.9pt;left:44.4pt">Battle of Tewkesbury. (See also Capability L26 Edward – </p>
<p style="top:382.9pt;left:44.4pt"><i>Prince of Wales</i>.)</p>
<p style="top:402.6pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt"><span style="color:#ffffff">John Clifford, 9</span><sup><span style="color:#ffffff">th</span></sup><span style="color:#ffffff"> Baron Clifford</span></p>
<p style="top:425.4pt;left:106.4pt">Born in 1435, son of Thomas Clifford and Joan Da-</p>
<p style="top:440.4pt;left:106.4pt">cre, he saw his father slain at First St Albans in 1455 </p>
<p style="top:455.4pt;left:106.4pt">and became a loyal Lancastrian, intent on revenge. </p>
<p style="top:470.4pt;left:106.4pt">(See Capability L21 My Father’s Blood.)</p>
<p style="top:489.1pt;left:44.4pt">For a time, he joined Northumberland in the north, helping him </p>
<p style="top:504.1pt;left:44.4pt">in his feud with the Nevilles. After the Battle of Northampton </p>
<p style="top:519.1pt;left:44.4pt">in 1460, Clifford started a raiding campaign, and his ravaging of </p>
<p style="top:534.1pt;left:44.4pt">York’s and Neville’s estates forced them to march north to deal </p>
<p style="top:549.1pt;left:44.4pt">with the trouble. </p>
<p style="top:567.9pt;left:44.4pt">Clifford was a commander at the Battle of Wakefield that defeated </p>
<p style="top:582.9pt;left:44.4pt">York, and most believe that he killed Edmund of Rutland, York’s </p>
<p style="top:597.9pt;left:44.4pt">son, as Rutland fled. He also played an important part in the Bat-</p>
<p style="top:612.9pt;left:44.4pt">tle of Second St Albans. He was slain in 1461 in the skirmish at </p>
<p style="top:627.9pt;left:44.4pt">Ferrybridge the day before the Battle of Towton. </p>
<p style="top:647.6pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt"><span style="color:#ffffff">John Neville, 1</span><sup><span style="color:#ffffff">st</span></sup><span style="color:#ffffff"> Marquess Montagu</span></p>
<p style="top:670.4pt;left:106.4pt">Salisbury’s third son John was born in 1431. Less fa-</p>
<p style="top:685.4pt;left:106.4pt">mous than his eldest brother, Warwick, he was of a </p>
<p style="top:700.4pt;left:106.4pt">more martial nature. (See L23 Montagu.)</p>
<p style="top:719.1pt;left:106.4pt">He was one of the main actors during the Percy-Nev-</p>
<p style="top:734.1pt;left:44.4pt">ille feud in the 1450s and took part in the Battle of Blore Heath </p>
<p style="top:749.1pt;left:44.4pt">against the Lancastrians. Montagu, along with his brother Thom-</p>
<p style="top:764.1pt;left:44.4pt">as, was imprisoned until 1460.</p>
<p style="top:782.9pt;left:44.4pt">Montagu was present at Second St Albans, where he was cap-</p>
<p style="top:797.9pt;left:44.4pt">tured again and not released until Edward IV’s victory at Towton. </p>
<p style="top:812.9pt;left:44.4pt">After that, Montagu was briefly created Earl of Northumberland </p>
<p style="top:827.9pt;left:44.4pt">but soon was stripped of that position in favor of Henry Percy. </p>
<p style="top:842.9pt;left:44.4pt">During the start of Warwick’s rebellion, Montagu began loyal to </p>
<p style="top:857.9pt;left:44.4pt">Edward IV but soon turned against the King and went over to his </p>
<p style="top:872.9pt;left:44.4pt">brother’s side.</p>
<p style="top:891.6pt;left:44.4pt">At Barnet in 1471, Montagu took charge of the center of War-</p>
<p style="top:906.6pt;left:44.4pt">wick’s army and was cut down while fighting to give his brother </p>
<p style="top:921.6pt;left:44.4pt">time for a last attempt to flee.</p>
<p style="top:79.3pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt"><span style="color:#ffffff">Sir Andrew Trollope</span></p>
<p style="top:99.0pt;left:454.5pt">Andrew Trollope was born into a family of Durham </p>
<p style="top:114.0pt;left:455.2pt">dyers. He spent most of his military career in France </p>
<p style="top:129.0pt;left:455.2pt">as a man-at-arms. By 1442, he was serving under Sir </p>
<p style="top:144.0pt;left:455.2pt">Richard Woodville, and by 1455 he was made Master </p>
<p style="top:159.0pt;left:393.1pt">Porter of Calais. Trollope sailed with Warwick to England in </p>
<p style="top:174.0pt;left:393.1pt">1459. But at the Battle of Ludford Bridge, he defected to Henry </p>
<p style="top:189.0pt;left:393.1pt">VI’s side, dealing a blow to the Yorkists, who had to flee.</p>
<p style="top:207.8pt;left:393.1pt">Sir Andrew kept fighting alongside the Lancastrians and be-</p>
<p style="top:222.8pt;left:393.1pt">came a valuable strategist and tactician for them. Prince Edward </p>
<p style="top:237.8pt;left:393.1pt">knighted him at Second St Albans. At the Battle of Towton in </p>
<p style="top:252.8pt;left:393.1pt">1461, Andrew Trollope shared command of the vanguard with </p>
<p style="top:267.8pt;left:393.1pt">Northumberland and there was killed. (See also Capability L19 </p>
<p style="top:282.8pt;left:393.1pt">Andrew Trollope.)</p>
<p style="top:302.5pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt"><span style="color:#ffffff">Thomas Stanley, 2</span><sup><span style="color:#ffffff">nd</span></sup><span style="color:#ffffff"> Baron Stanley</span></p>
<p style="top:325.3pt;left:455.2pt">Born in 1435, son of Thomas Stanley, 1<sup>st</sup> Baron Stan-</p>
<p style="top:340.3pt;left:455.2pt">ley, and Joan Goushill, the younger Thomas Stanley </p>
<p style="top:355.3pt;left:455.2pt">was a magnate of great wealth and power across the </p>
<p style="top:370.3pt;left:455.2pt">northwest of England, based around Lancaster and </p>
<p style="top:385.3pt;left:393.1pt">Chester. </p>
<p style="top:404.0pt;left:393.1pt">Thomas Stanley managed to remain in favor with the various kings </p>
<p style="top:419.0pt;left:393.1pt">during the Wars of the Roses. But Richard III came to distrust him </p>
<p style="top:434.0pt;left:393.1pt">due to his marriage to Henry Tudor’s mother, Margaret Beaufort, </p>
<p style="top:449.0pt;left:393.1pt">and demanded Stanley’s son, Lord Strange, as a hostage. At the </p>
<p style="top:464.0pt;left:393.1pt">Battle of Bosworth, Thomas Stanley finally stood against Richard </p>
<p style="top:479.0pt;left:393.1pt">III. The King issued orders for the murder of Lord Strange, but </p>
<p style="top:494.0pt;left:393.1pt">they were not carried out. </p>
<p style="top:512.8pt;left:393.1pt">The Stanleys’ intervention pushed the balance of the battle in fa-</p>
<p style="top:527.8pt;left:393.1pt">vor of Thomas’s stepson, Henry Tudor, who later lavishly reward-</p>
<p style="top:542.8pt;left:393.1pt">ed him. King Henry VII created Thomas Stanley the 1<sup>st</sup> Earl of </p>
<p style="top:557.8pt;left:393.1pt">Derby in October 1485. Thomas Stanley lived until 1504. (See </p>
<p style="top:572.8pt;left:393.1pt">also Stanley, under Prominent Houses, page 30, and Capability </p>
<p style="top:587.8pt;left:393.1pt">L35 Thomas Stanley.)</p>
<p style="top:856.1pt;left:445.8pt;font-size:11.2pt"><i>Thomas Stanley after the Wars, as Earl of Derby.</i></p>
</div>
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<p style="top:947.9pt;left:321.9pt;font-size:11.2pt"><i>© 2023 GMT Games, LLC</i></p>
<p style="top:44.0pt;left:272.6pt;font-size:15.7pt" class="hr">Plantagenet Background Book</p>
<p style="top:46.9pt;left:685.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">27</p>
<p style="top:79.3pt;left:44.4pt;font-size:17.5pt" class="h3"> The Yorkists</p>
<p style="top:105.5pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">Richard Plantagenet, 3<sup>rd</sup> Duke of York</p>
<p style="top:128.3pt;left:106.7pt">Born 21<sup>st</sup> September 1411, Richard was descended </p>
<p style="top:143.3pt;left:106.7pt">from the warrior King Edward III by both his parents. </p>
<p style="top:158.3pt;left:106.7pt">Richard’s father was the son of Edmund, Duke of </p>
<p style="top:173.3pt;left:106.7pt">York, Edward III’s fourth son. Richard’s mother was </p>
<p style="top:188.3pt;left:44.4pt">the great granddaughter of Edward III’s second son, Lionel of An-</p>
<p style="top:203.3pt;left:44.4pt">twerp.</p>
<p style="top:222.0pt;left:44.4pt">In the reign of Henry VI, York joined the party of Henry’s uncle, </p>
<p style="top:237.0pt;left:44.4pt">the Duke of Gloucester, which favored the continuation of the </p>
<p style="top:252.0pt;left:44.4pt">Hundred Years War. York was appointed Lieutenant of France in </p>
<p style="top:267.0pt;left:44.4pt">1436. There, he displayed his capabilities as administrator and </p>
<p style="top:282.0pt;left:44.4pt">organizer but was not favored by the Crown. Backing Gloucester, </p>
<p style="top:297.0pt;left:44.4pt">he opposed the marriage of Henry VI to Margaret d’Anjou. When </p>
<p style="top:312.0pt;left:44.4pt">Gloucester in 1447 fell in disgrace and died, York took charge of </p>
<p style="top:327.0pt;left:44.4pt">the opposition party.</p>
<p style="top:345.8pt;left:44.4pt">After multiple royal slights in favor of York’s rival, the Earl of </p>
<p style="top:360.8pt;left:44.4pt">Somerset, and the corresponding loss of influence, York rebelled </p>
<p style="top:375.8pt;left:44.4pt">against Henry VI. The powerful Neville family joined York.</p>
<p style="top:394.5pt;left:44.4pt">York became Lord Protector for a brief period after the Yorkist </p>
<p style="top:409.5pt;left:44.4pt">victory at First St Albans that Henry VI became catatonic. After </p>
<p style="top:424.5pt;left:44.4pt">the reversal at Ludford Bridge in 1459, York fled to Ireland, re-</p>
<p style="top:439.5pt;left:44.4pt">turning to England in 1460 at the head of an army. Failing in an </p>
<p style="top:454.5pt;left:44.4pt">attempt to be crowned, he did succeed in appointment as Henry </p>
<p style="top:469.5pt;left:44.4pt">VI’s successor.</p>
<p style="top:488.3pt;left:44.4pt">On 30th December 1460, Richard of York fell in the Yorkist de-</p>
<p style="top:503.3pt;left:44.4pt">feat at the Battle of Wakefield and ended up with his head on a </p>
<p style="top:518.3pt;left:44.4pt">spike at the gates of York.</p>
<p style="top:538.0pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">Edward Plantagenet, 7<sup>th</sup> Earl of March</p>
<p style="top:560.8pt;left:169.0pt">Richard of York’s eldest surviving son </p>
<p style="top:575.8pt;left:169.0pt">Edward was born at Rouen in Norman-</p>
<p style="top:590.8pt;left:169.0pt">dy, 28<sup>th</sup> April 1442, by Cecily Neville, </p>
<p style="top:605.8pt;left:169.0pt">daughter of Ralph Neville, 1<sup>st</sup> Earl of </p>
<p style="top:620.8pt;left:44.4pt">Westmorland. Edward probably grew up at Ludlow Castle on the </p>
<p style="top:635.8pt;left:44.4pt">Welsh Marches.</p>
<p style="top:654.5pt;left:44.4pt">Edward in 1459, at the age of 17, had to flee England with his </p>
<p style="top:669.5pt;left:44.4pt">father’s allies, the Nevilles, after the Battle of Ludford Bridge. He </p>
<p style="top:684.5pt;left:44.4pt">went with them to Calais and returned one year later to march into </p>
<p style="top:699.5pt;left:44.4pt">London and lead one of the three Yorkist divisions at the Battle </p>
<p style="top:714.5pt;left:44.4pt">of Northampton.</p>
<p style="top:733.3pt;left:44.4pt">After the death of his father in 1460, Edward of March became </p>
<p style="top:748.3pt;left:44.4pt">the leader of the Yorkist faction. He defeated the Lancastrians at </p>
<p style="top:763.3pt;left:44.4pt">Towton and was crowned King Edward IV.</p>
<p style="top:782.0pt;left:44.4pt">Edward married Elizabeth Woodville, a factor in the King’s fall-</p>
<p style="top:797.0pt;left:44.4pt">ing out with his long-term ally, friend, and mentor, Richard Nev-</p>
<p style="top:812.0pt;left:44.4pt">ille, the Earl of Warwick. This conflict erupted into a Yorkist civil </p>
<p style="top:827.0pt;left:44.4pt">war in 1469. The Lancastrians subsequently joined forces with </p>
<p style="top:842.0pt;left:44.4pt">Warwick, and Edward IV briefly had to flee to Burgundy.</p>
<p style="top:860.8pt;left:44.4pt">Edward returned to England once more in 1471, landing at Raven-</p>
<p style="top:875.8pt;left:44.4pt">spur (as Henry Bolingbroke had done more than 70 years earlier). </p>
<p style="top:890.8pt;left:44.4pt">From there, he gathered an army and defeated Warwick at Barnet </p>
<p style="top:905.8pt;left:44.4pt">and the Lancastrians at Tewkesbury. King again, Edward IV spent </p>
<p style="top:920.8pt;left:44.4pt">the next 10 years defeating the occasional revolt, organizing a </p>
<p style="top:77.9pt;left:393.1pt">half-hearted invasion of France, fathering sons, and enjoying the </p>
<p style="top:92.9pt;left:393.1pt">pleasures of a king’s life. </p>
<p style="top:111.6pt;left:393.1pt">Edward IV died on the 9<sup>th</sup> of April 1483, possibly of pneumonia </p>
<p style="top:126.6pt;left:393.1pt">caught while fishing and aggravated by his fondness for food and </p>
<p style="top:141.6pt;left:393.1pt">drink. He left his son Edward, a minor, as his successor, with his </p>
<p style="top:156.6pt;left:393.1pt">brother Richard of Gloucester as Lord Protector.</p>
<p style="top:176.4pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">Richard Neville, 5<sup>th</sup> Earl of Salisbury</p>
<p style="top:199.1pt;left:455.5pt">Richard Neville was born in 1400 in Durham to </p>
<p style="top:214.1pt;left:455.5pt">Ralph Neville and Joan Beaufort. He married Alice </p>
<p style="top:229.1pt;left:455.5pt">Montagu daughter and heiress of the 4<sup>th</sup> Earl of Salis-</p>
<p style="top:244.1pt;left:455.5pt">bury. Through her inheritance, Richard as the next </p>
<p style="top:259.1pt;left:393.1pt">Earl of Salisbury became one of the wealthiest and most influen-</p>
<p style="top:274.1pt;left:393.1pt">tial nobles in England.</p>
<p style="top:292.9pt;left:393.1pt">Richard of Salisbury was appointed Warden of the West March-</p>
<p style="top:307.9pt;left:393.1pt">es (based in Carlisle) in 1420, traditionally a perch of the Percy </p>
<p style="top:322.9pt;left:393.1pt">family. This increased the tensions between the Percys and the </p>
<p style="top:337.9pt;left:393.1pt">Nevilles, the two most powerful families in the North of England. </p>
<p style="top:352.9pt;left:393.1pt">The feud resulted in multiple skirmishes, and the Court had to </p>
<p style="top:367.9pt;left:393.1pt">intervene.</p>
<p style="top:386.6pt;left:393.1pt">Salisbury was brother-in-law to Richard of York. After the Lan-</p>
<p style="top:401.6pt;left:393.1pt">castrians favored the Percys, Salisbury joined York’s party and </p>
<p style="top:416.6pt;left:393.1pt">became the latter’s strongest ally, taking part in the Battle of First </p>
<p style="top:431.6pt;left:393.1pt">St Albans. When York became Lord Protector, Salisbury was ap-</p>
<p style="top:446.6pt;left:393.1pt">pointed Lord Chancellor—appointments overturned shortly after-</p>
<p style="top:461.6pt;left:393.1pt">ward, when Henry VI recovered from his catatonia.</p>
<p style="top:480.4pt;left:393.1pt">In 1459, the Yorkists rebelled again, and Salisbury marched for </p>
<p style="top:495.4pt;left:393.1pt">Ludlow to rendezvous with his son Richard of Warwick and with </p>
<p style="top:510.4pt;left:393.1pt">York. He defeated an intercepting force of Lancastrians at the bat-</p>
<p style="top:525.4pt;left:393.1pt">tle of Blore Heath. After the rout at Ludford Bridge, he fled with </p>
<p style="top:540.4pt;left:393.1pt">his son and with Edward, the Earl of March, to Calais.</p>
<p style="top:559.1pt;left:393.1pt">Salisbury returned to England in 1460 and joined forces with </p>
<p style="top:574.1pt;left:393.1pt">York. He died after Wakefield on the 30th of December—cap-</p>
<p style="top:589.1pt;left:393.1pt">tured and beheaded while trying to escape, Salisbury shared Rich-</p>
<p style="top:604.1pt;left:393.1pt">ard of York’s fate, his head put on a pike alongside his ally’s over </p>
<p style="top:619.1pt;left:393.1pt">the gates of York.</p>
<p style="top:638.9pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">Edmund Plantagenet, 1<sup>st</sup> Earl of Rutland</p>
<p style="top:661.6pt;left:455.5pt">Richard of York and Cecily Neville’s second son, Ed-</p>
<p style="top:676.6pt;left:455.5pt">mund, was born 17<sup>th</sup> May 1443. We know little about </p>
<p style="top:691.6pt;left:455.5pt">his life, probably because he was absent from many </p>
<p style="top:706.6pt;left:455.5pt">of the main events of the Wars of the Roses and died </p>
<p style="top:721.6pt;left:393.1pt">young. Nevertheless, his figure is important as the brother and </p>
<p style="top:736.6pt;left:393.1pt">next in line of succession to the future King Edward IV. </p>
<p style="top:755.4pt;left:393.1pt">During York’s tenure as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, Edmund was </p>
<p style="top:770.4pt;left:393.1pt">appointed Lord Chancellor of Ireland. During the first War, Ed-</p>
<p style="top:785.4pt;left:393.1pt">mund of Rutland was the son most often at Richard of York’s side, </p>
<p style="top:800.4pt;left:393.1pt">while Edward spent more time with the Nevilles.</p>
<p style="top:819.1pt;left:393.1pt">In October 1459, Rutland at the age of 16 stood alongside his </p>
<p style="top:834.1pt;left:393.1pt">father and elder brother at the Battle of Ludford Bridge. Rutland </p>
<p style="top:849.1pt;left:393.1pt">fled with York to Ireland, while the elder son Edward of March </p>
<p style="top:864.1pt;left:393.1pt">went with the Nevilles to Calais.</p>
<p style="top:882.9pt;left:393.1pt">On 2<sup>nd</sup> December 1460, Rutland was among the nobles and troops </p>
<p style="top:897.9pt;left:393.1pt">that his father with Salisbury led out of London to confront the </p>
<p style="top:912.9pt;left:393.1pt">Lancastrians in the North. On 30th December, Rutland fought in </p>
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<p style="top:946.8pt;left:321.9pt;font-size:11.2pt"><i>© 2023 GMT Games, LLC</i></p>
<p style="top:44.0pt;left:272.6pt;font-size:15.7pt" class="hr">Plantagenet Background Book</p>
<p style="top:46.9pt;left:65.8pt;font-size:13.8pt">28</p>
<p style="top:77.9pt;left:44.4pt">the Battle of Wakefield and was killed trying to flee the field—his </p>
<p style="top:92.9pt;left:44.4pt">head placed alongside those of his father York and Salisbury at </p>
<p style="top:107.9pt;left:44.4pt">the gates of York.</p>
<p style="top:127.6pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">William Herbert, 1<sup>st</sup> Earl of Pembroke</p>
<p style="top:150.4pt;left:106.7pt">“Black William” Herbert was born in 1423, son of </p>
<p style="top:165.4pt;left:106.7pt">Welsh nobleman Sir William ap Thomas and Gwlad-</p>
<p style="top:180.4pt;left:106.7pt">ys ferch Dafydd Gam, the daughter of a Welsh war-</p>
<p style="top:195.4pt;left:106.7pt">rior who died at Agincourt. William Herbert too took </p>
<p style="top:210.4pt;left:44.4pt">part in numerous battles in France over the final years of the Hun-</p>
<p style="top:225.4pt;left:44.4pt">dred Years War. He was taken prisoner after the Battle of Formi-</p>
<p style="top:240.4pt;left:44.4pt">gny in 1450, freed, and knighted at Christmas of that year.</p>
<p style="top:259.1pt;left:44.4pt">William ap Thomas up to his death in 1445 had been an ally of </p>
<p style="top:274.1pt;left:44.4pt">Richard of York. The younger Sir William at the outset of the </p>
<p style="top:289.1pt;left:44.4pt">Wars of the Roses held loyal to King Henry VI. But, when the </p>
<p style="top:304.1pt;left:44.4pt">Yorkists returned from Calais in 1460, Black William followed </p>
<p style="top:319.1pt;left:44.4pt">in his father’s footsteps to join the Yorkist cause. He represented </p>
<p style="top:334.1pt;left:44.4pt">Hereford in the Parliament later that year and fought effectively </p>
<p style="top:349.1pt;left:44.4pt">for Edward of March at Mortimer’s Cross.</p>
<p style="top:367.9pt;left:44.4pt">After Edward IV ascended to the throne in 1461, the King reward </p>
<p style="top:382.9pt;left:44.4pt">William Herbert with several key positions within Wales. Impor-</p>
<p style="top:397.9pt;left:44.4pt">tantly, Herbert replaced Jasper Tudor as Earl of Pembroke and </p>
<p style="top:412.9pt;left:44.4pt">became known as Edward IV’s Welsh “master lock”.</p>
<p style="top:431.6pt;left:44.4pt">In the second War, Pembroke led a Royal army of Welshmen on </p>
<p style="top:446.6pt;left:44.4pt">campaign against Warwick. (See also Capabilities Y25 Pembroke </p>
<p style="top:461.6pt;left:44.4pt">and Y30 Captain.) Warwick’s rebels caught and defeated Pem-</p>
<p style="top:476.6pt;left:44.4pt">broke and the Earl of Devon at the Battle of Edgcote on 24<sup>th</sup> July </p>
<p style="top:491.6pt;left:44.4pt">1469, capturing Pembroke there. Warwick several days later exe-</p>
<p style="top:506.6pt;left:44.4pt">cuted him along with Pembroke’s brother Richard.</p>
<p style="top:526.4pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">Humphrey Stafford, 1<sup>st</sup> Earl of Devon</p>
<p style="top:549.1pt;left:106.7pt">Humphrey Stafford was born in 1439 to Catherine </p>
<p style="top:564.1pt;left:106.7pt">Chidiock and William Stafford, belonging to a cadet </p>
<p style="top:579.1pt;left:106.7pt">branch (male descendants of younger sons) of the </p>
<p style="top:594.1pt;left:106.7pt">Earls of Stafford, who later became Dukes of Buck-</p>
<p style="top:609.1pt;left:44.4pt">ingham. (This Humphrey thus was only a distant relative of the </p>
<p style="top:624.1pt;left:44.4pt">Lancastrian lord, Humphrey Stafford, 1<sup>st</sup> Duke of Buckingham.) </p>
<p style="top:639.1pt;left:44.4pt">Through inheritance, he became a dominant magnate in the south-</p>
<p style="top:654.1pt;left:44.4pt">west of England, particularly in Dorset. </p>
<p style="top:672.9pt;left:44.4pt">Humphrey proved a loyal Yorkist, and Edward IV knighted him </p>
<p style="top:687.9pt;left:44.4pt">at Wakefield in 1461. Over the following years, he was appointed </p>
<p style="top:702.9pt;left:44.4pt">steward of the Duchy of Cornwall, constable of Bristol, and keep-</p>
<p style="top:717.9pt;left:44.4pt">er of Dartmoor. He served Edward IV faithfully and succeeded </p>
<p style="top:732.9pt;left:44.4pt">in turning an area that had been strongly Lancastrian into a more </p>
<p style="top:747.9pt;left:44.4pt">favorable region for the Yorkists.</p>
<p style="top:766.6pt;left:44.4pt">In this process, Humphrey progressively took control of the Earl-</p>
<p style="top:781.6pt;left:44.4pt">dom of Devon from its old holders, the Courtenays (who had been </p>
<p style="top:796.6pt;left:44.4pt">Lancastrian supporters). In 1469, Stafford received the title of </p>
<p style="top:811.6pt;left:44.4pt">Earl of Devon, previously being Baron Southwick.</p>
<p style="top:830.4pt;left:44.4pt">But Devon was able to enjoy the Earldom for only three months. </p>
<p style="top:845.4pt;left:44.4pt">That year, he went to help Pembroke quell Warwick’s rebellion </p>
<p style="top:860.4pt;left:44.4pt">and took part in the Battle of Edgcote on 24<sup>th</sup> July. He initially was </p>
<p style="top:875.4pt;left:44.4pt">able to flee but was captured later and executed on 17<sup>th</sup> August. </p>
<p style="top:890.4pt;left:44.4pt">(See also Devon, under Prominent Houses, page 30, and Event </p>
<p style="top:905.4pt;left:44.4pt">Y29 Dorset and Capability Y29 Stafford Branch.)</p>
<p style="top:76.3pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">Henry Percy, 4<sup>th</sup> Earl of Northumberland</p>
<p style="top:99.0pt;left:455.2pt">The staunch Lancastrian Henry Percy, 3<sup>rd</sup> Earl of </p>
<p style="top:114.0pt;left:455.5pt">Northumberland, killed at Towton in 1461, left a son </p>
<p style="top:129.0pt;left:455.5pt">Henry, born 1449 by Eleanor Poynings.</p>
<p style="top:147.8pt;left:455.5pt">After the Yorkist victory in 1461, the younger Henry </p>
<p style="top:162.8pt;left:393.1pt">Percy was imprisoned and even briefly lost his title in favor of </p>
<p style="top:177.8pt;left:393.1pt">John Neville. But Henry finally swore fealty to Edward IV in 1469 </p>
<p style="top:192.8pt;left:393.1pt">and recovered his titles. The restored Earl of Northumberland be-</p>
<p style="top:207.8pt;left:393.1pt">came an important member of the court and held key posts in </p>
<p style="top:222.8pt;left:393.1pt">northern England, such as Warden of the East and Middle March-</p>
<p style="top:237.8pt;left:393.1pt">es, a traditional appointment for members of his family. (See also </p>
<p style="top:252.8pt;left:393.1pt">Capabilities Y27 Percy’s North and Y37 Percy’s North.)</p>
<p style="top:271.5pt;left:393.1pt">In 1485, Northumberland commanded the Yorkist reserve at Bo-</p>
<p style="top:286.5pt;left:393.1pt">sworth, but he failed to commit his forces to the battle—possibly </p>
<p style="top:301.5pt;left:393.1pt">treason in favor of Henry Tudor. After the battle, Northumberland </p>
<p style="top:316.5pt;left:393.1pt">was arrested, but he then swore allegiance to the new King and </p>
<p style="top:331.5pt;left:393.1pt">was allowed to return to his old posts.</p>
<p style="top:350.3pt;left:393.1pt">Northumberland was slain in April 1489 by rioters protesting high </p>
<p style="top:365.3pt;left:393.1pt">taxation in Yorkshire.</p>
<p style="top:388.0pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">Richard Plantagenet, Duke of Gloucester</p>
<p style="top:407.8pt;left:517.8pt">Cecily Neville, Duchess of York, bore </p>
<p style="top:422.8pt;left:517.8pt">Richard of York 12 children. The elev-</p>
<p style="top:437.8pt;left:517.8pt">enth, also named Richard, was born on </p>
<p style="top:452.8pt;left:517.8pt">2<sup>nd</sup> October 1452 at Fotheringhay Castle </p>
<p style="top:467.8pt;left:393.1pt">in Northamptonshire. </p>
<p style="top:486.5pt;left:393.1pt">When his father fell at the Battle of Wakefield in 1460, young </p>
<p style="top:501.5pt;left:393.1pt">Richard was sent into exile in the Low Countries. After Towton in </p>
<p style="top:516.5pt;left:393.1pt">1461, Richard came back to take part of his older brother’s cor-</p>
<p style="top:531.5pt;left:393.1pt">onation as King Edward IV, where Richard was appointed Duke </p>
<p style="top:546.5pt;left:393.1pt">of Gloucester.</p>
<p style="top:565.3pt;left:393.1pt">During Edward IV’s reign, Richard of Gloucester became a trust-</p>
<p style="top:580.3pt;left:393.1pt">ed supporter of his brother the King. He was a key combatant at </p>
<p style="top:595.3pt;left:393.1pt">Barnet and Tewkesbury, leading a wing in each battle. After that, </p>
<p style="top:610.3pt;left:393.1pt">he kept receiving appointments and responsibilities, taking part in </p>
<p style="top:625.3pt;left:393.1pt">an invasion of France in 1474 and leading an English army in an </p>
<p style="top:640.3pt;left:393.1pt">invasion Scotland in 1482.</p>
<p style="top:659.0pt;left:393.1pt">Upon the King’s death in 1483, Gloucester was appointed Lord </p>
<p style="top:674.0pt;left:393.1pt">Protector of the Realm. However, shortly afterward, he had him-</p>
<p style="top:689.0pt;left:393.1pt">self crowned King Richard III, usurping his young nephews Ed-</p>
<p style="top:704.0pt;left:393.1pt">ward and Richard.</p>
<p style="top:722.8pt;left:393.1pt">Richard III’s brief reign was marked by multiple rebellions that </p>
<p style="top:737.8pt;left:393.1pt">he repressed harshly, such as one by the Duke of Buckingham </p>
<p style="top:752.8pt;left:393.1pt">in 1483, and by the threat of a Tudor invasion with the help of a </p>
<p style="top:767.8pt;left:393.1pt">French army.</p>
<p style="top:786.5pt;left:393.1pt">When Henry Tudor’s army finally landed in August 1485, Richard </p>
<p style="top:801.5pt;left:393.1pt">III raised an army and, together with Northumberland and Nor-</p>
<p style="top:816.5pt;left:393.1pt">folk, went to meet the invaders. On 22<sup>nd</sup> August 1485, the two </p>
<p style="top:831.5pt;left:393.1pt">opposing forces met near Bosworth, where Richard met defeat </p>
<p style="top:846.5pt;left:393.1pt">and death as he led a desperate charge to reach Henry and kill him.</p>
<p style="top:865.3pt;left:393.1pt">Richard III is one of the most controversial figures in English his-</p>
<p style="top:880.3pt;left:393.1pt">tory, with as many supporters as detractors. His real personality, </p>
<p style="top:895.3pt;left:393.1pt">the reasons for his actions, and even which actions were really his </p>
<p style="top:910.3pt;left:393.1pt">doing are all still shrouded in mystery.</p>
</div>
<div id="page29" style="background-image:url('playbook/playbook29.jpg');width:765.4pt;height:991.3pt">
<p style="top:947.9pt;left:321.9pt;font-size:11.2pt"><i>© 2023 GMT Games, LLC</i></p>
<p style="top:44.0pt;left:272.6pt;font-size:15.7pt" class="hr">Plantagenet Background Book</p>
<p style="top:46.9pt;left:685.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">29</p>
<p style="top:76.3pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">John Howard, 1<sup>st</sup> Duke of Norfolk</p>
<p style="top:99.0pt;left:106.7pt">John Howard was a descendant of English royalty </p>
<p style="top:114.0pt;left:106.7pt">through both sides of his family, born about 1425 to </p>
<p style="top:129.0pt;left:106.7pt">Sir Robert Howard and Margaret de Mowbray, eldest </p>
<p style="top:144.0pt;left:106.7pt">daughter of Thomas de Mowbray, 1<sup>st</sup> Duke of Nor-</p>
<p style="top:159.0pt;left:44.4pt">folk. (As an added curiosity, John Howard was the great-grandfa-</p>
<p style="top:174.0pt;left:44.4pt">ther of Anne Boleyn and Catherine Howard.)</p>
<p style="top:192.8pt;left:44.4pt">Howard was strongly Yorkist and was knighted by Edward IV at </p>
<p style="top:207.8pt;left:44.4pt">the Battle of Towton on 29<sup>th</sup> March 1461. After that, he started re-</p>
<p style="top:222.8pt;left:44.4pt">ceiving appointments in service of the King, usually as constable </p>
<p style="top:237.8pt;left:44.4pt">or sheriff. In 1468, he was made Treasurer of the Royal House-</p>
<p style="top:252.8pt;left:44.4pt">hold. He bore the royal banner at Edward IV’s funeral in 1483.</p>
<p style="top:271.5pt;left:44.4pt">Later that year, Richard III made John Howard the 1<sup>st</sup> Duke of </p>
<p style="top:286.5pt;left:44.4pt">Norfolk (third creation, the death of John de Mowbray having </p>
<p style="top:301.5pt;left:44.4pt">made extinct the first creation and King Richard invalidating the </p>
<p style="top:316.5pt;left:44.4pt">second). (See also Norfolk, under Prominent Houses, page 30.)</p>
<p style="top:335.3pt;left:44.4pt">Loyal to Richard III, the new Norfolk led the vanguard of the </p>
<p style="top:350.3pt;left:44.4pt">King’s army at Bosworth Field on 22<sup>nd</sup> August 1485. According </p>
<p style="top:365.3pt;left:44.4pt">to the Ballad of Lady Bessy, Sir John Savage slew Norfolk in sin-</p>
<p style="top:380.3pt;left:44.4pt">gle combat. There is an alternative story that Norfolk fell when a </p>
<p style="top:395.3pt;left:44.4pt">Lancastrian arrow struck him in the face.</p>
<p style="top:415.0pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">William Hastings, 1<sup>st</sup> Baron Hastings</p>
<p style="top:437.8pt;left:106.4pt">Born in 1431 to Sir Leonard Hastings and Alice Cam-</p>
<p style="top:452.8pt;left:106.4pt">oys, William Hastings became a close friend and </p>
<p style="top:467.8pt;left:106.4pt">courtier of Edward Plantagenet. </p>
<p style="top:486.5pt;left:106.4pt">Hastings served King Edward IV as Master of the </p>
<p style="top:501.5pt;left:44.4pt">Mint and Lord Chamberlain and helped him during Warwick’s re-</p>
<p style="top:516.5pt;left:44.4pt">bellion and against the Lancastrians after the Readeption of Henry </p>
<p style="top:531.5pt;left:44.4pt">VI, commanding wings at the Battles of Barnet and Tewkesbury </p>
<p style="top:546.5pt;left:44.4pt">in 1471. (See also Capability Y24 Hastings.) </p>
<p style="top:565.3pt;left:44.4pt">Appointed Lieutenant of Calais that year, Hastings’s power and </p>
<p style="top:580.3pt;left:44.4pt">influence continued to grow. By the time of Edward IV’s death in </p>
<p style="top:595.3pt;left:44.4pt">1483, Hastings was one of the most powerful men in England. But </p>
<p style="top:610.3pt;left:44.4pt">in June of that year Richard of Gloucester (soon to be Richard III) </p>
<p style="top:625.3pt;left:44.4pt">executed him under a charge of treason.</p>
<p style="top:651.0pt;left:44.4pt;font-size:17.5pt" class="h3">The Kingmaker</p>
<p style="top:677.3pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">Richard Neville, 16<sup>th</sup> Earl of Warwick</p>
<p style="top:700.0pt;left:169.0pt">Salisbury’s first son, named Richard like </p>
<p style="top:715.0pt;left:169.0pt">his father, was born 22<sup>nd</sup> November 1428 </p>
<p style="top:730.0pt;left:169.0pt">by Alice Montagu. With the younger </p>
<p style="top:745.0pt;left:169.0pt">Richard’s marriage to Anne Beauchamp, </p>
<p style="top:760.0pt;left:44.4pt">he became Earl of Warwick and added access to the Beauchamp </p>
<p style="top:775.0pt;left:44.4pt">and Despenser inheritances to that of Salisbury and Montagu. </p>
<p style="top:790.0pt;left:44.4pt">Richard of Warwick soon became even richer and more influential </p>
<p style="top:805.0pt;left:44.4pt">than his father.</p>
<p style="top:823.8pt;left:44.4pt">When Warwick’s father Salisbury joined York’s rebellion, War-</p>
<p style="top:838.8pt;left:44.4pt">wick went along. It is possible that Warwick was the first to attack </p>
<p style="top:853.8pt;left:44.4pt">at First St Albans, earning him a certain reputation for bravery. </p>
<p style="top:868.8pt;left:44.4pt">His victory over the King’s army at Northampton in 1460, where </p>
<p style="top:883.8pt;left:44.4pt">Henry VI was captured, increased Warwick’s fame.</p>
<p style="top:77.9pt;left:393.1pt">After York and Salisbury died at Wakefield, Warwick faced the </p>
<p style="top:92.9pt;left:393.1pt">Lancastrians at the Second Battle of St Albans. Disastrously de-</p>
<p style="top:107.9pt;left:393.1pt">feated (resulting in Henry VI’s release), Warwick was able to flee </p>
<p style="top:122.9pt;left:393.1pt">and meet up with Edward of March after the latter’s victory at </p>
<p style="top:137.9pt;left:393.1pt">Mortimer’s Cross.</p>
<p style="top:156.6pt;left:393.1pt">Warwick was with Edward, by then King Edward IV, at Towton. </p>
<p style="top:171.6pt;left:393.1pt">With the Lancastrian defeat, Warwick became the second most </p>
<p style="top:186.6pt;left:393.1pt">powerful man in the Kingdom.</p>
<p style="top:205.4pt;left:393.1pt">After some years, Warwick started losing influence over the King, </p>
<p style="top:220.4pt;left:393.1pt">leading him to rebel. He forged an alliance with King Edward’s </p>
<p style="top:235.4pt;left:393.1pt">brother, George of Clarence, through Clarence’s marriage to War-</p>
<p style="top:250.4pt;left:393.1pt">wick’s eldest daughter. In 1469, Warwick captured Edward IV, but </p>
<p style="top:265.4pt;left:393.1pt">had to release him shortly afterward. After the Battle of Losecote </p>
<p style="top:280.4pt;left:393.1pt">in early 1470, Warwick fled to France. He then allied with his old </p>
<p style="top:295.4pt;left:393.1pt">enemies: Margaret d’Anjou and the Lancastrians. </p>
<p style="top:314.1pt;left:393.1pt">Warwick returned to England in September 1470, forcing Edward </p>
<p style="top:329.1pt;left:393.1pt">IV to flee to exile Burgundy. Warwick released Henry VI from </p>
<p style="top:344.1pt;left:393.1pt">the Tower and crowned him again—gaining Richard Neville the </p>
<p style="top:359.1pt;left:393.1pt">nickname “Warwick the Kingmaker”.</p>
<p style="top:377.9pt;left:393.1pt">After Edward IV’s return, the Yorkist King confronted his old </p>
<p style="top:392.9pt;left:393.1pt">friend at Barnet in 1471. Warwick’s army outnumbered Edward’s, </p>
<p style="top:407.9pt;left:393.1pt">but a thick mist worked against the Lancastrians. Warwick lost the </p>
<p style="top:422.9pt;left:393.1pt">battle and was killed while trying to flee.</p>
<p style="top:871.4pt;left:433.2pt;font-size:11.2pt"><i>A Shakespearian depiction of Warwick’s fall at Barnet.</i></p>
</div>
<div id="page30" style="background-image:url('playbook/playbook30.jpg');width:765.4pt;height:991.3pt">
<p style="top:946.8pt;left:321.9pt;font-size:11.2pt"><i>© 2023 GMT Games, LLC</i></p>
<p style="top:44.0pt;left:272.6pt;font-size:15.7pt" class="hr">Plantagenet Background Book</p>
<p style="top:46.9pt;left:65.8pt;font-size:13.8pt">30</p>
<p style="top:79.3pt;left:44.4pt;font-size:17.5pt" class="h3">Prominent Houses</p>
<p style="top:108.5pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">Beaumont</p>
<p style="top:128.3pt;left:106.2pt">William, 2<sup>nd</sup> Viscount Beaumont (1438-1507) was a </p>
<p style="top:143.3pt;left:106.4pt">strong Lancastrian supporter. He fought at Northamp-</p>
<p style="top:158.3pt;left:106.4pt">ton, Towton, and Barnet and survived all, a rare </p>
<p style="top:173.3pt;left:106.4pt">achievement—then joined Henry Tudor to fight again </p>
<p style="top:188.3pt;left:44.4pt">on Bosworth Field.</p>
<p style="top:211.0pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">Bonville</p>
<p style="top:230.8pt;left:105.9pt">The Bonvilles, led by William 1<sup>st</sup> Baron Bonville, were </p>
<p style="top:245.8pt;left:106.4pt">a powerful family of landowners in southwest England. </p>
<p style="top:260.8pt;left:106.4pt">They had a long-standing feud with the Courtenays (see </p>
<p style="top:275.8pt;left:106.4pt">Devon below) and would support whoever would aid </p>
<p style="top:290.8pt;left:44.4pt">them in that conflict. That placed them in the Yorkist camp.</p>
<p style="top:313.5pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">Devon</p>
<p style="top:333.3pt;left:106.2pt">The Courtenay family traditionally held the Earldom </p>
<p style="top:348.3pt;left:106.4pt">of Devon. The Courtenays supported Lancaster, so </p>
<p style="top:363.3pt;left:106.4pt">Edward IV rewarded the Yorkist Humphrey Stafford </p>
<p style="top:378.3pt;left:106.4pt">with the title. (See Yorkist Lord Humphrey Stafford, </p>
<p style="top:393.3pt;left:44.4pt">1<sup>st</sup> Earl of Devon, page 28.) Following Henry VII’s coronation, </p>
<p style="top:408.3pt;left:44.4pt">the Earldom was recreated for the Courtenays.</p>
<p style="top:431.0pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">Dudley</p>
<p style="top:450.8pt;left:106.4pt">John Sutton, 1<sup>st</sup> Baron Dudley (1400-1487), briefly </p>
<p style="top:465.8pt;left:106.4pt">Lieutenant of Ireland, fought in battles of the Hun-</p>
<p style="top:480.8pt;left:106.4pt">dred Years War and the Wars of the Roses. First a </p>
<p style="top:495.8pt;left:106.4pt">Lancastrian and councilor to Henry VI, Dudley </p>
<p style="top:510.8pt;left:44.4pt">switched allegiance to the Yorkists before Towton. His title passed </p>
<p style="top:525.8pt;left:44.4pt">to his grandson, who was elected Knight of the Garter early in </p>
<p style="top:540.8pt;left:44.4pt">Henry VII’s reign.</p>
<p style="top:563.5pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">Essex</p>
<p style="top:583.3pt;left:106.4pt">Henry Bouchier, 1<sup>st</sup> Earl of Essex (1406-1483), </p>
<p style="top:598.3pt;left:106.4pt">fought as a Yorkist at Second St Albans and Towton. </p>
<p style="top:613.3pt;left:106.4pt">His brother Thomas, Lord Chancellor of England </p>
<p style="top:628.3pt;left:106.4pt">(1404-1486), sided with Lancastrian or Yorkist as the </p>
<p style="top:643.3pt;left:44.4pt">winds blew and, as Archbishop, crowned Edward IV, Richard III, </p>
<p style="top:658.3pt;left:44.4pt">and Henry VII.</p>
<p style="top:681.0pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">Fauconberg</p>
<p style="top:700.8pt;left:106.1pt">Warwick’s uncle William Neville, Earl of Kent and by </p>
<p style="top:715.8pt;left:106.4pt">marriage 6<sup>th</sup> Baron Fauconberg, served as a member of </p>
<p style="top:730.8pt;left:106.4pt">York’s council during Henry VI’s second period of in-</p>
<p style="top:745.8pt;left:106.4pt">capacity, fought on the Lancastrian side at First St Al-</p>
<p style="top:760.8pt;left:44.4pt">bans, then commanded the Yorkist vanguard at Towton. After Ed-</p>
<p style="top:775.8pt;left:44.4pt">ward IV’s victory, Fauconberg was appointed Lord Admiral.</p>
<p style="top:798.5pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">Norfolk</p>
<p style="top:818.3pt;left:106.4pt">John de Mowbray and his son, also called John, were </p>
<p style="top:833.3pt;left:106.4pt">the 3<sup>rd</sup> and 4<sup>th</sup> Dukes of Norfolk, respectively. While </p>
<p style="top:848.3pt;left:106.4pt">the father took York’s side and was instrumental in </p>
<p style="top:863.3pt;left:106.4pt">Edward’s victory at Towton, his son was less active </p>
<p style="top:878.3pt;left:44.4pt">in the struggle. After Edward IV’s death in 1483, Richard III cre-</p>
<p style="top:893.3pt;left:44.4pt">ated John Howard the Duke of Norfolk (see Yorkist Lord John </p>
<p style="top:908.3pt;left:44.4pt">Howard, 1<sup>st</sup> Duke of Norfolk, page 29), which is the creation that </p>
<p style="top:923.3pt;left:44.4pt">survives today.</p>
<p style="top:79.3pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">Oxford</p>
<p style="top:99.0pt;left:454.9pt">John de Vere and his son of the same name were the 12<sup>th</sup> </p>
<p style="top:114.0pt;left:455.2pt">and 13<sup>th</sup> Earls of Oxford, respectively. The father, a </p>
<p style="top:129.0pt;left:455.2pt">member of the Duke of York’s council while York was </p>
<p style="top:144.0pt;left:455.2pt">Lord Protector, initially did not take sides but later sided </p>
<p style="top:159.0pt;left:393.1pt">with Margaret d’Anjou. His son was more strongly Lancastrian, </p>
<p style="top:174.0pt;left:393.1pt">fighting alongside Warwick at Barnet and Henry Tudor at Bosworth. </p>
<p style="top:189.0pt;left:393.1pt">(See Lancastrian Lord John de Vere, 13<sup>th</sup> Earl of Oxford, page 25.) </p>
<p style="top:210.5pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">Shrewsbury</p>
<p style="top:230.3pt;left:455.2pt">John Talbot, 2<sup>nd</sup> Earl of Shrewsbury, was killed at the </p>
<p style="top:245.3pt;left:455.2pt">Battle of Northampton. His son, John Talbot, 3<sup>rd</sup> Earl </p>
<p style="top:260.3pt;left:455.2pt">of Shrewsbury, fought alongside the Lancastrians at </p>
<p style="top:275.3pt;left:455.2pt">Towton. But Edward IV then reconciled with Shrews-</p>
<p style="top:290.3pt;left:393.1pt">bury, who held back from supporting Warwick and the Lancastri-</p>
<p style="top:305.3pt;left:393.1pt">ans at Barnet and Tewkesbury.</p>
<p style="top:326.8pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">Stanley</p>
<p style="top:346.5pt;left:454.8pt">The Stanleys dominated the area around Cheshire and </p>
<p style="top:361.5pt;left:455.2pt">Lancashire. They succeeded in surviving the changing </p>
<p style="top:376.5pt;left:455.2pt">factions in power during the Wars of the Roses. They </p>
<p style="top:391.5pt;left:455.2pt">usually waited to see who was going to be the winner </p>
<p style="top:406.5pt;left:393.1pt">before picking a side. Both William and Thomas Stanley were at </p>
<p style="top:421.5pt;left:393.1pt">Bosworth, where they turned on Richard III and sided with Henry </p>
<p style="top:436.5pt;left:393.1pt">Tudor. (See Lancastrian Special Vassal Thomas Stanley, page 26.)</p>
<p style="top:459.3pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">Suffolk</p>
<p style="top:479.0pt;left:454.9pt">William de la Pole was Henry VI’s main councilor </p>
<p style="top:494.0pt;left:455.2pt">and was lynched in 1450. His son John de la Pole, 2<sup>nd</sup> </p>
<p style="top:509.0pt;left:455.2pt">Duke of Suffolk was married to Elizabeth of York, </p>
<p style="top:524.0pt;left:455.2pt">Richard of York’s third daughter. That made Suffolk </p>
<p style="top:539.0pt;left:393.1pt">Edward IV’s and Richard III’s brother-in-law. Nevertheless, Suf-</p>
<p style="top:554.0pt;left:393.1pt">folk generally managed to steer clear of the Wars of the Roses. It </p>
<p style="top:569.0pt;left:393.1pt">seems he was equally distrusted by both sides and received re-</p>
<p style="top:584.0pt;left:393.1pt">wards from either.</p>
<p style="top:606.8pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">Westmorland</p>
<p style="top:626.5pt;left:454.9pt">Warwick’s cousin Ralph Neville, 2<sup>nd</sup> Earl of West-</p>
<p style="top:641.5pt;left:455.2pt">morland, spent most of his life fighting against his </p>
<p style="top:656.5pt;left:455.2pt">own family to secure his inheritance. Westmorland’s </p>
<p style="top:671.5pt;left:455.2pt">brother John Neville, Lord of Raby, fought for the </p>
<p style="top:686.5pt;left:393.1pt">Lancastrians was killed at Towton. Westmorland had an impor-</p>
<p style="top:701.5pt;left:393.1pt">tance inheritance, so the Percys, Warwick, and Richard of </p>
<p style="top:716.5pt;left:393.1pt">Gloucester all tried to control him in one way or another. Howev-</p>
<p style="top:731.5pt;left:393.1pt">er, while Yorkists and Lancastrians each courted Westmorland, he </p>
<p style="top:746.5pt;left:393.1pt">did not involve himself much in the wider issues raised by the </p>
<p style="top:761.5pt;left:393.1pt">Wars of the Roses. Contemporaries thought him mentally unfit </p>
<p style="top:776.5pt;left:393.1pt">and so appointed multiple guardians to take care of him.</p>
<p style="top:799.3pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">Worcester</p>
<p style="top:819.0pt;left:455.0pt">John Tiptoft, 1<sup>st</sup> Earl of Worcester, was known as the </p>
<p style="top:834.0pt;left:455.2pt">“Butcher of England” due to the harsh methods he </p>
<p style="top:849.0pt;left:455.2pt">used to repress the Lancastrians after Edward IV took </p>
<p style="top:864.0pt;left:455.2pt">the throne. He served as Lord High Treasurer, Lord </p>
<p style="top:879.0pt;left:393.1pt">High Constable of England, and Lord Deputy of Ireland. He made </p>
<p style="top:894.0pt;left:393.1pt">an enemy of Oxford, who executed him after Henry VI’s Readep-</p>
<p style="top:909.0pt;left:393.1pt">tion. After John’s death, his minor son Edward became Earl of </p>
<p style="top:924.0pt;left:393.1pt">Worcester but remained under guardianship the rest of his short life.</p>
</div>
<div id="page31" style="background-image:url('playbook/playbook31.jpg');width:765.4pt;height:991.3pt">
<p style="top:947.9pt;left:321.9pt;font-size:11.2pt"><i>© 2023 GMT Games, LLC</i></p>
<p style="top:44.0pt;left:272.6pt;font-size:15.7pt" class="hr">Plantagenet Background Book</p>
<p style="top:46.9pt;left:685.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">31</p>
<p style="top:82.7pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:21.9pt"><span style="color:#ffffff" class="h1">Arts of War – Notes</span></p>
<p style="top:116.0pt;left:44.4pt"><i><span style="color:#626366">This section details each side’s Arts of War Events and Capabil-</span></i></p>
<p style="top:131.0pt;left:44.4pt"><i><span style="color:#626366">ities with their texts, tips on implementing them, and historical </span></i></p>
<p style="top:146.0pt;left:44.4pt"><i><span style="color:#626366">background. The back of this booklet lists the Arts of War decks’ </span></i></p>
<p style="top:161.0pt;left:44.4pt"><i><span style="color:#626366">card titles at a glance.</span></i></p>
<p style="top:189.3pt;left:44.4pt;font-size:17.5pt" class="h2">Yorkist Events</p>
<p style="top:214.5pt;left:44.4pt"><i>(top half of card)</i></p>
<p style="top:236.3pt;left:44.4pt;font-size:15.0pt" class="h3"> All Scenarios*</p>
<p style="top:260.8pt;left:44.4pt"><i>*</i><b><i>NOTE:</i></b><i> The “Wars of the Roses” grand scenario assigns specific </i></p>
<p style="top:275.8pt;left:44.4pt"><i>cards to its sub-scenarios (6.3).</i></p>
<p style="top:301.0pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">Y1. Leeward Battle Line</p>
<p style="top:320.8pt;left:44.4pt"><b><i>Hold: </i></b>Play in Battle to halve all Missile hits (round up) to Friend-</p>
<p style="top:335.8pt;left:44.4pt">ly Lords, unless Enemy Leeward Battle Line </p>
<p style="top:354.5pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Tips. </b>Play this card at the Event step after Battle Array (4.4.1). </p>
<p style="top:369.5pt;left:44.4pt">Halve all Missile Hits taken by the playing side, first adding any </p>
<p style="top:384.5pt;left:44.4pt">from other cards, then cutting to half the total, rounded up. If both </p>
<p style="top:399.5pt;left:44.4pt">sides play this Event, neither card has effect. The Attacker may </p>
<p style="top:414.5pt;left:44.4pt">wait to see whether the Defender plays the Event before deciding </p>
<p style="top:429.5pt;left:44.4pt">whether to play it.</p>
<p style="top:448.3pt;left:44.4pt"><b>History. </b>Armies that could position their archers to shoot with the </p>
<p style="top:463.3pt;left:44.4pt">wind had a huge advantage, as Fauconberg showed at the Battle </p>
<p style="top:478.3pt;left:44.4pt">of Tewkesbury. The Yorkist archers were able to range the Lan-</p>
<p style="top:493.3pt;left:44.4pt">castrians, while the latter’s arrows fell short. Yorkists reportedly </p>
<p style="top:508.3pt;left:44.4pt">were even able to recover some of the enemy’s fallen arrows and </p>
<p style="top:523.3pt;left:44.4pt">shoot them back.</p>
<p style="top:548.5pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">Y2. Flank Attack</p>
<p style="top:568.3pt;left:44.4pt"><b><i>Hold: </i></b>Play to Intercept without rolling and become Attacker in </p>
<p style="top:583.3pt;left:44.4pt">that Battle</p>
<p style="top:602.0pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Tips. </b>The Holding side may play Flank Attack when attempting </p>
<p style="top:617.0pt;left:44.4pt">Intercept by the normal rules (4.3.4, including by a Marshal or </p>
<p style="top:632.0pt;left:44.4pt">Lieutenant). Neither side may play this Event while Event Y12 </p>
<p style="top:647.0pt;left:44.4pt">Parliament’s Truce is in effect. If a side plays Flank Attack, </p>
<p style="top:662.0pt;left:44.4pt">do not roll for Intercept—it succeeds automatically and then oc-</p>
<p style="top:677.0pt;left:44.4pt">curs in the usual way.</p>
<p style="top:695.8pt;left:44.4pt"><b>History.</b> During the Wars of the Roses, most of the fast move-</p>
<p style="top:710.8pt;left:44.4pt">ments of the armies were in the context of trying to reach the bet-</p>
<p style="top:725.8pt;left:44.4pt">ter defensive position before the enemy. As this is a war in which </p>
<p style="top:740.8pt;left:44.4pt">most battles were won by the attacker, this maneuver did not tend </p>
<p style="top:755.8pt;left:44.4pt">to yield the desired results. There are some exceptions though, </p>
<p style="top:770.8pt;left:44.4pt">as at Edgcote, where Warwick’s army was able to intercept and </p>
<p style="top:785.8pt;left:44.4pt">attack a Yorkist one and put it on the defensive.</p>
<p style="top:811.0pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">Y3 & Y9. Escape Ship</p>
<p style="top:830.8pt;left:44.4pt"><b><i>Hold:</i></b> Play upon Death check if Yorkist Route (4.5.1) to Port for </p>
<p style="top:845.8pt;left:44.4pt">any Routed Yorkists to go into Exile instead</p>
<p style="top:864.5pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Tips.</b> Play at the end of a Battle, before rolling for Death (4.4.3), </p>
<p style="top:879.5pt;left:44.4pt">only if the playing side is at or can trace an overland Route to a </p>
<p style="top:894.5pt;left:44.4pt">Friendly Port per Supply rule 4.5.1. The Defender must decide </p>
<p style="top:909.5pt;left:44.4pt">and play any Events relating to Death checks before the Attacking </p>
<p style="top:77.9pt;left:393.1pt">side does. The playing side may select any of its Routed Lords au-</p>
<p style="top:92.9pt;left:393.1pt">tomatically to apply the Exile procedure (4.3.5) instead of the roll. </p>
<p style="top:107.9pt;left:393.1pt">The effect occurs even if a side played Blocked Ford before that </p>
<p style="top:122.9pt;left:393.1pt">Battle. Escape Ship may combine with Capability Y8 England </p>
<p style="top:137.9pt;left:393.1pt">Is My Home to result in regular Disband of the affected Lord.</p>
<p style="top:156.6pt;left:393.1pt"><b>History. </b>Most of the Lords losing a Wars of the Roses battle died. </p>
<p style="top:171.6pt;left:393.1pt">They knew the stakes were high, so some of them had plans for </p>
<p style="top:186.6pt;left:393.1pt">fleeing the field as soon as they saw the tide turn. But they were </p>
<p style="top:201.6pt;left:393.1pt">not able to go back to their own estates immediately. Scared of the </p>
<p style="top:216.6pt;left:393.1pt">more than possible persecution by their enemies, they often fled to </p>
<p style="top:231.6pt;left:393.1pt">a foreign country where they had friends and allies.</p>
<p style="top:256.9pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">Y4. Jack Cade – <i>Rebel leader calls himself a Mortimer</i></p>
<p style="top:276.6pt;left:393.1pt"><b><i>This Levy</i></b> Yorkist Lords in or adjacent to Yorkist Dominated Ar-</p>
<p style="top:291.6pt;left:393.1pt">eas each add 2 free successful Parleys </p>
<p style="top:310.4pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Tips.</b> Upon this turn’s Muster (3.4) by this side, determine which </p>
<p style="top:325.4pt;left:393.1pt">if any Areas this side Dominates (has Favour in all that Area’s </p>
<p style="top:340.4pt;left:393.1pt">Locales, 1.3.1, 4.8.1). All this side’s Lords within those Areas as </p>
<p style="top:355.4pt;left:393.1pt">well as all its Lords in any Locales adjacent (linked by a Way) to </p>
<p style="top:370.4pt;left:393.1pt">a Locale within such an Area must take two Parley Levy actions </p>
<p style="top:385.4pt;left:393.1pt">by the usual rules (3.4.1) except without spending any Influence </p>
<p style="top:400.4pt;left:393.1pt">points or Lordship and succeeding without rolling. The Capability </p>
<p style="top:415.4pt;left:393.1pt">on this card will not be available for Levy this turn, as the player </p>
<p style="top:430.4pt;left:393.1pt">will not discard the card until the end of the Levy phase (3.1.3).</p>
<p style="top:449.1pt;left:393.1pt"><b>History.</b> Jack Cade’s rebellion, probably orchestrated by York </p>
<p style="top:464.1pt;left:393.1pt">(who benefited from it), started in Kent and grew until the rebels </p>
<p style="top:479.1pt;left:393.1pt">captured London. Smaller such rebellions were common, and par-</p>
<p style="top:494.1pt;left:393.1pt">ties made good use of them. The south favored York heavily, and </p>
<p style="top:509.1pt;left:393.1pt">he was able to leverage that into more influence over the kingdom.</p>
<p style="top:534.4pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">Y5. Suspicion <i>always haunts the guilty mind</i></p>
<p style="top:554.1pt;left:393.1pt"><b><i>Hold:</i></b> Play in Battle for participating Yorkist Lord to check Influ-</p>
<p style="top:569.1pt;left:393.1pt">ence. Success Disbands 1 Lancastrian Lord at Battle with lower </p>
<p style="top:584.1pt;left:393.1pt">Influence rating</p>
<p style="top:602.9pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Tips.</b> Play at the Event step after Battle Array (4.4.1). Then choose </p>
<p style="top:617.9pt;left:393.1pt">one Friendly Lord and one Enemy Lord. The Friendly Lord must </p>
<p style="top:632.9pt;left:393.1pt">have a higher Influence rating than the Enemy (1.5.2, including </p>
<p style="top:647.9pt;left:393.1pt">modifications by other cards). The Friendly Lord checks Influ-</p>
<p style="top:662.9pt;left:393.1pt">ence (1.4.2). If the Check is successful, Disband that Enemy Lord </p>
<p style="top:677.9pt;left:393.1pt">(3.2.4). The Disband does not cause any loss of Influence points. </p>
<p style="top:692.9pt;left:393.1pt">The Disbanded Lord will not take part in the Battle—Reposition </p>
<p style="top:707.9pt;left:393.1pt">accordingly in Round 1 (4.4.2).</p>
<p style="top:726.6pt;left:393.1pt"><b>History.</b> Gloucester speaks the Event’s title line in Shakespeare’s </p>
<p style="top:741.6pt;left:393.1pt"><i>Henry VI</i> part III. Treason is one of the main features for which </p>
<p style="top:756.6pt;left:393.1pt">we know the Wars of the Roses. Changing sides was less common </p>
<p style="top:771.6pt;left:393.1pt">than indecisiveness, which this Event represents. The political </p>
<p style="top:786.6pt;left:393.1pt">machinations of certain Lords were enough to make other nobles </p>
<p style="top:801.6pt;left:393.1pt">decline to take part in some battles, as may have happened with </p>
<p style="top:816.6pt;left:393.1pt">the Earl of Northumberland at Bosworth.</p>
</div>
<div id="page32" style="background-image:url('playbook/playbook32.jpg');width:765.4pt;height:991.3pt">
<p style="top:946.8pt;left:321.9pt;font-size:11.2pt"><i>© 2023 GMT Games, LLC</i></p>
<p style="top:44.0pt;left:272.6pt;font-size:15.7pt" class="hr">Plantagenet Background Book</p>
<p style="top:46.9pt;left:65.8pt;font-size:13.8pt">32</p>
<p style="top:80.3pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">Y6. Seamanship</p>
<p style="top:100.0pt;left:44.4pt"><b><i>This Campaign</i></b> Yorkists may Sail for just 1 Command action</p>
<p style="top:118.8pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Tips.</b> With this Event, Friendly Lords may Sail by the usual rules </p>
<p style="top:133.8pt;left:44.4pt">(4.6.1) but spending just one Command action instead of an en-</p>
<p style="top:148.8pt;left:44.4pt">tire Command card to do so. They may combine Sail with other </p>
<p style="top:163.8pt;left:44.4pt">actions on the same card such as March, Tax, Supply, Parley, or </p>
<p style="top:178.8pt;left:44.4pt">more Sailing. The Capability on this card will not be available for </p>
<p style="top:193.8pt;left:44.4pt">Levy this turn, as the player will not discard the card until after </p>
<p style="top:208.8pt;left:44.4pt">this Campaign (3.1.3).</p>
<p style="top:227.5pt;left:44.4pt"><b>History.</b> Multiple armies from foreign countries fought in the </p>
<p style="top:242.5pt;left:44.4pt">Wars of the Roses. Both Yorkists and Lancastrians shipped to and </p>
<p style="top:257.5pt;left:44.4pt">disembarked armies in England. Knowing where and when to dis-</p>
<p style="top:272.5pt;left:44.4pt">embark had huge importance in the future success of a campaign, </p>
<p style="top:287.5pt;left:44.4pt">as when Edward IV sailed from Burgundy to land at Ravenspur or </p>
<p style="top:302.5pt;left:44.4pt">the Nevilles landed at Dover from Calais.</p>
<p style="top:327.8pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">Y7. Yorkists block Parliament</p>
<p style="top:347.5pt;left:44.4pt"><b><i>This Levy</i></b> Lancastrians may not Levy Vassals except by Event</p>
<p style="top:366.3pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Tips.</b> This card blocks the Levy Vassal action for Lancastrians this </p>
<p style="top:381.3pt;left:44.4pt">turn, even from a Capability such as L32 Two Roses and for Spe-</p>
<p style="top:396.3pt;left:44.4pt">cial Vassals such as L35 Thomas Stanley. However, Lancastrian </p>
<p style="top:411.3pt;left:44.4pt">Events that enable Vassal Levy—L7 For trust not him, L35 </p>
<p style="top:426.3pt;left:44.4pt">Margaret Beaufort, and L37 The Earl of Richmond—super-</p>
<p style="top:441.3pt;left:44.4pt">sede Yorkists block Parliament and allow Vassal Levy accord-</p>
<p style="top:456.3pt;left:44.4pt">ingly. This card’s Capability is not available this Turn (3.1.3).</p>
<p style="top:475.0pt;left:44.4pt"><b>History.</b> Yorkists were constantly trying to get a hold on the </p>
<p style="top:490.0pt;left:44.4pt">English Parliament. Even during York’s rebellion, he took great </p>
<p style="top:505.0pt;left:44.4pt">pains to get his fellow nobles’ approval and was very disappoint-</p>
<p style="top:520.0pt;left:44.4pt">ed when the Parliament rebuked him. Nevertheless, the Yorkists </p>
<p style="top:535.0pt;left:44.4pt">were able politicians and multiple times were able to block the </p>
<p style="top:550.0pt;left:44.4pt">nobles from taking any action against them.</p>
<p style="top:575.3pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">Y8. Exile Pact</p>
<p style="top:595.0pt;left:44.4pt"><b><i>This Campaign </i></b>Yorkist Lords may use a Command action to </p>
<p style="top:610.0pt;left:44.4pt">place their cylinder into a Friendly Exile box (at no Influence cost)</p>
<p style="top:628.8pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Tips.</b> This Event during the coming Campaign will allow volun-</p>
<p style="top:643.8pt;left:44.4pt">tary Yorkist Exile without Approach by an enemy. At the cost of </p>
<p style="top:658.8pt;left:44.4pt">one Command action, an Active Yorkist Lord can go directly to a </p>
<p style="top:673.8pt;left:44.4pt">scenario-designated Exile box with no effect on Influence points, </p>
<p style="top:688.8pt;left:44.4pt">Assets, or Vassals.</p>
<p style="top:707.5pt;left:44.4pt"><b>History. </b>Exile was usually the consequence of a lost or averted </p>
<p style="top:722.5pt;left:44.4pt">battle. Nevertheless, in some instances, Lords chose to leave the </p>
<p style="top:737.5pt;left:44.4pt">country to regroup and gather forces, as was the case with Edward </p>
<p style="top:752.5pt;left:44.4pt">IV and his 1470s exile to Burgundy.</p>
<p style="top:777.8pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">Y10. Tax Collectors</p>
<p style="top:797.5pt;left:44.4pt">Each Yorkist Lord may immediately conduct a Tax action to re-</p>
<p style="top:812.5pt;left:44.4pt">ceive twice the usual Coin</p>
<p style="top:831.3pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Tips.</b> Any of these immediate Tax actions are voluntary. Any on-</p>
<p style="top:846.3pt;left:44.4pt">map Yorkist Lords may take the Tax actions regardless of loca-</p>
<p style="top:861.3pt;left:44.4pt">tions, but the action must comply with the usual Tax procedure </p>
<p style="top:876.3pt;left:44.4pt">and consequences (4.6.3)—such as an Influence check and select-</p>
<p style="top:891.3pt;left:44.4pt">ing, tracing to, and Depleting a qualifying Stronghold—except </p>
<p style="top:906.3pt;left:44.4pt">that the Lord obtains double the usual Coin.</p>
<p style="top:77.9pt;left:393.1pt"><b>History.</b> The scarcest resource in the Wars of the Roses was mon-</p>
<p style="top:92.9pt;left:393.1pt">ey. Lords ended up with huge loans to repay at the end of the </p>
<p style="top:107.9pt;left:393.1pt">conflict. Yorkist had a special ability to get the money they needed </p>
<p style="top:122.9pt;left:393.1pt">just in time, as Edward did in 1461 and 1471, when he was able </p>
<p style="top:137.9pt;left:393.1pt">to secure loans to build the army needed for Towton and Barnet/</p>
<p style="top:152.9pt;left:393.1pt">Tewkesbury, respectively.</p>
<p style="top:178.1pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">Y11. Blocked Ford</p>
<p style="top:197.9pt;left:393.1pt"><b><i>Hold:</i></b> Play upon Approach to prevent Exile (all Lords there Bat-</p>
<p style="top:212.9pt;left:393.1pt">tle)</p>
<p style="top:231.6pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Tips.</b> This Event, played at the moment of Approach by either </p>
<p style="top:246.6pt;left:393.1pt">side (including as a result of Intercept, 4.3.4), forbids any Lords </p>
<p style="top:261.6pt;left:393.1pt">there choosing Exile before Battle (4.3.5). Blocked Ford does </p>
<p style="top:276.6pt;left:393.1pt">not affect Escape Ship. When Capability L15 King’s Parley can-</p>
<p style="top:291.6pt;left:393.1pt">cels an Approach, Yorkists may not play Blocked Ford. Lan-</p>
<p style="top:306.6pt;left:393.1pt">castrian play of Blocked Ford prevents use of Capability Y8 </p>
<p style="top:321.6pt;left:393.1pt">England Is My Home.</p>
<p style="top:340.4pt;left:393.1pt"><b>History.</b> Lords going to exile was a common occurrence during </p>
<p style="top:355.4pt;left:393.1pt">the Wars of the Roses. But to be able to flee from a field of battle </p>
<p style="top:370.4pt;left:393.1pt">required having an open route to escape, and there were multiple </p>
<p style="top:385.4pt;left:393.1pt">instances when a Lord was caught in the process, as what proba-</p>
<p style="top:400.4pt;left:393.1pt">bly happened to Warwick at Barnet.</p>
<p style="top:425.6pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">Y12. Parliament’s Truce</p>
<p style="top:445.4pt;left:393.1pt"><b><i>Hold: </i></b>Play to prohibit all Approach and Intercept for the rest of </p>
<p style="top:460.4pt;left:393.1pt">this Campaign</p>
<p style="top:479.1pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Tips.</b> Play this Event at any moment during a Campaign. It for-</p>
<p style="top:494.1pt;left:393.1pt">bids Approach and Intercept for both sides for the remainder of </p>
<p style="top:509.1pt;left:393.1pt">the turn, including by Event Y2/L2 Flank Attack or by Capa-</p>
<p style="top:524.1pt;left:393.1pt">bility L29 High Admiral. Return the card to its deck upon Reset </p>
<p style="top:539.1pt;left:393.1pt">(4.8.6).</p>
<p style="top:557.9pt;left:393.1pt"><b>History.</b> Yorkists used their influence in Parliament to further </p>
<p style="top:572.9pt;left:393.1pt">their agenda, as when York became Lord Protector in 1453 and </p>
<p style="top:587.9pt;left:393.1pt">stopped skirmishes amongst nobles.</p>
<p style="top:613.1pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">Y13. Aspielles – <i>Yorkist spies</i></p>
<p style="top:632.9pt;left:393.1pt"><b><i>Hold:</i></b> Play to inspect all Lancastrian Held cards and 1 Hidden </p>
<p style="top:647.9pt;left:393.1pt">Lancastrian Lord mat (1.5.3)</p>
<p style="top:666.6pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Tips. </b>This Event can be played at any moment, even in the middle </p>
<p style="top:681.6pt;left:393.1pt">of a Battle. If using the Hidden mats option (1.5.3), the side play-</p>
<p style="top:696.6pt;left:393.1pt">ing the Event may select any one Enemy Lord’s mat to inspect.</p>
<p style="top:715.4pt;left:511.4pt"><b>History.</b> Spies and saboteurs were com-</p>
<p style="top:730.4pt;left:511.4pt">mon during the time. As the Wars of the </p>
<p style="top:745.4pt;left:511.4pt">Roses was not a war of conquest, there </p>
<p style="top:760.4pt;left:511.4pt">were sympathizers of both sides in all cit-</p>
<p style="top:775.4pt;left:511.4pt">ies and towns, and information flowed, </p>
<p style="top:790.4pt;left:511.4pt">albeit not fast.</p>
</div>
<div id="page33" style="background-image:url('playbook/playbook33.jpg');width:765.4pt;height:991.3pt">
<p style="top:947.9pt;left:321.9pt;font-size:11.2pt"><i>© 2023 GMT Games, LLC</i></p>
<p style="top:44.0pt;left:272.6pt;font-size:15.7pt" class="hr">Plantagenet Background Book</p>
<p style="top:46.9pt;left:685.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">33</p>
<p style="top:79.3pt;left:44.4pt;font-size:15.0pt" class="h3">Scenarios Ia, Ib, & Ic</p>
<p style="top:107.8pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">Y14. RICHARD OF YORK – Lord Protector</p>
<p style="top:127.5pt;left:44.4pt"><b><i>This Levy</i></b> Yorkist Influence ratings +1 for Parley</p>
<p style="top:146.3pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Tips. </b>The +1 increase to all Yorkist Lords’ Influence ratings (not </p>
<p style="top:161.3pt;left:44.4pt">just York’s) affects Parley Levy actions (3.4.1) only, not Levying </p>
<p style="top:176.3pt;left:44.4pt">Lords, Vassals, or Troops. This card’s Capability is not available </p>
<p style="top:191.3pt;left:44.4pt">this Turn (3.1.3). Discard the card at the end of Levy—it will not </p>
<p style="top:206.3pt;left:44.4pt">affect Parley during the ensuing Campaign (4.6.4).</p>
<p style="top:225.0pt;left:44.4pt"><b>History. </b>Lord Protector was a temporary title given to a lord who </p>
<p style="top:240.0pt;left:44.4pt">sat in the governing council and had the duty to defend and pro-</p>
<p style="top:255.0pt;left:44.4pt">tect the realm, usually while the King was a minor, ill, or absent. </p>
<p style="top:270.0pt;left:44.4pt">Richard of York was Lord Protector three times—from March </p>
<p style="top:285.0pt;left:44.4pt">1454 to January 1455, from November 1455 to February 1456, </p>
<p style="top:300.0pt;left:44.4pt">and again from October 1460 until his death. The first two ap-</p>
<p style="top:315.0pt;left:44.4pt">pointments happened when Henry VI was ill, the last one when </p>
<p style="top:330.0pt;left:44.4pt">Henry was under the custody of York and Warwick.</p>
<p style="top:355.3pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">Y15. London for York</p>
<p style="top:375.0pt;left:44.4pt">If Yorkist Favour at London, add a second Favour there – London </p>
<p style="top:390.0pt;left:44.4pt">changes Favour only by Event or Pillage</p>
<p style="top:408.8pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Tips.</b> If there is a single Yorkist Favour marker at London, put a </p>
<p style="top:423.8pt;left:112.5pt">second Yorkist Favour marker on it. If this Event </p>
<p style="top:438.8pt;left:112.5pt">occurred earlier, and there are already two Yorkist </p>
<p style="top:453.8pt;left:112.5pt">Favour markers at London, London for York has </p>
<p style="top:468.8pt;left:112.5pt">no effect. The double Favour markers mean only </p>
<p style="top:483.8pt;left:44.4pt">that London is immune to Lancastrian Parley actions (3.4.1, 4.6.4) </p>
<p style="top:498.8pt;left:44.4pt">unless enabled or aided by Events such as L17 My crown is in </p>
<p style="top:513.8pt;left:44.4pt">my heart or L18 Parliament Votes. London otherwise Favours </p>
<p style="top:528.8pt;left:44.4pt">Yorkists normally, such as for Tides of War (4.8.1). Pillage (3.2.1) </p>
<p style="top:543.8pt;left:44.4pt">can remove or reverse Favour at London normally, removing both </p>
<p style="top:558.8pt;left:44.4pt">Yorkist markers.</p>
<p style="top:577.5pt;left:44.4pt"><b>History. </b>London tended to favor Yorkists during all the Wars of </p>
<p style="top:592.5pt;left:44.4pt">the Roses. Margaret d’Anjou felt so unloved there that she per-</p>
<p style="top:607.5pt;left:44.4pt">suaded Henry VI to move his court to Coventry. One exception </p>
<p style="top:622.5pt;left:44.4pt">was Warwick’s rebellion against Edward, when London seemed </p>
<p style="top:637.5pt;left:44.4pt">to prefer the Kingmaker.</p>
<p style="top:662.8pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">Y16. The Commons</p>
<p style="top:682.5pt;left:44.4pt"><b><i>This Levy</i></b> each Yorkist Levy Troops action may add up to 2 Mi-</p>
<p style="top:697.5pt;left:44.4pt">litia extra (from pool)</p>
<p style="top:716.3pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Tips.</b> Each time in this turn’s Levy phase that a Yorkist Lord takes </p>
<p style="top:731.3pt;left:44.4pt">the Levy Troops action, he has the option to add two Militia piec-</p>
<p style="top:746.3pt;left:44.4pt">es in addition to any other Troops normally received (like those </p>
<p style="top:761.3pt;left:44.4pt">provided by the Stronghold or any other Event or Capability), so </p>
<p style="top:776.3pt;left:44.4pt">long as Militia pieces remain in the pool (1.6). This card’s Capa-</p>
<p style="top:791.3pt;left:44.4pt">bility is not available this Turn (3.1.3). Discard The Commons at </p>
<p style="top:806.3pt;left:44.4pt">the end of Levy—the Militia remain.</p>
<p style="top:825.0pt;left:44.4pt"><b>History. </b>The common populace was not heavily invested in the </p>
<p style="top:840.0pt;left:44.4pt">Wars of the Roses. Commoners seemed to fare as well under one </p>
<p style="top:855.0pt;left:44.4pt">side as under the other, although there was a tendency to favor </p>
<p style="top:870.0pt;left:44.4pt">Yorkists, probably because Richard of York’s protectorate, re-</p>
<p style="top:885.0pt;left:44.4pt">stored order and lowered taxes (or, at least, did not increase them).</p>
<p style="top:80.3pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">Y17. She-Wolf of France – <i>Queen without dowry</i></p>
<p style="top:100.0pt;left:393.1pt">Shift each Yorkist Vassal’s Calendar marker 1 box right</p>
<p style="top:118.8pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Tips.</b> When this Event occurs, identify which Vassal markers on </p>
<p style="top:133.8pt;left:393.1pt">the Calendar are Yorkist. Shift those Vassal markers each one Cal-</p>
<p style="top:148.8pt;left:393.1pt">endar box to the right (delaying Pay or Disband of each by one </p>
<p style="top:163.8pt;left:393.1pt">turn, 3.2.3). The status of the Lancastrian Lord Margaret does not </p>
<p style="top:178.8pt;left:393.1pt">affect this Event.</p>
<p style="top:197.5pt;left:393.1pt"><b>History. </b>Margaret d’Anjou was unloved since the first day the </p>
<p style="top:212.5pt;left:393.1pt">English new about her marriage to Henry VI. She didn’t bring any </p>
<p style="top:227.5pt;left:393.1pt">dowry (on the contrary, concessions were made to France), was </p>
<p style="top:242.5pt;left:393.1pt">French and had a strong character that made her very different </p>
<p style="top:257.5pt;left:393.1pt">from Catherine, the mother of Henry and wife of Henry V whom </p>
<p style="top:272.5pt;left:393.1pt">people deeply loved.</p>
<p style="top:297.8pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">Y18. Succession – <i>Richard declared Henry’s heir</i></p>
<p style="top:317.5pt;left:393.1pt"><b><i>This Levy </i></b>1 Parley action by each Yorkist Lord costs less by –1 </p>
<p style="top:332.5pt;left:393.1pt">Influence point and automatically succeeds</p>
<p style="top:351.3pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Tips.</b> Each Yorkist Parley action during this turn’s Levy phase </p>
<p style="top:366.3pt;left:393.1pt">(only) costs one Influence point less total, to a minimum of zero </p>
<p style="top:381.3pt;left:393.1pt">and always succeed rather than rolling. Succession does not af-</p>
<p style="top:396.3pt;left:393.1pt">fect the cost of any Parley Levy actions that other cards already </p>
<p style="top:411.3pt;left:393.1pt">reduce to zero Lordship cost or “free”. This card’s Capability is </p>
<p style="top:426.3pt;left:393.1pt">not available this Turn (3.1.3).</p>
<p style="top:445.0pt;left:393.1pt"><b>History.</b> Richard of York sought to use his influence to become the </p>
<p style="top:460.0pt;left:393.1pt">heir to a childless Henry VI in 1451 to 1452. He nearly achieved </p>
<p style="top:475.0pt;left:393.1pt">it then. Finally, in 1460, the Parliament passed the Act of Accord, </p>
<p style="top:490.0pt;left:393.1pt">which recognized York and his heirs as Henry VI’s successors.</p>
<p style="top:515.3pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">Y19. Caltrops</p>
<p style="top:535.0pt;left:393.1pt"><b><i>Hold:</i></b> Play in Battle to add +2 Melee Hits against the Enemy each </p>
<p style="top:550.0pt;left:393.1pt">Round</p>
<p style="top:568.8pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Tips.</b> Play after Battle Array (4.4.1). Each Melee step of each </p>
<p style="top:583.8pt;left:393.1pt">Round, Caltrops causes two extra Hits against the Lancastrians. </p>
<p style="top:598.8pt;left:393.1pt">The Yorkist player distributes the two added Hits among Engage-</p>
<p style="top:613.8pt;left:393.1pt">ments, the Lancastrians among Lords and Forces within an En-</p>
<p style="top:628.8pt;left:393.1pt">gagement.</p>
<p style="top:647.5pt;left:393.1pt"><b>History.</b> Although the use of caltrops in some battles is more than </p>
<p style="top:662.5pt;left:393.1pt">probable, the one where it was recorded is Second Saint Albans. </p>
<p style="top:677.5pt;left:393.1pt">Warwick prepared a very well defended position, although his </p>
<p style="top:692.5pt;left:393.1pt">strategy was thwarted when the Lancastrians came from an un-</p>
<p style="top:707.5pt;left:393.1pt">expected side. Nevertheless, caltrops had a substantial effect on </p>
<p style="top:722.5pt;left:393.1pt">the enemy army.</p>
<p style="top:747.8pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">Y20. Yorkist Parade</p>
<p style="top:767.5pt;left:393.1pt"><b><i>Hold:</i></b> Play if London Friendly and York or Warwick there. <b><i>This </i></b></p>
<p style="top:782.5pt;left:393.1pt"><b><i>Levy</i></b> Yorkist Influence ratings +2</p>
<p style="top:801.3pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Lords.</b> York and Warwick.</p>
<p style="top:820.0pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Tips.</b> Play the Event at any time that London Favours the York-</p>
<p style="top:835.0pt;left:393.1pt">ists. If played during Campaign, the card stays played and the </p>
<p style="top:850.0pt;left:393.1pt">Event takes effect only during the following turn’s Levy; the </p>
<p style="top:865.0pt;left:393.1pt">card’s Capability will not be available until thereafter (3.1.3). This </p>
<p style="top:880.0pt;left:393.1pt">Event increases all Yorkist Influence ratings by two for all purpos-</p>
<p style="top:895.0pt;left:393.1pt">es during that Levy phase. It does not affect Tides of War “Gain </p>
<p style="top:910.0pt;left:393.1pt">Lords Influence” (4.8.1). </p>
</div>
<div id="page34" style="background-image:url('playbook/playbook34.jpg');width:765.4pt;height:991.3pt">
<p style="top:946.8pt;left:321.9pt;font-size:11.2pt"><i>© 2023 GMT Games, LLC</i></p>
<p style="top:44.0pt;left:272.6pt;font-size:15.7pt" class="hr">Plantagenet Background Book</p>
<p style="top:46.9pt;left:65.8pt;font-size:13.8pt">34</p>
<p style="top:77.7pt;left:44.4pt"><b>History. </b>London was the biggest, richest, and most influential city </p>
<p style="top:92.7pt;left:44.4pt">in England. Yorkists took the most advantage of this as leverage to </p>
<p style="top:107.7pt;left:44.4pt">project their power across the rest of the kingdom.</p>
<p style="top:132.9pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">Y21. Sir Richard Leigh – <i>Yorkist Mayor of London</i></p>
<p style="top:152.7pt;left:44.4pt">Remove Lancastrian Favour from London or, if neutral, place </p>
<p style="top:167.7pt;left:44.4pt">Yorkist Favour there</p>
<p style="top:186.4pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Tips.</b> This Event occurs even if there is a Lancastrian Lord pres-</p>
<p style="top:201.4pt;left:44.4pt">ent in London.</p>
<p style="top:220.2pt;left:44.4pt"><b>History.</b> Sir Richard was a member of the Grocers’ Company, at </p>
<p style="top:235.2pt;left:44.4pt">the time the most important of the 12 Guilds and trade associa-</p>
<p style="top:250.2pt;left:44.4pt">tions that guided London. He served as Sheriff of London 1452-</p>
<p style="top:265.2pt;left:44.4pt">1453 and Mayor 1460-1461 and 1469-1470. He favored the York-</p>
<p style="top:280.2pt;left:44.4pt">ists at the start of the two more decisive periods of the first half </p>
<p style="top:295.2pt;left:44.4pt">of the war.</p>
<p style="top:320.4pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">Y22. Loyalty and Trust</p>
<p style="top:340.2pt;left:44.4pt"><b><i>This Levy</i></b> any 1 Yorkist Lord has Lordship +3</p>
<p style="top:358.9pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Tips.</b> Select any one Yorkist Lord for the increased Lordship rat-</p>
<p style="top:373.9pt;left:44.4pt">ing. The +3 is in addition to any other Event or Capability that </p>
<p style="top:388.9pt;left:44.4pt">could modify this rating. This card’s Capability is not available </p>
<p style="top:403.9pt;left:44.4pt">this Turn (3.1.3).</p>
<p style="top:422.7pt;left:44.4pt"><b>History.</b> Followers look to their lords for good lordship—taking </p>
<p style="top:437.7pt;left:44.4pt">care of their needs and helping them in their quarrels. In turn, </p>
<p style="top:452.7pt;left:44.4pt">followers rewarded lords with loyalty and trust (that then went </p>
<p style="top:467.7pt;left:44.4pt">both ways).</p>
<p style="top:489.4pt;left:44.4pt;font-size:15.0pt" class="h3">Scenario II</p>
<p style="top:517.9pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">Y23. Charles The Bold – <i>Edward IV’s brother-in-law</i></p>
<p style="top:537.7pt;left:44.4pt">Add 1 Coin and 1 Provender to each Yorkist Lord on map </p>
<p style="top:556.4pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Tips.</b> All Yorkist Lords on map—those in Exile boxes but not the </p>
<p style="top:571.4pt;left:44.4pt">ones on the Calendar—each receive the Assets.</p>
<p style="top:590.2pt;left:44.4pt"><b>History.</b> Charles the Bold was the Duke of Burgundy from 1467 </p>
<p style="top:605.2pt;left:44.4pt">to 1477 and a strong ally to the Yorkists, as he was married to </p>
<p style="top:620.2pt;left:44.4pt">Margaret, the sister of Edward IV. He (or maybe she) was one of </p>
<p style="top:635.2pt;left:44.4pt">the main sources of foreign help to Edward, as apparent during his </p>
<p style="top:650.2pt;left:44.4pt">exile to Burgundy in 1470.</p>
<p style="top:675.4pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">Y24. Sun in Splendour</p>
<p style="top:695.2pt;left:44.4pt"><b><i>Hold:</i></b> Play in Levy if Edward IV on Calendar (even as Exile) to </p>
<p style="top:710.2pt;left:44.4pt">Muster him at any Friendly Locale free of Enemy Lords</p>
<p style="top:728.9pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Lord.</b> Edward IV.</p>
<p style="top:747.7pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Tips.</b> Play at any moment of a Levy phase (including immediately </p>
<p style="top:762.7pt;left:44.4pt">after drawing the Event card) that Edward IV’s cylinder is any-</p>
<p style="top:777.7pt;left:44.4pt">where on the Calendar. Automatically Muster him per the usual </p>
<p style="top:792.7pt;left:44.4pt">rules (3.4.2) but at any Friendly Locale of the Yorkist player’s </p>
<p style="top:807.7pt;left:44.4pt">choosing where no Lancastrian Lord, either a Stronghold with </p>
<p style="top:822.7pt;left:44.4pt">Yorkist Favour or a scenario-designated Yorkist Exile box. If </p>
<p style="top:837.7pt;left:44.4pt">Mustered ahead of the Muster segment (3.4), he will be able to </p>
<p style="top:852.7pt;left:44.4pt">take part in it with his Lordship. Discard this card at the moment </p>
<p style="top:867.7pt;left:44.4pt">played—the Capability on it is immediately available for Levy </p>
<p style="top:882.7pt;left:44.4pt">(3.4.6). </p>
<p style="top:901.4pt;left:44.4pt"><b>History.</b> Edward’s banners showed the Sun in Splendor, a sym-</p>
<p style="top:916.4pt;left:44.4pt">bol he had chosen after the parhelion (solar optical phenomenon) </p>
<p style="top:77.9pt;left:393.1pt">seen before the Battle of Mortimer’s Cross in 1461. Edward went </p>
<p style="top:92.9pt;left:393.1pt">into exile in 1470, but he soon saw that as a mistake. His support </p>
<p style="top:107.9pt;left:393.1pt">in England was stronger than he thought, so he rushed back and </p>
<p style="top:122.9pt;left:393.1pt">disembarked at Ravenspur. </p>
<p style="top:148.1pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">Y25. Owain Glyndŵr – <i>Welsh hold rebel in memory</i></p>
<p style="top:167.9pt;left:393.1pt"><b><i>This Campaign</i></b> no Lancastrian March or Sail to any Strongholds </p>
<p style="top:182.9pt;left:393.1pt">in Wales</p>
<p style="top:201.6pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Tips.</b> This card takes precedence over any other Event or Capa-</p>
<p style="top:216.6pt;left:393.1pt">bility enabling March or Sail. It forbids March or Sail into any </p>
<p style="top:231.6pt;left:393.1pt">Stronghold in Wales even for Lancastrian Lords already inside </p>
<p style="top:246.6pt;left:393.1pt">Wales. This card’s Capability is not available this Turn (3.1.3).</p>
<p style="top:265.4pt;left:393.1pt"><b>History.</b> Wales was in a constant struggle to be free from English </p>
<p style="top:280.4pt;left:393.1pt">rule. Owain was probably the last great rebel. He led the Welsh </p>
<p style="top:295.4pt;left:393.1pt">people on a war with England that lasted from around 1400 to </p>
<p style="top:310.4pt;left:393.1pt">1409, having its high point between 1403 and 1406.</p>
<p style="top:335.6pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">Y26. Dubious Clarence – <i>The weakest brother</i></p>
<p style="top:355.4pt;left:393.1pt">If Edward IV on map, he may check Influence to Disband Clar-</p>
<p style="top:370.4pt;left:393.1pt">ence</p>
<p style="top:389.1pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Lords.</b> Edward IV and Clarence.</p>
<p style="top:407.9pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Tips. </b>This Event has effect if both Edward IV and Clarence cylin-</p>
<p style="top:422.9pt;left:393.1pt">ders are at any Strongholds or Exile boxes. The Influence Check is </p>
<p style="top:437.9pt;left:393.1pt">at the option of the Yorkist player. If successful, Disband Clarence </p>
<p style="top:452.9pt;left:393.1pt">per 3.2.4 (no Influence point penalty).</p>
<p style="top:471.6pt;left:393.1pt"><b>History. </b>The brothers Edward became Edward IV, Richard be-</p>
<p style="top:486.6pt;left:393.1pt">came Richard III, and Edmund died at Wakefield. The only broth-</p>
<p style="top:501.6pt;left:393.1pt">er who did not show any martial talents or good lordship was </p>
<p style="top:516.6pt;left:393.1pt">Clarence. With a weak personality, he easily fell prey to War-</p>
<p style="top:531.6pt;left:393.1pt">wick’s influence to rebel and then to Edward’s to come back to </p>
<p style="top:546.6pt;left:393.1pt">the flock.</p>
<p style="top:571.9pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">Y27. Yorkist North</p>
<p style="top:591.6pt;left:393.1pt">Gain 1 Influence point for each Yorkist Stronghold and each York-</p>
<p style="top:606.6pt;left:393.1pt">ist Lord in the North</p>
<p style="top:625.4pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Tips.</b> Immediately add one Yorkist Influence Point for each </p>
<p style="top:640.4pt;left:393.1pt">Stronghold in the North Area (1.3.1) with Yorkist Favour plus an-</p>
<p style="top:655.4pt;left:393.1pt">other one for each Yorkist Lord in a Stronghold within the North. </p>
<p style="top:670.4pt;left:393.1pt">Even if the Influence total then exceeds the Victory Threshold </p>
<p style="top:685.4pt;left:393.1pt">(5.2), play continues because the Victory Check happens at the </p>
<p style="top:700.4pt;left:393.1pt">end of the Campaign phase.</p>
<p style="top:719.1pt;left:393.1pt"><b>History.</b> The North became a critical area for the Yorkists when </p>
<p style="top:734.1pt;left:393.1pt">they got the support of the Percys during Warwick’s rebellion and, </p>
<p style="top:749.1pt;left:393.1pt">later, when they had the Lancastrians exiled to Scotland. Lots of </p>
<p style="top:764.1pt;left:393.1pt">the Yorkists’ defensive efforts centered on the North.</p>
<p style="top:789.4pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">Y28. Gloucester as Heir</p>
<p style="top:809.1pt;left:393.1pt"><b><i>This Levy</i></b> Gloucester may Parley +3 times for 0 Lordship</p>
<p style="top:827.9pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Lord.</b> Gloucester or Richard III.</p>
<p style="top:846.6pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Tips.</b> At the Yorkist player’s option, Gloucester (or Richard III in </p>
<p style="top:861.6pt;left:393.1pt">the full-length scenario) if on map at the outset of Muster (3.4) </p>
<p style="top:876.6pt;left:393.1pt">takes up to three Parley actions that do not spend Lordship (in </p>
<p style="top:891.6pt;left:393.1pt">addition to any that he may take with his Lordship). The add-</p>
<p style="top:906.6pt;left:393.1pt">ed Parley Levy actions otherwise follow the usual rules (3.4.1), </p>
</div>
<div id="page35" style="background-image:url('playbook/playbook35.jpg');width:765.4pt;height:991.3pt">
<p style="top:947.9pt;left:321.9pt;font-size:11.2pt"><i>© 2023 GMT Games, LLC</i></p>
<p style="top:44.0pt;left:272.6pt;font-size:15.7pt" class="hr">Plantagenet Background Book</p>
<p style="top:46.9pt;left:685.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">35</p>
<p style="top:77.9pt;left:44.4pt">including Influence cost and rolls. This card’s Capability is not </p>
<p style="top:92.9pt;left:44.4pt">available this Turn (3.1.3).</p>
<p style="top:111.6pt;left:44.4pt"><b>History.</b> Until the birth of Edward, son of Edward IV, Gloucester </p>
<p style="top:126.6pt;left:44.4pt">could be considered his brother’s heir. As such, his influence over </p>
<p style="top:141.6pt;left:44.4pt">the rest of the nobles was stronger.</p>
<p style="top:166.9pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">Y29. Dorset – <i>The Staffords’ lesser branch</i></p>
<p style="top:186.6pt;left:44.4pt"><b><i>This Campaign</i></b> Devon at Exeter Parleys for no Influence cost and </p>
<p style="top:201.6pt;left:44.4pt">automatic success</p>
<p style="top:220.4pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Lord.</b> Devon.</p>
<p style="top:239.1pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Tips.</b> The Event does not affect Parley during the Levy phase </p>
<p style="top:254.1pt;left:44.4pt">(3.4.1) and only affects Devon’s Campaign Parley actions once </p>
<p style="top:269.1pt;left:44.4pt">he is at the City of Exeter. His Parley Commands from there cost </p>
<p style="top:284.1pt;left:44.4pt">no Influence points and all succeed without rolling but otherwise </p>
<p style="top:299.1pt;left:44.4pt">follow the usual rules (4.6.4) such as costing Command actions </p>
<p style="top:314.1pt;left:44.4pt">and remaining limited to Exeter and adjacent Strongholds Wells, </p>
<p style="top:329.1pt;left:44.4pt">Dorchester, Launceston, and Plymouth, extended to other Ports </p>
<p style="top:344.1pt;left:44.4pt">on the English Channel if Stafford has or Shares a Ship. This </p>
<p style="top:359.1pt;left:44.4pt">card’s Capability is not available this Turn (3.1.3).</p>
<p style="top:377.9pt;left:44.4pt"><b>History.</b> Humphrey Stafford, Earl of Devon, had a strong influ-</p>
<p style="top:392.9pt;left:44.4pt">ence over Dorset and the southwest. He was a loyal ally to Edward </p>
<p style="top:407.9pt;left:44.4pt">and was appointed Steward to the Duchy of Cornwall as well.</p>
<p style="top:433.1pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">Y30. Regroup</p>
<p style="top:452.9pt;left:44.4pt"><b><i>Hold:</i></b> Play in Battle for a Lord once to roll each of his Routed </p>
<p style="top:467.9pt;left:44.4pt">Troops’ (modified) Protection for them to recover</p>
<p style="top:486.6pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Tips.</b> If the Yorkists play this card after Battle Array (4.4.1), they </p>
<p style="top:501.6pt;left:44.4pt">may at any one moment of the Battle choose a Lord. All that’s </p>
<p style="top:516.6pt;left:44.4pt">Lord’s Routed Troops—wooden unit pieces, not Retinue or Vas-</p>
<p style="top:531.6pt;left:44.4pt">sals—roll for Protection. If successful, immediately slide them up </p>
<p style="top:546.6pt;left:44.4pt">out of the Routed section of their mat—they are no longer Routed </p>
<p style="top:561.6pt;left:44.4pt">(but can Rout again normally). If failed, there is no effect, they </p>
<p style="top:576.6pt;left:44.4pt">remain Routed.</p>
<p style="top:595.4pt;left:44.4pt"><b>History.</b> Some leaders were able to rally their troops and bring </p>
<p style="top:610.4pt;left:44.4pt">them again to the front line of the battle. As Warwick showed at </p>
<p style="top:625.4pt;left:44.4pt">Second Saint Albans and Barnet, it was not easy. But, as Edward </p>
<p style="top:640.4pt;left:44.4pt">showed in Towton, it was possible.</p>
<p style="top:665.6pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">Y31. Earl Rivers – <i>Woodville family head</i></p>
<p style="top:685.4pt;left:44.4pt">Add up to 2 Militia to each Yorkist Lord on map</p>
<p style="top:704.1pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Tips. </b>Adding Militia is optional and may include Yorkist Lords in </p>
<p style="top:719.1pt;left:44.4pt">Exile boxes (but not any on the Calendar). Added Militia may not </p>
<p style="top:734.1pt;left:44.4pt">go beyond those available in the pool (1.6).</p>
<p style="top:752.9pt;left:44.4pt"><b>History.</b> Richard Woodville was the head of the Woodville fam-</p>
<p style="top:767.9pt;left:44.4pt">ily. He served as Lieutenant of Calais and Warden of the Cinque </p>
<p style="top:782.9pt;left:44.4pt">Ports. Initially a Lancastrian, he became the most solid support-</p>
<p style="top:797.9pt;left:44.4pt">er of Edward IV when his daughter Elizabeth Woodville married </p>
<p style="top:812.9pt;left:44.4pt">Edward. He was appointed Earl Rivers less than two years later. </p>
<p style="top:827.9pt;left:44.4pt">As Lord Treasurer and Constable of England, Richard was able to </p>
<p style="top:842.9pt;left:44.4pt">quickly raise troops in almost any place.</p>
<p style="top:79.3pt;left:393.1pt;font-size:15.0pt" class="h3">Scenarios III & III(B)</p>
<p style="top:107.8pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">Y32. The King’s Name <i>is a tower of strength</i></p>
<p style="top:127.5pt;left:393.1pt"><b><i>This Levy</i></b> Gloucester (not Richard III) may cancel each success-</p>
<p style="top:142.5pt;left:393.1pt">ful Lancastrian Levy action by paying 1 Influence point</p>
<p style="top:161.3pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Lord.</b> Gloucester.</p>
<p style="top:180.0pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Tips.</b> This turn, after any successful Lancastrian Levy Action </p>
<p style="top:195.0pt;left:393.1pt">(3.4.1-3.4.6)—Parley by Levy action, Levy Lord, Levy Troops, </p>
<p style="top:210.0pt;left:393.1pt">Levy Vassal, Levy Transport, or Levy Capability—the Yorkist </p>
<p style="top:225.0pt;left:393.1pt">player may opt to pay one Influence point to cancel the result </p>
<p style="top:240.0pt;left:393.1pt">of the action. Any Influence point cost that the Lancastrians in-</p>
<p style="top:255.0pt;left:393.1pt">curred during the action remains, but any Depletion or Exhausted </p>
<p style="top:270.0pt;left:393.1pt">incurred is reversed. This card’s Capability is not available this </p>
<p style="top:285.0pt;left:393.1pt">Turn (3.1.3).</p>
<p style="top:303.8pt;left:393.1pt"><b>History.</b> Richard III speaks the Event’s title line in Shakespeare’s </p>
<p style="top:318.8pt;left:393.1pt"><i>Richard III</i>. The influence of Richard when he was Lord Protector </p>
<p style="top:333.8pt;left:393.1pt">and the English nobility had yet to fear him was far reaching. The </p>
<p style="top:348.8pt;left:393.1pt">legitimacy of Edward VI was without doubt, and a Lancastrian </p>
<p style="top:363.8pt;left:393.1pt">rebellion would not have an easy time taking hold.</p>
<p style="top:389.0pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">Y33. Edward V</p>
<p style="top:408.8pt;left:393.1pt"><b><i>This Levy </i></b>Gloucester (not Richard III) has +3 Lordship</p>
<p style="top:427.5pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Lord.</b> Gloucester.</p>
<p style="top:446.3pt;left:393.1pt">Tips. The +3 Lordship is in addition to any other Event or Capa-</p>
<p style="top:461.3pt;left:393.1pt">bility that could modify this rating. This card’s Capability is not </p>
<p style="top:476.3pt;left:393.1pt">available this Turn (3.1.3).</p>
<p style="top:495.0pt;left:393.1pt"><b>History.</b> Richard as Duke of Gloucester and Lord Protector was </p>
<p style="top:510.0pt;left:393.1pt">the most powerful man of the Kingdom. His nephew Edward V, </p>
<p style="top:525.0pt;left:393.1pt">who at the time was 12 years old, was still years away from being </p>
<p style="top:540.0pt;left:393.1pt">able to wrest away any power from him.</p>
<p style="top:565.3pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">Y34. An honest tale speeds best <i>being plainly told</i></p>
<p style="top:585.0pt;left:393.1pt">Through end of <b><i>this Campaign</i></b> (including in Levy), each Lancas-</p>
<p style="top:600.0pt;left:393.1pt">trian Parley costs +1 extra Influence Point</p>
<p style="top:618.8pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Tips.</b> From the moment this Event occurs until the end of the turn, </p>
<p style="top:633.8pt;left:393.1pt">each Lancastrian Parley action costs one more Influence point </p>
<p style="top:648.8pt;left:393.1pt">than it otherwise would. That means that even actions that would </p>
<p style="top:663.8pt;left:393.1pt">have cost zero Influence, such as a Parley Command targeting the </p>
<p style="top:678.8pt;left:393.1pt">same Stronghold as the Lord (3.6.4) or Parley using Events such </p>
<p style="top:693.8pt;left:393.1pt">as L17 My crown is in my heart, now cost one Influence Point. </p>
<p style="top:708.8pt;left:393.1pt">This card’s Capability is not available this Turn (3.1.3).</p>
<p style="top:727.5pt;left:393.1pt"><b>History.</b> Queen Elizabeth speaks the Event’s title line in Shake-</p>
<p style="top:742.5pt;left:393.1pt">speare’s <i>Richard III</i>. The last phase of the Wars of the Roses saw </p>
<p style="top:757.5pt;left:393.1pt">an amount of propaganda dwarfed only by that of Henry VIII’s </p>
<p style="top:772.5pt;left:393.1pt">period. Richard, having learned from Warwick, was a master in </p>
<p style="top:787.5pt;left:393.1pt">that field.</p>
<p style="top:812.8pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">Y35. Privy Council</p>
<p style="top:832.5pt;left:393.1pt"><b><i>This Levy</i></b> all Yorkist Influence ratings +1</p>
<p style="top:851.3pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Tips.</b> Increase all Yorkist Lords’ Influence ratings by one from the </p>
<p style="top:866.3pt;left:393.1pt">moment this Event occurs until the end of the current Levy phase. </p>
<p style="top:881.3pt;left:393.1pt">This card’s Capability is not available this Turn (3.1.3).</p>
</div>
<div id="page36" style="background-image:url('playbook/playbook36.jpg');width:765.4pt;height:991.3pt">
<p style="top:946.8pt;left:321.9pt;font-size:11.2pt"><i>© 2023 GMT Games, LLC</i></p>
<p style="top:44.0pt;left:272.6pt;font-size:15.7pt" class="hr">Plantagenet Background Book</p>
<p style="top:46.9pt;left:65.8pt;font-size:13.8pt">36</p>
<p style="top:77.9pt;left:44.4pt"><b>History.</b> The nobles that surrounded Richard gathered a lot of </p>
<p style="top:92.9pt;left:44.4pt">power. They filled the void left by great figures as the Duke of </p>
<p style="top:107.9pt;left:44.4pt">Buckingham, who was executed after his rebellion in 1483.</p>
<p style="top:133.1pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">Y36. Swift Maneuver</p>
<p style="top:152.9pt;left:44.4pt"><b><i>Hold:</i></b> Play in Battle. Whenever a Lancastrian Retinue Routs, if </p>
<p style="top:167.9pt;left:44.4pt">desired, immediately end the Round</p>
<p style="top:186.6pt;left:106.2pt"><b>Tips.</b> If the Yorkists play this card after Battle Array </p>
<p style="top:201.6pt;left:106.4pt">(4.4.1), they may end any Rounds of the Battle at the </p>
<p style="top:216.6pt;left:106.4pt">moment that any Lancastrian Retinue (not Vassal or </p>
<p style="top:231.6pt;left:106.4pt">Troops unit) Routs and go directly to Lord Rout step </p>
<p style="top:246.6pt;left:44.4pt">(4.4.2). The interruption of the usual sequence can skip remining </p>
<p style="top:261.6pt;left:44.4pt">Hits, skip more Engagements, and so on.</p>
<p style="top:280.4pt;left:44.4pt"><b>History.</b> Richard III may be loved or hated. But it is difficult to ar-</p>
<p style="top:295.4pt;left:44.4pt">gue against his bravery. His behavior in Scotland, in naval battles, </p>
<p style="top:310.4pt;left:44.4pt">at Barnet and Tekewsbury, and in his final charge at Bosworth </p>
<p style="top:325.4pt;left:44.4pt">show as much. Bosworth, if successful, would have changed the </p>
<p style="top:340.4pt;left:44.4pt">outcome of the battle.</p>
<p style="top:365.9pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.4pt">Y37. Patrick de la Mote – <i>Chief Cannoneer, Master Founder</i></p>
<p style="top:385.4pt;left:44.4pt"><b><i>Hold:</i></b> Play in Battle for Yorkist Culverins and Falconets to add </p>
<p style="top:400.4pt;left:44.4pt">2 dice of Hits (not just 1 die)</p>
<p style="top:419.1pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Tips.</b> Play after Battle Array (4.4.1). Capability cards Y1 and Y2 </p>
<p style="top:434.1pt;left:44.4pt">Culverins and Falconets in that Battle add two extra dice of </p>
<p style="top:449.1pt;left:44.4pt">Missile Hits on the first Round instead of just one die.</p>
<p style="top:467.9pt;left:44.4pt"><b>History. </b>Richard III was very interested in the use of cannon and </p>
<p style="top:482.9pt;left:44.4pt">other gunpowder weapons on the fields of Battle. He hired experts </p>
<p style="top:497.9pt;left:44.4pt">from the Continent and used a considerable part of his funds to set </p>
<p style="top:512.9pt;left:44.4pt">up foundries for making cannons. Patrick de la Mote was appoint-</p>
<p style="top:527.9pt;left:44.4pt">ed the Master Founder.</p>
<p style="top:79.3pt;left:393.1pt;font-size:17.5pt" class="h3">Yorkist Capabilities</p>
<p style="top:104.5pt;left:393.1pt"><i>(bottom half of card)</i></p>
<p style="top:126.3pt;left:393.1pt;font-size:15.0pt" class="h3">All Scenarios</p>
<p style="top:154.8pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">Y1 & Y2. Culverins and Falconets</p>
<p style="top:174.5pt;left:393.1pt">At start of Round 1 of Battle, this Lord may discard this card to </p>
<p style="top:189.5pt;left:393.1pt">add 1 die roll of Missile Hits</p>
<p style="top:208.3pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Lords.</b> Any.</p>
<p style="top:227.0pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Tips.</b> After both sides decide on playing any Events and before </p>
<p style="top:242.0pt;left:393.1pt">Round 1 of a Battle, Defender then Attack decide whether to ex-</p>
<p style="top:257.0pt;left:393.1pt">pend their Culverins and Falconets, if any there. Use of the </p>
<p style="top:272.0pt;left:393.1pt">card on Round 1 only rolls a die upon that side’s Missile Strike </p>
<p style="top:287.0pt;left:393.1pt">step and adds that number (from one to six) extra Missile Hits </p>
<p style="top:302.0pt;left:393.1pt">then discards the card.</p>
<p style="top:320.8pt;left:393.1pt"><b>History.</b> Artillery was still in its first stages of development in the </p>
<p style="top:335.8pt;left:393.1pt">15<sup>th</sup> Century. Cannons were little more than a metal tube support-</p>
<p style="top:350.8pt;left:393.1pt">ed by a wooden frame. Precision was problematic and accidents </p>
<p style="top:365.8pt;left:393.1pt">common. They were useless in rain and very hard to reposition </p>
<p style="top:380.8pt;left:393.1pt">during a battle. So, they were mostly used at the beginning of </p>
<p style="top:395.8pt;left:393.1pt">battles to create a bit of chaos in the enemy lines and add some </p>
<p style="top:410.8pt;left:393.1pt">extra casualties.</p>
<p style="top:436.0pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">Y3. Muster’d my soldiers <i>Gather’d flocks of friends</i></p>
<p style="top:455.8pt;left:393.1pt">Each Battle at a Friendly Stronghold, this Lord adds 2 Men-at-</p>
<p style="top:470.8pt;left:393.1pt">Arms and 1 Longbowmen. Remove them after Battle</p>
<p style="top:489.5pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Lords. </b>Any.</p>
<p style="top:508.3pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Tips.</b> If the Lord with this Capability is in Battle at a Friendly </p>
<p style="top:523.3pt;left:393.1pt">Stronghold, at the outset of the Battle Array phase (4.4.1), add two </p>
<p style="top:538.3pt;left:393.1pt">Men at Arms and one Longbow Troop pieces to that Lord’s mat. </p>
<p style="top:553.3pt;left:393.1pt">Upon Aftermath (4.4.4), remove those Troops (only, not the card). </p>
<p style="top:568.3pt;left:393.1pt">If the Lord is left without any Troops, the Lord Disbands (1.6).</p>
<p style="top:587.0pt;left:393.1pt"><b>History.</b> Warwick speaks the Capability’s title line in Shake-</p>
<p style="top:602.0pt;left:393.1pt">speare’s <i>Henry VI</i>. Local troop support was not very common in </p>
<p style="top:617.0pt;left:393.1pt">this war. Most men in an army came with nobles’ retinues and </p>
<p style="top:632.0pt;left:393.1pt">Commissions of Array. Nevertheless, some Lords were popular </p>
<p style="top:647.0pt;left:393.1pt">enough to be able to gather extra troops from the surrounding </p>
<p style="top:662.0pt;left:393.1pt">areas—some of them from minor nobility, as in this Capability, in </p>
<p style="top:677.0pt;left:393.1pt">other cases from the general populace.</p>
<p style="top:702.3pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">Y4. We done deeds of charity</p>
<p style="top:722.0pt;left:393.1pt">Each Tides of War, this Lord may pay 1 or 2 Provender (may </p>
<p style="top:737.0pt;left:393.1pt">Share) for +1 Influence point each</p>
<p style="top:755.8pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Lords. </b>Any.</p>
<p style="top:774.5pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Tips.</b> Once during each Tides of War phase (4.8.1), a Lord with </p>
<p style="top:789.5pt;left:393.1pt">this Capability may discard one Provender (including Shared </p>
<p style="top:804.5pt;left:393.1pt">from another Lord, 1.5.3) to add one Influence Point for that side </p>
<p style="top:819.5pt;left:393.1pt">or two Provender for two Influence points.</p>
<p style="top:838.3pt;left:393.1pt"><b>History.</b> Edward IV speaks the Capability’s title line in Shake-</p>
<p style="top:853.3pt;left:393.1pt">speare’s R<i>ichard III</i>. Plunder and sacking in any place in England </p>
<p style="top:868.3pt;left:393.1pt">had negative consequences for the side doing it—loss of prestige </p>
<p style="top:883.3pt;left:393.1pt">and enmity of the people. On the other hand, periodic bribes to </p>
<p style="top:898.3pt;left:393.1pt">towns, such as sharing the spoils of nearby battles, could give a </p>
<p style="top:913.3pt;left:393.1pt">boost to the image of a faction’s Lords.</p>
</div>
<div id="page37" style="background-image:url('playbook/playbook37.jpg');width:765.4pt;height:991.3pt">
<p style="top:947.9pt;left:321.9pt;font-size:11.2pt"><i>© 2023 GMT Games, LLC</i></p>
<p style="top:44.0pt;left:272.6pt;font-size:15.7pt" class="hr">Plantagenet Background Book</p>
<p style="top:46.9pt;left:685.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">37</p>
<p style="top:80.3pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">Y5. Thomas Bourchier – <i>Archbishop of Canterbury</i></p>
<p style="top:100.0pt;left:44.4pt">This Lord starts in any Friendly City Command +1.</p>
<p style="top:118.8pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Lords.</b> Any.</p>
<p style="top:137.5pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Tips.</b> “Command +1” means, for example, that a Lord with Com-</p>
<p style="top:152.5pt;left:44.4pt">mand rating “2” instead could take three Command actions on his </p>
<p style="top:167.5pt;left:44.4pt">card (1.5.2, 4.2.1). The effect only applies if this Lord, at the start </p>
<p style="top:182.5pt;left:44.4pt">of his Command Card, is located at a Friendly City (not Town, </p>
<p style="top:197.5pt;left:44.4pt">Fortress, Special Locale such as London, or Exile Box). The add-</p>
<p style="top:212.5pt;left:44.4pt">ed Command applies for that Lord’s entire Command card, even </p>
<p style="top:227.5pt;left:44.4pt">if he moves away from the Friendly City.</p>
<p style="top:246.3pt;left:44.4pt"><b>History.</b> Cities had cathedrals associated with them, and Church </p>
<p style="top:261.3pt;left:44.4pt">collaboration was essential for some aspects of waging the Wars </p>
<p style="top:276.3pt;left:44.4pt">of the Roses. Thomas Bourchier, Archbishop of Canterbury, was </p>
<p style="top:291.3pt;left:44.4pt">made Lord Chancellor during York’s stint as Lord Protector in </p>
<p style="top:306.3pt;left:44.4pt">1456, and crowned Edward IV five years later, who in return </p>
<p style="top:321.3pt;left:44.4pt">helped him become a cardinal in 1473. He was a clear supporter </p>
<p style="top:336.3pt;left:44.4pt">to the Yorkists during the Wars of the Roses.</p>
<p style="top:361.5pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">Y6. Great Ships</p>
<p style="top:381.3pt;left:44.4pt">This Lord’s Ships count <i>double</i> for Sail and Supply and connect </p>
<p style="top:396.3pt;left:44.4pt">all Ports of all Seas</p>
<p style="top:415.0pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Lords.</b> Any.</p>
<p style="top:433.8pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Tips.</b> This Lord’s Ships—including when other Lords use them, </p>
<p style="top:448.8pt;left:106.4pt">but not other Lord’s Ships that this Lord might use </p>
<p style="top:463.8pt;left:106.4pt">(Sharing, 1.5.3)—in a Sail action can each take 12 </p>
<p style="top:478.8pt;left:106.4pt">Forces units, plus four Provender, plus four Carts </p>
<p style="top:493.8pt;left:106.4pt">(4.6.1). This Lord’s Ships also can add two Proven-</p>
<p style="top:508.8pt;left:44.4pt">der each when Supplying from a Port (4.5.1). As well, these Ships </p>
<p style="top:523.8pt;left:44.4pt">(even when Shared) render all Port Strongholds and Exiles Boxes </p>
<p style="top:538.8pt;left:44.4pt">as at one Way distance for Parley, Supply, and Tax—as if all on </p>
<p style="top:553.8pt;left:44.4pt">the same Sea (1.3.1 Seas And Ports). This Lord Levies Ships </p>
<p style="top:568.8pt;left:44.4pt">normally (3.4.5).</p>
<p style="top:587.5pt;left:44.4pt"><b>History.</b> During the 15<sup>th</sup> and early 16<sup>th</sup> Centuries, the term “great </p>
<p style="top:602.5pt;left:44.4pt">ship” denoted the largest carracks of the fleet. Although the term </p>
<p style="top:617.5pt;left:44.4pt">is best associated with the ships built during the reigns of the first </p>
<p style="top:632.5pt;left:44.4pt">Tudor kings, it was already in use at the time of the Wars of the </p>
<p style="top:647.5pt;left:44.4pt">Roses and even before. Examples included the <i>Holigost</i> of Henry </p>
<p style="top:662.5pt;left:44.4pt">V and Warwick’s great ship, whose wreck was found at Newport.</p>
<p style="top:687.8pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">Y7. Harbingers</p>
<p style="top:707.5pt;left:44.4pt">This Lord’s Supply actions draw twice the usual Provender</p>
<p style="top:726.3pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Lords.</b> Any.</p>
<p style="top:745.0pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Tips. </b>For any Supply by this Lord, calculate the number of </p>
<p style="top:760.0pt;left:106.4pt">Provender that it would add to the Lord’s mat (4.5.2) </p>
<p style="top:775.0pt;left:106.4pt">and place double that amount. The increase is manda-</p>
<p style="top:790.0pt;left:106.4pt">tory. The effect is cumulative with other cards that </p>
<p style="top:805.0pt;left:106.4pt">affect Supply actions, such as Y6 Great Ships. Har-</p>
<p style="top:820.0pt;left:44.4pt">bingers does not affect Forage (4.6.2).</p>
<p style="top:838.8pt;left:44.4pt"><b>History.</b> In the late 1300s, “harbinger” meant a person sent ahead </p>
<p style="top:853.8pt;left:44.4pt">of a main party to seek lodgings, often for royalty or a campaign-</p>
<p style="top:868.8pt;left:44.4pt">ing army. They were the ones in charge of making sure that the </p>
<p style="top:883.8pt;left:44.4pt">place where the army was going to stay would have all the right </p>
<p style="top:898.8pt;left:44.4pt">conditions for a camp and available supply at hand.</p>
<p style="top:80.3pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">Y8. England is my Home</p>
<p style="top:100.0pt;left:393.1pt">When going into Exile, this Lord instead Disbands to the next </p>
<p style="top:115.0pt;left:393.1pt">Calendar box</p>
<p style="top:133.8pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Lords.</b> Any.</p>
<p style="top:152.5pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Tips.</b> Whenever this Lord would go into Exile (including by </p>
<p style="top:167.5pt;left:393.1pt">Event Y3 & Y9 Escape Ship), he instead Disbands per 3.2.4, but </p>
<p style="top:182.5pt;left:393.1pt">placing his cylinder automatically into the next turn’s Calendar </p>
<p style="top:197.5pt;left:393.1pt">box instead of rolling for its position. There is no Influence point </p>
<p style="top:212.5pt;left:393.1pt">penalty. The Blocked Ford Event prevents use of England Is </p>
<p style="top:227.5pt;left:393.1pt">My Home.</p>
<p style="top:246.3pt;left:393.1pt"><b>History.</b> Some lords chose to risk staying in England when on </p>
<p style="top:261.3pt;left:393.1pt">the losing side of a battle rather than going into exile in a foreign </p>
<p style="top:276.3pt;left:393.1pt">country.</p>
<p style="top:301.5pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">Y9. Barricades</p>
<p style="top:321.3pt;left:393.1pt">At Friendly Strongholds, this Lord’s Men-at-Arms have Armour </p>
<p style="top:336.3pt;left:393.1pt">1-4 and Longbowmen and Militia have Armour 1-2</p>
<p style="top:355.0pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Lords. </b>Any.</p>
<p style="top:373.8pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Tips.</b> The effect applies regardless of who is the Attacker, when-</p>
<p style="top:388.8pt;left:393.1pt">ever the Stronghold where this Lord Battles is Friendly. Long-</p>
<p style="top:403.8pt;left:393.1pt">bowmen and Militia become Armoured Troops. The modification </p>
<p style="top:418.8pt;left:393.1pt">does not apply when rolling for Losses (4.4.3). </p>
<p style="top:437.5pt;left:393.1pt"><b>History.</b> There were no relevant siege battles in the Wars of the </p>
<p style="top:452.5pt;left:393.1pt">Roses, the largest clashes having been field battles. But, in some </p>
<p style="top:467.5pt;left:393.1pt">battles, one side made use of towns nearby to set a better defen-</p>
<p style="top:482.5pt;left:393.1pt">sive position, as in the two St. Albans battles. And the most used </p>
<p style="top:497.5pt;left:393.1pt">maneuver was barricading the streets of the town.</p>
<p style="top:522.8pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">Y10. Agitators</p>
<p style="top:542.5pt;left:393.1pt">This Lord can use a Command action to Deplete an adjacent Neu-</p>
<p style="top:557.5pt;left:393.1pt">tral or Enemy Stronghold or flip Depleted there to Exhausted</p>
<p style="top:576.3pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Lords.</b> Any.</p>
<p style="top:595.0pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Tips.</b> At the cost of one Command action each, this Lord could </p>
<p style="top:610.0pt;left:393.1pt">Deplete and/or Exhaust multiple qualifying Strongholds on the </p>
<p style="top:625.0pt;left:393.1pt">same Command card. He can combine these actions with other </p>
<p style="top:640.0pt;left:393.1pt">Commands such as March. The actions add no Assets or Troops. </p>
<p style="top:655.0pt;left:393.1pt">The presence of Lancastrian Lords does not affect this Capability. </p>
<p style="top:673.8pt;left:393.1pt"><b>History.</b> Both sides used propaganda extensively and successful-</p>
<p style="top:688.8pt;left:393.1pt">ly, an innovation from preceding wars. Depletion and Exhaustion </p>
<p style="top:703.8pt;left:393.1pt">represent the difficulty of extracting resources from areas where </p>
<p style="top:718.8pt;left:393.1pt">the war had already taken its toll. The use of agitators to prevent </p>
<p style="top:733.8pt;left:393.1pt">the enemy from getting that extra batch of troops or carts with </p>
<p style="top:748.8pt;left:393.1pt">bread was common during the Wars of the Roses.</p>
<p style="top:774.0pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">Y11. Yorkists Never Wait</p>
<p style="top:793.8pt;left:393.1pt">This Lord Marches alone (not in a Group) on Road as if Highway</p>
<p style="top:812.5pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Lords.</b> Any.</p>
<p style="top:831.3pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Tips.</b> This Lord can use one March Action to move two Ways if </p>
<p style="top:846.3pt;left:393.1pt">each is either Highway or Road (4.3.3). A Marshal or Lieutenant </p>
<p style="top:861.3pt;left:393.1pt">with other Lords would have to leave them behind on Road to use </p>
<p style="top:876.3pt;left:393.1pt">this benefit. The Capability does not affect March along Paths.</p>
<p style="top:895.0pt;left:393.1pt"><b>History. </b>In terms of armies, technology, and tactical knowledge, </p>
<p style="top:910.0pt;left:393.1pt">the opposing sides in the Wars of the Roses were very similar. </p>
</div>
<div id="page38" style="background-image:url('playbook/playbook38.jpg');width:765.4pt;height:991.3pt">
<p style="top:946.8pt;left:321.9pt;font-size:11.2pt"><i>© 2023 GMT Games, LLC</i></p>
<p style="top:44.0pt;left:272.6pt;font-size:15.7pt" class="hr">Plantagenet Background Book</p>
<p style="top:46.9pt;left:65.8pt;font-size:13.8pt">38</p>
<p style="top:77.9pt;left:44.4pt">Nevertheless, there were a few differences, and one of them was </p>
<p style="top:92.9pt;left:44.4pt">that, in general, the Yorkists lords were able to move and react </p>
<p style="top:107.9pt;left:44.4pt">a bit faster than the Lancastrians, as during the Tewkesbury and </p>
<p style="top:122.9pt;left:44.4pt">Towton campaigns.</p>
<p style="top:148.1pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">Y12. Soldiers of Fortune</p>
<p style="top:167.9pt;left:44.4pt">When Levying Troops, this Lord may pay 1 Coin to also add 2 </p>
<p style="top:182.9pt;left:44.4pt">Mercenaries (from pool)</p>
<p style="top:201.6pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Lords.</b> Any.</p>
<p style="top:220.4pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Tips. </b>Soldiers of Fortune is the only way in the game that Mer-</p>
<p style="top:235.4pt;left:44.4pt">cenary units enter play. This Lord when Levying Troops (3.4.4) </p>
<p style="top:250.4pt;left:44.4pt">may expend one Coin (including Shared, 1.7) in order to add two </p>
<p style="top:265.4pt;left:44.4pt">Mercenary units in addition to the Troops that the Lord would </p>
<p style="top:280.4pt;left:44.4pt">otherwise receive. The Lord must meet all the usual requirements </p>
<p style="top:295.4pt;left:44.4pt">and costs of the Levy Troops action. Receive exactly two Merce-</p>
<p style="top:310.4pt;left:44.4pt">nary units, or only one or zero if that is what currently remains in </p>
<p style="top:325.4pt;left:44.4pt">the pool of unit pieces (1.6). Note that the card will remain with </p>
<p style="top:340.4pt;left:44.4pt">the Lord until Disband (1.9.1), even after no Mercenaries remain </p>
<p style="top:355.4pt;left:44.4pt">in the pool.</p>
<p style="top:374.1pt;left:44.4pt"><b>History. </b>Armies during the Wars of the Roses were mostly profes-</p>
<p style="top:389.1pt;left:44.4pt">sional, either the retinue of one noble (and thus, received an eco-</p>
<p style="top:404.1pt;left:44.4pt">nomic benefit from their allegiance) or earning a stipulated wage. </p>
<p style="top:419.1pt;left:44.4pt">However, mercenaries existed, as in all the medieval wars, though </p>
<p style="top:434.1pt;left:44.4pt">not as numerous and not used as much as in other countries.</p>
<p style="top:459.4pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">Y13. Scourers</p>
<p style="top:479.1pt;left:44.4pt">This Lord’s Forage actions always add +1 extra Provender</p>
<p style="top:497.9pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Lords.</b> Any.</p>
<p style="top:516.6pt;left:44.4pt">Tips. This Lord’s Forage actions each add one more Proven-</p>
<p style="top:531.6pt;left:44.4pt">der than they otherwise would, even if the Forage action is not </p>
<p style="top:546.6pt;left:44.4pt">successful (in which case, it would add one Provender instead </p>
<p style="top:561.6pt;left:44.4pt">of none and would still not Deplete the Locale). The increase is </p>
<p style="top:576.6pt;left:44.4pt">mandatory. Scourers does not affect Supply (4.5). </p>
<p style="top:595.4pt;left:44.4pt"><b>History.</b> The supply of the armies was very important, as in this </p>
<p style="top:610.4pt;left:44.4pt">civil war there was almost no pillaging. Armies counted on being </p>
<p style="top:625.4pt;left:44.4pt">able to forage to complement their supply trains, so having a good </p>
<p style="top:640.4pt;left:44.4pt">team of scourers (those in charge of the task of foraging) was </p>
<p style="top:655.4pt;left:44.4pt">essential.</p>
<p style="top:677.1pt;left:44.4pt;font-size:15.0pt" class="h3">Scenarios Ia, Ib, & Ic</p>
<p style="top:705.6pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">Y14. Burgundians</p>
<p style="top:725.4pt;left:44.4pt">This Lord at any Port adds 2 Handgunners (once, maximum)</p>
<p style="top:744.1pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Lords. </b>York or March.</p>
<p style="top:762.9pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Tips. </b>Burgundians (Capabilities Y14 & Y23) is the only way </p>
<p style="top:777.9pt;left:44.4pt">in the game that Handgunners units enter play. The first moment </p>
<p style="top:792.9pt;left:44.4pt">(only) that this Lord is at any Port Stronghold (not Exile box, </p>
<p style="top:807.9pt;left:44.4pt">1.3.1, and regardless of Favour at the Port), including upon Levy </p>
<p style="top:822.9pt;left:44.4pt">of the card if he is already at a Port, he must add two Handgunners </p>
<p style="top:837.9pt;left:44.4pt">units to his mat, no Levy action required. Note that the card will </p>
<p style="top:852.9pt;left:44.4pt">remain with the Lord until Disband (1.9.1), even though he will </p>
<p style="top:867.9pt;left:44.4pt">receive no further Handgunners, even if some are Lost.</p>
<p style="top:886.6pt;left:44.4pt"><b>History.</b> Although there were multiple handgun artisans in En-</p>
<p style="top:901.6pt;left:44.4pt">gland, the main provenance of black powder weaponry was the </p>
<p style="top:916.6pt;left:44.4pt">continent. And handgunners from Burgundy and the Holy Roman </p>
<p style="top:77.9pt;left:393.1pt">Empire were especially appreciated. As Burgundy was usually the </p>
<p style="top:92.9pt;left:393.1pt">ally of the House of York, handgunners mostly appeaed on the </p>
<p style="top:107.9pt;left:393.1pt">Yorkist side.</p>
<p style="top:133.1pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">Y15. Naval Blockade</p>
<p style="top:152.9pt;left:393.1pt">This Lord at a Port cancels Lancastrian actions using Ports on that </p>
<p style="top:167.9pt;left:393.1pt">Sea unless a roll of 1-2</p>
<p style="top:186.6pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Lord.</b> Warwick.</p>
<p style="top:205.4pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Tips.</b> Whenever Warwick with this Capability is at any Port </p>
<p style="top:220.4pt;left:393.1pt">Stronghold (not Exile box, 1.3.1, and regardless of Favour at the </p>
<p style="top:235.4pt;left:393.1pt">Port), roll a die immediately after any Lancastrian action taken </p>
<p style="top:250.4pt;left:393.1pt">that uses a Port on the same Sea—that action only occurs on a </p>
<p style="top:265.4pt;left:393.1pt">roll of 1 or 2. Such actions can include Parley, Levy Ship, Supply, </p>
<p style="top:280.4pt;left:393.1pt">Sail, and Tax (3.4.1, 4.6.4, 3.4.5, 4.5, 4.6.1, 4.6.3). If the action </p>
<p style="top:295.4pt;left:393.1pt">requires an Influence check (1.4.2), the Lancastrians may wait to </p>
<p style="top:310.4pt;left:393.1pt">see the Naval Blockade roll before paying Influence and rolling </p>
<p style="top:325.4pt;left:393.1pt">the check. The Lordship or Command cost for the action point is </p>
<p style="top:340.4pt;left:393.1pt">spent, regardless of the result of the roll. Naval Blockade im-</p>
<p style="top:355.4pt;left:393.1pt">pedes neither use of a Stronghold itself that happens also to be </p>
<p style="top:370.4pt;left:393.1pt">a Port, nor card effects that require a Port, such as Heralds or </p>
<p style="top:385.4pt;left:393.1pt">French Troops.</p>
<p style="top:404.1pt;left:393.1pt"><b>History.</b> Warwick was a clever politician and probably a good ad-</p>
<p style="top:419.1pt;left:393.1pt">ministrator and brave fighter (although not a good tactician). One </p>
<p style="top:434.1pt;left:393.1pt">of his other talents tends to be overlooked, though: he was an ex-</p>
<p style="top:449.1pt;left:393.1pt">cellent pirate—the terror of foreign fleets in the English Channel.</p>
<p style="top:474.4pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">Y16. Beloved Warwick</p>
<p style="top:494.1pt;left:393.1pt">This Lord can Levy Troops for 5 Militia (from pool) instead of the </p>
<p style="top:509.1pt;left:393.1pt">Stronghold’s listed Troops</p>
<p style="top:527.9pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Lord. </b>Warwick.</p>
<p style="top:546.6pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Tips.</b> This Capability enables Warwick to Levy five Militia units </p>
<p style="top:561.6pt;left:393.1pt">instead of the Troops provided by the Stronghold. He must meet </p>
<p style="top:576.6pt;left:393.1pt">all the usual requirements and costs of the Levy Troops action. </p>
<p style="top:591.6pt;left:393.1pt">If he opts for the Militia, he must take the full five units, until </p>
<p style="top:606.6pt;left:393.1pt">exhausting the pool. He may do so for several Levy actions for ad-</p>
<p style="top:621.6pt;left:393.1pt">ditional Militia. Militia received are limited to the pieces available </p>
<p style="top:636.6pt;left:393.1pt">in the game (1.6). Note that the card will remain with Warwick </p>
<p style="top:651.6pt;left:393.1pt">until Disband (1.9.1), even after no Militia remain in the pool.</p>
<p style="top:670.4pt;left:393.1pt">History. As evident upon Warwick’s return from Calais in 1460, </p>
<p style="top:685.4pt;left:393.1pt">commoners well appreciated him. He probably was the most char-</p>
<p style="top:700.4pt;left:393.1pt">ismatic lord of the time and cleverly used propaganda to enhance </p>
<p style="top:715.4pt;left:393.1pt">his image even more. During that return from Calais, and many </p>
<p style="top:730.4pt;left:393.1pt">times later, commoners flocked to his banners helping him in-</p>
<p style="top:745.4pt;left:393.1pt">crease his armies significantly.</p>
<p style="top:770.6pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">Y17. Alice Montagu</p>
<p style="top:790.4pt;left:393.1pt">This Lord’s Vassals have +1 Service and are immune to For </p>
<p style="top:805.4pt;left:393.1pt">trust not him</p>
<p style="top:824.1pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Lord. </b>Salisbury.</p>
<p style="top:842.9pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Tips. </b>When Salisbury with this Capability Musters a Vassal, place </p>
<p style="top:857.9pt;left:393.1pt">its counter on the Calendar one box to the right of where it would </p>
<p style="top:872.9pt;left:393.1pt">usually be placed per 3.4.3 (unless already beyond box 15, 2.2.3). </p>
<p style="top:887.9pt;left:393.1pt">Lancastrians may not use Event L7 For trust not him against </p>
<p style="top:902.9pt;left:393.1pt">Salisbury’s Vassals.</p>
</div>
<div id="page39" style="background-image:url('playbook/playbook39.jpg');width:765.4pt;height:991.3pt">
<p style="top:947.9pt;left:321.9pt;font-size:11.2pt"><i>© 2023 GMT Games, LLC</i></p>
<p style="top:44.0pt;left:272.6pt;font-size:15.7pt" class="hr">Plantagenet Background Book</p>
<p style="top:46.9pt;left:685.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">39</p>
<p style="top:77.9pt;left:44.4pt"><b>History.</b> Richard Neville, Earl of Salisbury, was married to Alice </p>
<p style="top:92.9pt;left:44.4pt">Montagu. This let him come into greater estates than usual for a </p>
<p style="top:107.9pt;left:44.4pt">third son or from a second marriage. These acquisitions made him </p>
<p style="top:122.9pt;left:44.4pt">the Lord with the most nobles under his patronage in all England </p>
<p style="top:137.9pt;left:44.4pt">and thus one of the most influential.</p>
<p style="top:163.1pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">Y18. Irishmen</p>
<p style="top:182.9pt;left:44.4pt">This Lord in Ireland or at Port on Irish Sea can Levy Troops for 5 </p>
<p style="top:197.9pt;left:44.4pt">Militia (from pool) total, no Depletion or Exhaustion</p>
<p style="top:216.6pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Lords. </b>Rutland or York.</p>
<p style="top:235.4pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Tips.</b> This Lord when Levying Troops (3.4.4) while in the Ireland </p>
<p style="top:250.4pt;left:44.4pt">box or at any Port Stronghold on the Irish Sea may add five Militia </p>
<p style="top:265.4pt;left:44.4pt">units instead of the Troops that the Lord would otherwise receive. </p>
<p style="top:280.4pt;left:44.4pt">He may do so for several Levy actions for five Militia each. When </p>
<p style="top:295.4pt;left:44.4pt">he does so, the action does not Deplete or Exhaust the Locale. The </p>
<p style="top:310.4pt;left:44.4pt">Lord must meet other requirements for the Levy Troops action, </p>
<p style="top:325.4pt;left:44.4pt">including that the Locale not be already Exhausted. If he opts for </p>
<p style="top:340.4pt;left:44.4pt">the Militia, he must take the full five units, until exhausting the </p>
<p style="top:355.4pt;left:44.4pt">pool. Militia received are limited to the pieces available in the </p>
<p style="top:370.4pt;left:44.4pt">game (1.6). Note that the card will remain with the Lord until Dis-</p>
<p style="top:385.4pt;left:44.4pt">band (1.9.1), even after no Militia remain in the pool. Y6 Great </p>
<p style="top:400.4pt;left:44.4pt">Ships does not alter this Capability’s requirement that the Port </p>
<p style="top:415.4pt;left:44.4pt">used be on the Irish Sea.</p>
<p style="top:434.1pt;left:44.4pt"><b>History.</b> After the battle of Ludford Bridge in 1459, Richard York </p>
<p style="top:449.1pt;left:44.4pt">and his son Edmund Earl of Rutland fled to Ireland. There, they </p>
<p style="top:464.1pt;left:44.4pt">gathered troops and came back to England in 1460. That was pos-</p>
<p style="top:479.1pt;left:44.4pt">sible because York was still the Lieutenant of Ireland (1447-1453 </p>
<p style="top:494.1pt;left:44.4pt">and 1455-1460) and was backed and appreciated by its Parlia-</p>
<p style="top:509.1pt;left:44.4pt">ment.</p>
<p style="top:534.4pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">Y19. Welshmen</p>
<p style="top:554.1pt;left:44.4pt">Each Tides of War, Yorkists Dominate Wales with this Lord and </p>
<p style="top:569.1pt;left:44.4pt">3+ Friendly Strongholds there</p>
<p style="top:587.9pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Lords. </b>York or March.</p>
<p style="top:606.6pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Tips.</b> Each Tides of War step (4.8.1), when this Lord is at any </p>
<p style="top:621.6pt;left:44.4pt">Stronghold within Wales and at least three Strongholds within </p>
<p style="top:636.6pt;left:44.4pt">Wales have Yorkist Favour, the Yorkist earn the Influence point </p>
<p style="top:651.6pt;left:44.4pt">for Domination of Wales. In other words, the presence of the </p>
<p style="top:666.6pt;left:44.4pt">Lord with this Capability in that Area reduces the requirement for </p>
<p style="top:681.6pt;left:44.4pt">Domination from Friendly Favour in all its Strongholds to Favour </p>
<p style="top:696.6pt;left:44.4pt">in just three.</p>
<p style="top:715.4pt;left:44.4pt"><b>History.</b> Edward was Earl of March, in charge of the Welsh </p>
<p style="top:730.4pt;left:44.4pt">Marches and well-loved there. Although Wales in general was </p>
<p style="top:745.4pt;left:44.4pt">against any English king, and, if they had any sympathy, it was to </p>
<p style="top:760.4pt;left:44.4pt">the Lancastrians, the Marches favored Yorkists for their success in </p>
<p style="top:775.4pt;left:44.4pt">defending them from their neighbors’ incursions.</p>
<p style="top:800.6pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">Y20. York’s Favoured Son</p>
<p style="top:820.4pt;left:44.4pt">This Lord has Influence +1 and Command +1</p>
<p style="top:839.1pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Lords.</b> Rutland or March.</p>
<p style="top:857.9pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Tips.</b> Rutland or March with this Capability increase the value of </p>
<p style="top:872.9pt;left:44.4pt">that Lord’s Influence and Command ratings each by one.</p>
<p style="top:891.6pt;left:44.4pt"><b>History.</b> A probably false rumor circulated about the legitimacy </p>
<p style="top:906.6pt;left:44.4pt">of Edward. Some historians have seen possible evidence for truth </p>
<p style="top:921.6pt;left:44.4pt">of the rumor in a hinted preference by Richard for Edmund. This </p>
<p style="top:77.9pt;left:393.1pt">Capability is for the player to decide who will be York’s heir and </p>
<p style="top:92.9pt;left:393.1pt">thus, get a boost on confidence and political power.</p>
<p style="top:118.1pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">Y21. Southerners</p>
<p style="top:137.9pt;left:393.1pt">Each Tides of War, Yorkists Dominate the South with this Lord </p>
<p style="top:152.9pt;left:393.1pt">and 5+ Friendly Strongholds there</p>
<p style="top:171.6pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Lords. </b>March, Rutland, or York.</p>
<p style="top:190.4pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Tips.</b> See Capability Y19 Welshmen. Southerners works the </p>
<p style="top:205.4pt;left:393.1pt">same way for the Area, Lords, and number of Strongholds stated.</p>
<p style="top:224.1pt;left:393.1pt"><b>History.</b> Although their main strongholds were in the area around </p>
<p style="top:239.1pt;left:393.1pt">York and Ely, Yorkists and Warwick were very appreciated in the </p>
<p style="top:254.1pt;left:393.1pt">South and especially in Kent, where they were able to raise con-</p>
<p style="top:269.1pt;left:393.1pt">siderable support for their rebellion.</p>
<p style="top:294.4pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">Y22. Fair Arbiter</p>
<p style="top:314.1pt;left:393.1pt">This Lord at a Friendly Locale has Influence +1 and Lordship +1</p>
<p style="top:332.9pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Lord.</b> Salisbury.</p>
<p style="top:351.6pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Tips.</b> Whenever Salisbury with this Capability is in a Friendly </p>
<p style="top:366.6pt;left:393.1pt">Locale (including an Exile box, 1.3.1), his Influence and Lordship </p>
<p style="top:381.6pt;left:393.1pt">ratings each increase by one. He could start the Levy phase in a </p>
<p style="top:396.6pt;left:393.1pt">neutral Stronghold, for example, take a Parley action to turn that </p>
<p style="top:411.6pt;left:393.1pt">Stronghold Friendly, and then use the added Lordship and Influ-</p>
<p style="top:426.6pt;left:393.1pt">ence that same Levy Phase.</p>
<p style="top:445.4pt;left:393.1pt"><b>History.</b> During his stint as Lord Chancellor in 1455, Richard </p>
<p style="top:460.4pt;left:393.1pt">Neville, Earl of Salisbury, was able to advance the interests of his </p>
<p style="top:475.4pt;left:393.1pt">followers greatly, improve his position in the Percy-Neville feud, </p>
<p style="top:490.4pt;left:393.1pt">and show his capacity as an efficient administrator.</p>
<p style="top:512.1pt;left:393.1pt;font-size:15.0pt" class="h3">Scenario II</p>
<p style="top:540.6pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">Y23. Burgundians</p>
<p style="top:560.4pt;left:393.1pt">This Lord at any Port adds 2 Handgunners (once, maximum)</p>
<p style="top:579.1pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Lords.</b> Edward IV, Gloucester, or Richard III.</p>
<p style="top:597.9pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Tips and History.</b> See Capability Y14.</p>
<p style="top:623.1pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">Y24. Hastings</p>
<p style="top:642.9pt;left:393.1pt">This Lord Levies Special Vassal Hastings (free), adds 2 Men-at-</p>
<p style="top:657.9pt;left:393.1pt">Arms units, and has Command +1</p>
<p style="top:676.6pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Lord.</b> Edward IV.</p>
<p style="top:695.4pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Tips.</b> When Edward IV gets this Capability, place the Hastings </p>
<p style="top:710.4pt;left:455.2pt">Special Vassal marker plus two on Edward IV’s mat. </p>
<p style="top:725.4pt;left:455.2pt">See rule 1.5.4 regarding Special Vassals. The Com-</p>
<p style="top:740.4pt;left:455.2pt">mand benefit applies as long as Edward IV retains </p>
<p style="top:755.4pt;left:455.2pt">Hastings. If Hastings Disbands, discard this Capa-</p>
<p style="top:770.4pt;left:393.1pt">bility; there is no effect on the two units.</p>
<p style="top:789.1pt;left:393.1pt"><b>History.</b> Hastings was one of the closest friends to Edward IV. </p>
<p style="top:804.1pt;left:393.1pt">He lost part of his influence when Elizabeth Woodville became </p>
<p style="top:819.1pt;left:393.1pt">Queen, but he was there for Edward during Warwick’s Rebellion, </p>
<p style="top:834.1pt;left:393.1pt">helping him raise and organize troops.</p>
</div>
<div id="page40" style="background-image:url('playbook/playbook40.jpg');width:765.4pt;height:991.3pt">
<p style="top:946.8pt;left:321.9pt;font-size:11.2pt"><i>© 2023 GMT Games, LLC</i></p>
<p style="top:44.0pt;left:272.6pt;font-size:15.7pt" class="hr">Plantagenet Background Book</p>
<p style="top:46.9pt;left:65.8pt;font-size:13.8pt">40</p>
<p style="top:80.3pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">Y25. Pembroke</p>
<p style="top:100.0pt;left:44.4pt">Each Battle in Wales, this Lord adds 2 Longbowmen. Remove </p>
<p style="top:115.0pt;left:44.4pt">them after Battle</p>
<p style="top:133.8pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Lord.</b> Pembroke.</p>
<p style="top:152.5pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Tips.</b> This Lord at any Battle within during Battle Array (4.4.1) </p>
<p style="top:167.5pt;left:44.4pt">must add two Longbowmen to his mat’s Forces. Upon Aftermath </p>
<p style="top:182.5pt;left:44.4pt">(4.4.4), remove the added units (if any remain) to the pool, re-</p>
<p style="top:197.5pt;left:44.4pt">gardless of Battle outcomes. If that leaves this Lord without any </p>
<p style="top:212.5pt;left:44.4pt">Troops, he Disbands (1.6, 3.2.4).</p>
<p style="top:231.3pt;left:44.4pt"><b>History.</b> Pembroke was an important castle and town that helped </p>
<p style="top:246.3pt;left:44.4pt">control the south of Wales. It wavered in its support from the Lan-</p>
<p style="top:261.3pt;left:44.4pt">castrians to the Yorkists, but during 1461 and up to 1469 it was </p>
<p style="top:276.3pt;left:44.4pt">held by William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke, a loyal Yorkist.</p>
<p style="top:301.5pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">Y26. Fallen Brother</p>
<p style="top:321.3pt;left:44.4pt">If Clarence is Dead or Shipwrecked, this Lord has Influence +2 </p>
<p style="top:336.3pt;left:44.4pt">and Lordship +1</p>
<p style="top:355.0pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Lord.</b> Gloucester or Richard III.</p>
<p style="top:373.8pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Tips.</b> Only Gloucester (or Richard III in the full-length scenar-</p>
<p style="top:388.8pt;left:44.4pt">io) can obtain this Capability, and it only increases his ratings if </p>
<p style="top:403.8pt;left:44.4pt">Death (4.4.3) or Shipwreck (4.8.2) has permanently Disbanded </p>
<p style="top:418.8pt;left:44.4pt">the Lancastrian Lord Clarence.</p>
<p style="top:437.5pt;left:44.4pt"><b>History. </b>Richard, Duke of Gloucester, was the youngest of the </p>
<p style="top:452.5pt;left:44.4pt">brothers and thus he was after George, Duke of Clarence, in the </p>
<p style="top:467.5pt;left:44.4pt">line of succession. Although he was already a very influential </p>
<p style="top:482.5pt;left:44.4pt">Lord in the Court because of his good performance in battle and </p>
<p style="top:497.5pt;left:44.4pt">lordship, his brother’s execution in 1478 considerably increased </p>
<p style="top:512.5pt;left:44.4pt">Richard’s influence.</p>
<p style="top:537.8pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">Y27. Percy’s North</p>
<p style="top:557.5pt;left:44.4pt">Each Battle in the North, this Lord adds 4 Militia. Remove them </p>
<p style="top:572.5pt;left:44.4pt">after Battle</p>
<p style="top:591.3pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Lord. </b>Northumberland.</p>
<p style="top:610.0pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Tips.</b> See Capability Y25 Pembroke. Percy’s North works the </p>
<p style="top:625.0pt;left:44.4pt">same way for the Area, units, and Lord stated.</p>
<p style="top:643.8pt;left:44.4pt"><b>History.</b> Henry Percy was the Warden of the Marches and had </p>
<p style="top:658.8pt;left:44.4pt">strong support in all the frontier with Scotland. The Marches </p>
<p style="top:673.8pt;left:44.4pt">were able to raise troops fast and react to Scottish incursions with </p>
<p style="top:688.8pt;left:44.4pt">speed. They were also useful during Warwick’s rebellion and the </p>
<p style="top:703.8pt;left:44.4pt">return of the Lancastrians.</p>
<p style="top:729.0pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">Y28. First Son – <i>Edward, son of Edward IV</i></p>
<p style="top:748.8pt;left:44.4pt">Each Tides of War, Yorkists add +1 extra Influence point</p>
<p style="top:767.5pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Lord. </b>Edward IV.</p>
<p style="top:786.3pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Tips.</b> Each Tides of War (4.8.1) that Edward IV is on map (even </p>
<p style="top:801.3pt;left:44.4pt">in an Exile box) with First Son, add one Yorkist Influence point </p>
<p style="top:816.3pt;left:44.4pt">to the edge track.</p>
<p style="top:835.0pt;left:44.4pt"><b>History. </b>As soon as Edward had a son, the latter became the heir </p>
<p style="top:850.0pt;left:44.4pt">to the throne (except for the brief time that Henry VI was rein-</p>
<p style="top:865.0pt;left:44.4pt">stated), and the influence of the King grew because he then had </p>
<p style="top:880.0pt;left:44.4pt">secured the succession by having a male heir.</p>
<p style="top:80.3pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">Y29. Stafford Branch – <i>Duke of Buckingham’s family</i></p>
<p style="top:100.0pt;left:393.1pt">Exeter and adjacent Strongholds add 1 more Provender or Coin </p>
<p style="top:115.0pt;left:393.1pt">than usual to this Lord’s Supply or Tax</p>
<p style="top:133.8pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Lord. </b>Devon.</p>
<p style="top:152.5pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Tips.</b> Whenever Devon with Stafford Branch draws Supply </p>
<p style="top:167.5pt;left:393.1pt">from or Taxes the Stronghold of either Exeter, Launceston, Plym-</p>
<p style="top:182.5pt;left:393.1pt">outh, Wells, or Dorchester as a Source, add one extra Provender if </p>
<p style="top:197.5pt;left:393.1pt">Supply (only) or one extra Coin if Tax (only). Add no extra if the </p>
<p style="top:212.5pt;left:393.1pt">Supply uses a Port Source and Ships (4.5.2).</p>
<p style="top:231.3pt;left:393.1pt"><b>History.</b> Humphrey Stafford, in a lesser branch of the Stafford </p>
<p style="top:246.3pt;left:393.1pt">family and a distant cousin of the Lancastrian Duke of Bucking-</p>
<p style="top:261.3pt;left:393.1pt">ham with the same name, was one of the most trusted support-</p>
<p style="top:276.3pt;left:393.1pt">ers of King Edward. Stafford showed a great capacity for turning </p>
<p style="top:291.3pt;left:393.1pt">the sympathies of places under his supervision and reversed the </p>
<p style="top:306.3pt;left:393.1pt">sympathies of the strongly Lancastrian southwest to support the </p>
<p style="top:321.3pt;left:393.1pt">Yorkists.</p>
<p style="top:346.5pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">Y30. Captain</p>
<p style="top:366.3pt;left:393.1pt">This Lord is a Marshal in any Locales where no Friendly Marshal </p>
<p style="top:381.3pt;left:393.1pt">or Lieutenant</p>
<p style="top:400.0pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Lords.</b> Northumberland or Pembroke.</p>
<p style="top:418.8pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Tips. </b>The Locale may be an Exile box (1.3.1, for group Sail, </p>
<p style="top:433.8pt;left:393.1pt">4.6.1). The effect is blocked the instant that a Yorkist Marshal or </p>
<p style="top:448.8pt;left:393.1pt">Lieutenant is at the same Locale with this Lord.</p>
<p style="top:467.5pt;left:393.1pt"><b>History.</b> Most of the clashes of the Wars of the Roses consisted of </p>
<p style="top:482.5pt;left:393.1pt">small battles with few lords rather than big battles such as Towton </p>
<p style="top:497.5pt;left:393.1pt">or Tewkesbury. In those smaller battles, such as Edgcote, the main </p>
<p style="top:512.5pt;left:393.1pt">leaders of the factions were not present. Instead, one of the lesser </p>
<p style="top:527.5pt;left:393.1pt">leaders there (Pembroke at Edgcote) would have full command </p>
<p style="top:542.5pt;left:393.1pt">of the army.</p>
<p style="top:567.8pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">Y31. Woodvilles – <i>Powerbrokers under Edward IV</i></p>
<p style="top:587.5pt;left:393.1pt">This Lord Levies Troops without Depleting or Exhausting Strong-</p>
<p style="top:602.5pt;left:393.1pt">holds</p>
<p style="top:621.3pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Lords.</b> Edward IV, Devon, Gloucester, or Richard III.</p>
<p style="top:640.0pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Tips.</b> A Lord with this Capability Levies Troops with the usual </p>
<p style="top:655.0pt;left:393.1pt">restrictions and effects—including a Friendly Stronghold that is </p>
<p style="top:670.0pt;left:393.1pt">not yet Exhausted—except that the action neither Depletes nor </p>
<p style="top:685.0pt;left:393.1pt">Exhausts the Stronghold. Thus, this Lord can Muster Troops mul-</p>
<p style="top:700.0pt;left:393.1pt">tiple times from the same Stronghold.</p>
<p style="top:718.8pt;left:393.1pt"><b>History.</b> The Woodvilles joined the ranks of England’s most </p>
<p style="top:733.8pt;left:511.4pt">powerful families when Elizabeth Wood-</p>
<p style="top:748.8pt;left:511.4pt">ville married King Edward IV. Queen </p>
<p style="top:763.8pt;left:511.4pt">Elizabeth’s father, Richard Woodville, </p>
<p style="top:778.8pt;left:511.4pt">was appointed Lord Treasurer and Con-</p>
<p style="top:793.8pt;left:511.4pt">stable of England. That enabled him to </p>
<p style="top:808.8pt;left:511.4pt">muster troops quickly from all around the </p>
<p style="top:823.8pt;left:511.4pt">country.</p>
</div>
<div id="page41" style="background-image:url('playbook/playbook41.jpg');width:765.4pt;height:991.3pt">
<p style="top:947.9pt;left:321.9pt;font-size:11.2pt"><i>© 2023 GMT Games, LLC</i></p>
<p style="top:44.0pt;left:272.6pt;font-size:15.7pt" class="hr">Plantagenet Background Book</p>
<p style="top:46.9pt;left:685.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">41</p>
<p style="top:79.3pt;left:44.4pt;font-size:15.0pt" class="h3">Scenarios III & III(B)</p>
<p style="top:107.8pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">Y32. Final Charge</p>
<p style="top:127.5pt;left:44.4pt">As Richard III (not Gloucester) this Lord’s Retinue once per Me-</p>
<p style="top:142.5pt;left:44.4pt">lee Strike may suffer +1 Hit to add +3 extra Hits against Enemy</p>
<p style="top:161.3pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Lord.</b> Richard III.</p>
<p style="top:180.0pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Tips.</b> Only Richard III, not Gloucester, may Levy this Capability. </p>
<p style="top:195.0pt;left:106.4pt">At the beginning of each Melee Strike phase, the </p>
<p style="top:210.0pt;left:106.4pt">Yorkist player can opt for Richard III’s Retinue to </p>
<p style="top:225.0pt;left:106.4pt">receive one added Hit in order to increase the total </p>
<p style="top:240.0pt;left:106.4pt">number of Melee Hits that the opponents in the same </p>
<p style="top:255.0pt;left:44.4pt">Engagement receive by three.</p>
<p style="top:273.8pt;left:44.4pt"><b>History.</b> “A horse! A horse! My kingdom for a horse!” If Richard </p>
<p style="top:288.8pt;left:44.4pt">really said those words, they had the meaning of wanting a horse </p>
<p style="top:303.8pt;left:44.4pt">not to get away but to keep on charging against Henry Tudor. </p>
<p style="top:318.8pt;left:44.4pt">Richard was brave and intended to solve the battle with a head-to-</p>
<p style="top:333.8pt;left:44.4pt">head fight with Henry, but Talbot cut his charge short.</p>
<p style="top:359.0pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">Y33. Bloody thou art, <i>bloody will be thy end</i></p>
<p style="top:378.8pt;left:44.4pt">When this Lord as Richard III (not Gloucester) wins a Battle, skip </p>
<p style="top:393.8pt;left:44.4pt">Death checks. All Routed Lancastrian Lords Die</p>
<p style="top:412.5pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Lord. </b>Richard III.</p>
<p style="top:431.3pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Tips.</b> Only Richard III, not Gloucester, may Levy this Capability. </p>
<p style="top:446.3pt;left:44.4pt">The effect applies only when the Yorkists win a Battle that in-</p>
<p style="top:461.3pt;left:44.4pt">cludes Richard III (even if he Routed). As the effect skips Death </p>
<p style="top:476.3pt;left:44.4pt">checks (4.4.3), it moots any modifier to the Death Check and </p>
<p style="top:491.3pt;left:44.4pt">blocks any card of either side that says “upon Death check”, such </p>
<p style="top:506.3pt;left:44.4pt">as L3 Escape Ship or L36 Talbot to the Rescue. The effect of </p>
<p style="top:521.3pt;left:44.4pt">Bloody thou art is mandatory: Routed Yorkists Disband nor-</p>
<p style="top:536.3pt;left:44.4pt">mally (3.2.4) and Routed Lancastrians Die.</p>
<p style="top:555.0pt;left:44.4pt"><b>History.</b> The Duchess of York (Queen Elizabeth) speaks the Ca-</p>
<p style="top:570.0pt;left:44.4pt">pability’s title line in Shakespeare’s <i>Richard III</i>. During his rule, </p>
<p style="top:585.0pt;left:44.4pt">Richard III became famous for the ruthlessness with which he </p>
<p style="top:600.0pt;left:44.4pt">treated his enemies. To the degree that he was able, all were killed </p>
<p style="top:615.0pt;left:44.4pt">in battle or executed, none was spared.</p>
<p style="top:640.3pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">Y34. So wise, so young</p>
<p style="top:660.0pt;left:44.4pt">Each Tax by this Lord as Gloucester adds +1 extra Coin. Discard </p>
<p style="top:675.0pt;left:44.4pt">if Richard III </p>
<p style="top:693.8pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Lord.</b> Gloucester.</p>
<p style="top:712.5pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Tips.</b> This Capability adds one extra Coin each time Gloucester </p>
<p style="top:727.5pt;left:106.4pt">takes a Tax action, even if the Tax action is not suc-</p>
<p style="top:742.5pt;left:106.4pt">cessful (the attempt would yield one Coin instead of </p>
<p style="top:757.5pt;left:106.4pt">none). Discard the Capability if Gloucester becomes </p>
<p style="top:772.5pt;left:106.4pt">Richard III per scenario special rule (6.0) or Succes-</p>
<p style="top:787.5pt;left:44.4pt">sion (6.1-6.3).</p>
<p style="top:806.3pt;left:44.4pt"><b>History.</b> Richard speaks the Capability’s title line in Shake-</p>
<p style="top:821.3pt;left:44.4pt">speare’s <i>Richard III</i>. The Duke of Gloucester showed very ear-</p>
<p style="top:836.3pt;left:44.4pt">ly his skills as administrator. Although Richard was young, his </p>
<p style="top:851.3pt;left:44.4pt">brother Edward IV gave him many responsibilities and valued </p>
<p style="top:866.3pt;left:44.4pt">him highly.</p>
<p style="top:80.3pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">Y35. Kingdom United</p>
<p style="top:100.0pt;left:393.1pt">Each Battle in the North, South, or Wales, this Lord as Gloucester </p>
<p style="top:115.0pt;left:393.1pt">adds 3 Militia. Remove them after Battle. Discard if Richard III</p>
<p style="top:133.8pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Lord.</b> Gloucester.</p>
<p style="top:152.5pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Tips.</b> Only Gloucester, not Richard III, may Levy this Capability. </p>
<p style="top:167.5pt;left:393.1pt">See Capability Y25 Pembroke. Kingdom United works the same </p>
<p style="top:182.5pt;left:393.1pt">way for the Areas, units, and Lord stated. Discard the Capability </p>
<p style="top:197.5pt;left:393.1pt">if Gloucester becomes Richard III per scenario special rule (6.0) </p>
<p style="top:212.5pt;left:393.1pt">or Succession (6.1-6.3).</p>
<p style="top:231.3pt;left:393.1pt"><b>History.</b> Richard had lands all around England. He had received </p>
<p style="top:246.3pt;left:393.1pt">Warwick’s inheritance through his wife, Anne Neville, and add-</p>
<p style="top:261.3pt;left:393.1pt">ed it to the numerous lands awarded by his brother Edward IV </p>
<p style="top:276.3pt;left:393.1pt">during his reign. He had been Lord Warden of the Marches; he </p>
<p style="top:291.3pt;left:393.1pt">was Duke of Gloucester, and he had estates in the South. The </p>
<p style="top:306.3pt;left:393.1pt">name of the Capability plays on the term United Kingdom to refer </p>
<p style="top:321.3pt;left:393.1pt">to this spread of Gloucester’s influence in the less central areas </p>
<p style="top:336.3pt;left:393.1pt">and also how the kingdom would probably have been more united </p>
<p style="top:351.3pt;left:393.1pt">against Henry Tudor if Edward V was still king.</p>
<p style="top:376.5pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">Y36. Vanguard</p>
<p style="top:396.3pt;left:393.1pt">In Battle, this Lord may choose his Engagement to be the only one </p>
<p style="top:411.3pt;left:393.1pt">fought in Round 1</p>
<p style="top:430.0pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Lord. </b>Norfolk.</p>
<p style="top:448.8pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Tips. </b>If the Yorkist player decides so after the Battle Array (4.4.1), </p>
<p style="top:463.8pt;left:393.1pt">the first Round of a battle with Norfolk and Vanguard will con-</p>
<p style="top:478.8pt;left:393.1pt">sist exclusively of the Engagement (4.4.2) that includes Norfolk. </p>
<p style="top:493.8pt;left:393.1pt">(There is no effect if the Battle has only one Engagement.)</p>
<p style="top:512.5pt;left:393.1pt"><b>History.</b> Richard placed Norfolk in the vanguard at Bosworth. </p>
<p style="top:527.5pt;left:393.1pt">Had he been successful (a considerable feat, in the circumstanc-</p>
<p style="top:542.5pt;left:393.1pt">es), there would not have been a Tudor dynasty.</p>
<p style="top:567.8pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">Y37. Percy’s North</p>
<p style="top:587.5pt;left:393.1pt">Each Battle, this Lord with a Route (3.4.1) to Carlisle adds 2 Men-</p>
<p style="top:602.5pt;left:393.1pt">at-Arms. Remove them after Battle</p>
<p style="top:621.3pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Lord.</b> Northumberland.</p>
<p style="top:640.0pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Tips.</b> See Capability Y25 Pembroke. Percy’s North works the </p>
<p style="top:655.0pt;left:393.1pt">same way for the units and Lord stated, but for any Battle Locale </p>
<p style="top:670.0pt;left:393.1pt">from which the Yorkists can trace a Route to the City of Carlisle </p>
<p style="top:685.0pt;left:393.1pt">as per 3.4.1, as if a Parley Levy action from the Battle Locale but </p>
<p style="top:700.0pt;left:393.1pt">regardless of the Battle Locale’s Favour.</p>
<p style="top:718.8pt;left:393.1pt"><b>History. </b>The power of the Percys resided in the North, and they </p>
<p style="top:733.8pt;left:393.1pt">felt uncomfortable when fighting far from their home. That was </p>
<p style="top:748.8pt;left:393.1pt">especially true when Richard called Henry Percy to help him </p>
<p style="top:763.8pt;left:393.1pt">against Henry Tudor, as the battle took place very near the center </p>
<p style="top:778.8pt;left:393.1pt">point of England.</p>
</div>
<div id="page42" style="background-image:url('playbook/playbook42.jpg');width:765.4pt;height:991.3pt">
<p style="top:946.8pt;left:321.9pt;font-size:11.2pt"><i>© 2023 GMT Games, LLC</i></p>
<p style="top:44.0pt;left:272.6pt;font-size:15.7pt" class="hr">Plantagenet Background Book</p>
<p style="top:46.9pt;left:65.8pt;font-size:13.8pt">42</p>
<p style="top:79.3pt;left:44.4pt;font-size:17.5pt" class="h3">Lancastrian Events</p>
<p style="top:104.5pt;left:44.4pt"><i>(top half of card)</i></p>
<p style="top:126.3pt;left:44.4pt;font-size:15.0pt" class="h3">All Scenarios</p>
<p style="top:154.8pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">L1. Leeward Battle Line</p>
<p style="top:174.5pt;left:44.4pt"><b><i>Hold:</i></b> Play in Battle to halve all Missile hits (round up) to Friend-</p>
<p style="top:189.5pt;left:44.4pt">ly Lords, unless Enemy Leeward Battle Line.</p>
<p style="top:208.3pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Tips and History. </b>See Yorkist Event Y1.</p>
<p style="top:233.5pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">L2. Flank Attack</p>
<p style="top:253.3pt;left:44.4pt"><b><i>Hold: </i></b>Play to Intercept without rolling and become the Attacker </p>
<p style="top:268.3pt;left:44.4pt">in that Battle.</p>
<p style="top:287.0pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Tips and History. </b>See Yorkist Event Y2.</p>
<p style="top:312.3pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">L3. Escape Ship</p>
<p style="top:332.0pt;left:44.4pt"><b><i>Hold:</i></b> Play upon Death check if Lancastrian Route (4.5.1) to Port </p>
<p style="top:347.0pt;left:44.4pt">for any Routed Lancastrians to go into Exile instead</p>
<p style="top:365.8pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Tips and History.</b> See Yorkist Event Y3 & Y9.</p>
<p style="top:391.0pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">L4. Be sent for <i>to return from France with speed</i></p>
<p style="top:410.8pt;left:44.4pt"><b><i>This Levy</i></b> Muster Lancastrian Exiles from anywhere on the Cal-</p>
<p style="top:425.8pt;left:44.4pt">endar</p>
<p style="top:444.5pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Tips.</b> The Lancastrian player may treat any or all Lancastrian </p>
<p style="top:459.5pt;left:44.4pt">Lords marked Exile on the Calendar as if they were in the current </p>
<p style="top:474.5pt;left:44.4pt">Turn’s box. Each chosen Lord Musters to a scenario-designated </p>
<p style="top:489.5pt;left:44.4pt">Exile box (3.3). This card’s Capability is not available this Turn </p>
<p style="top:504.5pt;left:44.4pt">(3.1.3).</p>
<p style="top:523.3pt;left:44.4pt"><b>History.</b> Henry VI speaks the Event’s title line in Shakespeare’s </p>
<p style="top:538.3pt;left:44.4pt"><i>Henry VI</i> part III. Lancastrians were almost always ready to come </p>
<p style="top:553.3pt;left:44.4pt">back from exile at the first sign of weakness from the Yorkists. </p>
<p style="top:568.3pt;left:44.4pt">They kep their supporters and resources prepared for an invasion, </p>
<p style="top:583.3pt;left:44.4pt">such as Margaret d’Anjou’s in 1471.</p>
<p style="top:608.5pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">L5. Suspicion <i>always haunts the guilty mind</i></p>
<p style="top:628.3pt;left:44.4pt"><b><i>Hold: </i></b>Play in Battle for participating Lancastrian Lord to check </p>
<p style="top:643.3pt;left:44.4pt">Influence. Success Disbands 1 Yorkist Lord at Battle with lower </p>
<p style="top:658.3pt;left:44.4pt">Influence rating</p>
<p style="top:677.0pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Tips and History. </b>See Yorkist Event Y5.</p>
<p style="top:702.3pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">L6. Seamanship</p>
<p style="top:722.0pt;left:44.4pt"><b><i>This Campaign</i></b> Lancastrians may Sail for just 1 Command action</p>
<p style="top:740.8pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Tips and History. </b>See Yorkist Event Y6.</p>
<p style="top:766.0pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">L7. For trust not him</p>
<p style="top:785.8pt;left:44.4pt"><b><i>Hold:</i></b> Play in Battle for a participating Lord to attempt to Levy </p>
<p style="top:800.8pt;left:44.4pt">(3.4.3) a regular Enemy Vassal at Battle onto the Lord’s own mat</p>
<p style="top:819.5pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Tips.</b> Play this card at the Event step after Battle Array (4.4.1). </p>
<p style="top:834.5pt;left:44.4pt">The Lancastrian player chooses a Lancastrian Lord and a regular </p>
<p style="top:849.5pt;left:44.4pt">Yorkist Vassal (not a Special Vassal) who are taking part in that </p>
<p style="top:864.5pt;left:44.4pt">Battle. The Lord chosen immediately attempts to Levy the Vassal </p>
<p style="top:879.5pt;left:44.4pt">(3.4.3), ignoring Routes and Favour of the Vassal’s Seat. The cost </p>
<p style="top:894.5pt;left:44.4pt">in Influence points is only for the Influence check and modifiers </p>
<p style="top:909.5pt;left:44.4pt">(1.4.2). If successful, move the Vassal marker from the Yorkist </p>
<p style="top:77.9pt;left:393.1pt">mat to that Lancastrian Lord’s mat and shift that Vassal’s marker </p>
<p style="top:92.9pt;left:393.1pt">on the Calendar to a box as if newly Levied. </p>
<p style="top:111.6pt;left:393.1pt"><b>History. </b>Queen Elizabeth speaks the Event’s title line in Shake-</p>
<p style="top:126.6pt;left:393.1pt">speare’s <i>Henry VI</i> part III. There were not many instances of no-</p>
<p style="top:141.6pt;left:393.1pt">bles changing loyalty in the field of battle, but the most notable </p>
<p style="top:156.6pt;left:393.1pt">ones are probably Andrew Trollope and Thomas Stanley, both go-</p>
<p style="top:171.6pt;left:393.1pt">ing from the Yorkist side to the Lancastrians.</p>
<p style="top:196.9pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">L8. Forced Marches</p>
<p style="top:216.6pt;left:393.1pt"><b><i>This Campaign</i></b> lone Lancastrian Lords (not Groups) March on </p>
<p style="top:231.6pt;left:393.1pt">Road as if Highway</p>
<p style="top:250.4pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Tips.</b> With this Event, Lancastrian Lords can use one March Ac-</p>
<p style="top:265.4pt;left:393.1pt">tion to move two Ways if each is either Highway or Road (4.3.3). </p>
<p style="top:280.4pt;left:393.1pt">A Marshal or Lieutenant with other Lords would have to leave </p>
<p style="top:295.4pt;left:393.1pt">them behind on Road to use this benefit. The Event does not affect </p>
<p style="top:310.4pt;left:393.1pt">March along Paths. The Capability on this card will not be avail-</p>
<p style="top:325.4pt;left:393.1pt">able for Levy this turn, as the player will not discard the card until </p>
<p style="top:340.4pt;left:393.1pt">after this Campaign (3.1.3).</p>
<p style="top:359.1pt;left:393.1pt"><b>History. </b>Although Yorkists were generally able to react faster </p>
<p style="top:374.1pt;left:393.1pt">than Lancastrians, there were some instances when fast move-</p>
<p style="top:389.1pt;left:393.1pt">ment by Lancastrians enabled them to gain important victories, as </p>
<p style="top:404.1pt;left:393.1pt">at Edgcote and Second St Albans.</p>
<p style="top:429.4pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">L9. Rising Wages</p>
<p style="top:449.1pt;left:393.1pt"><b><i>This Levy</i></b> Yorkist Lords must pay 1 Coin per Levy Troops action</p>
<p style="top:467.9pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Tips.</b> For Yorkist Lords to Levy Troops (3.4.4), they must first </p>
<p style="top:482.9pt;left:393.1pt">spend one Coin per such action (they may Share, 1.5.3). That pen-</p>
<p style="top:497.9pt;left:393.1pt">alty applies even if Levying Troops via Event or Capability that </p>
<p style="top:512.9pt;left:393.1pt">requires a Levy Troops action, such as like Y16 Beloved War-</p>
<p style="top:527.9pt;left:393.1pt">wick or Y18 Irishmen. Card L9’s Capability is not available this </p>
<p style="top:542.9pt;left:393.1pt">Turn (3.1.3).</p>
<p style="top:561.6pt;left:393.1pt"><b>History.</b> The armies of the Wars of the Roses were composed </p>
<p style="top:576.6pt;left:393.1pt">of soldiers who received a wage. And during the war’s duration, </p>
<p style="top:591.6pt;left:393.1pt">there was a significant inflation in costs. There were some instanc-</p>
<p style="top:606.6pt;left:393.1pt">es when Yorkist had difficulties in raising troops because of the </p>
<p style="top:621.6pt;left:393.1pt">lack of funds.</p>
<p style="top:646.9pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">L10. New Act of Parliament</p>
<p style="top:666.6pt;left:393.1pt"><b><i>This Campaign</i></b> Yorkist Parley takes entire Command card</p>
<p style="top:685.4pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Tips. </b>Any Yorkist Parley during the coming Campaign (4.6.4) </p>
<p style="top:700.4pt;left:393.1pt">requires all that Lord’s actions on the Command card (instead of </p>
<p style="top:715.4pt;left:393.1pt">just one action). The Event does not affect Parley during Levy </p>
<p style="top:730.4pt;left:393.1pt">(3.4.1). Card L10’s Capability is not available this Turn (3.1.3).</p>
<p style="top:749.1pt;left:393.1pt"><b>History.</b> Although Yorkists were generally more apt at getting </p>
<p style="top:764.1pt;left:393.1pt">what they wanted from Parliament (or forcing it), Lancastrians </p>
<p style="top:779.1pt;left:393.1pt">were occasionally able to make it work for them.</p>
<p style="top:804.4pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">L11. Blocked Ford</p>
<p style="top:824.1pt;left:393.1pt"><b><i>Hold:</i></b> Play upon Approach to prevent Exile (all Lords there Bat-</p>
<p style="top:839.1pt;left:393.1pt">tle)</p>
<p style="top:857.9pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Tips and History.</b> See Yorkist Event Y11.</p>
</div>
<div id="page43" style="background-image:url('playbook/playbook43.jpg');width:765.4pt;height:991.3pt">
<p style="top:947.9pt;left:321.9pt;font-size:11.2pt"><i>© 2023 GMT Games, LLC</i></p>
<p style="top:44.0pt;left:272.6pt;font-size:15.7pt" class="hr">Plantagenet Background Book</p>
<p style="top:46.9pt;left:685.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">43</p>
<p style="top:80.3pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">L12. Ravine</p>
<p style="top:100.0pt;left:44.4pt"><b><i>Hold:</i></b> Play on an Enemy Lord in Battle. Round 1, ignore that </p>
<p style="top:115.0pt;left:44.4pt">Lord for Engage and Strike</p>
<p style="top:133.8pt;left:162.6pt"><b>Tips. </b>Play this card at the Event step after </p>
<p style="top:148.8pt;left:162.6pt">Battle Array (4.4.1). Then choose one </p>
<p style="top:163.8pt;left:162.6pt">Yorkist Lord there. Conduct the first </p>
<p style="top:178.8pt;left:162.6pt">Round of Battle (only) as if his place in </p>
<p style="top:193.8pt;left:162.6pt">the Battle Array were empty. As a remind-</p>
<p style="top:208.8pt;left:162.6pt">er, place this card beneath the top edge of </p>
<p style="top:223.8pt;left:162.6pt">that Lord’s mat, then remove it after </p>
<p style="top:238.8pt;left:162.6pt">Round 1.</p>
<p style="top:257.5pt;left:162.6pt"><b>History. </b>When Henry Percy arrived at </p>
<p style="top:272.5pt;left:162.6pt">Bosworth, Thomas Stanley was watching </p>
<p style="top:287.5pt;left:162.6pt">him from an elevated position. Moving to </p>
<p style="top:302.5pt;left:44.4pt">his scripted position in the battle meant giving him the flank, and, </p>
<p style="top:317.5pt;left:44.4pt">as his loyalty was not clear, he stood there, blocked from taking </p>
<p style="top:332.5pt;left:44.4pt">part in the clash.</p>
<p style="top:357.8pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">L13. Aspielles – <i>Lancastrian spies</i></p>
<p style="top:377.5pt;left:44.4pt"><b><i>Hold:</i></b> Play to inspect all Yorkist Held cards and 1 Hidden Yorkist </p>
<p style="top:392.5pt;left:44.4pt">Lord mat (1.5.3)</p>
<p style="top:411.3pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Tips and History. </b>See Yorkist Event Y13.</p>
<p style="top:433.0pt;left:44.4pt;font-size:15.0pt" class="h3">Scenarios Ia, Ib, & Ic</p>
<p style="top:461.5pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">L14. Scots</p>
<p style="top:481.3pt;left:44.4pt">Each Lancastrian Lord on map may add up to 1 Men-at-Arms and </p>
<p style="top:496.3pt;left:44.4pt">1 Militia to his or her mat</p>
<p style="top:515.0pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Tips.</b> Each Mustered Lancastrian Lord (even if in an Exile box) </p>
<p style="top:530.0pt;left:44.4pt">has may opt immediately to receive one Men-at-Arms and/or one </p>
<p style="top:545.0pt;left:44.4pt">Militia unit (until the pool runs out, 1.6). </p>
<p style="top:563.8pt;left:44.4pt"><b>History. </b>After Henry VI’s capture by the Yorkists, Margaret and </p>
<p style="top:578.8pt;left:44.4pt">Somerset secured the help of the Scots and got an army. As they </p>
<p style="top:593.8pt;left:44.4pt">brought them all the way south to St Albans, panic swept through </p>
<p style="top:608.8pt;left:44.4pt">all middle and south England.</p>
<p style="top:634.0pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">L15. Henry Pressures Parliament</p>
<p style="top:653.8pt;left:44.4pt">Yorkists lose 1 Influence point per Vassal they currently have </p>
<p style="top:668.8pt;left:44.4pt">Mustered</p>
<p style="top:687.5pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Tips.</b> Count all the Mustered Vassals on Yorkist mats (including </p>
<p style="top:702.5pt;left:44.4pt">Special Vassal Hastings). Subtract that number of Yorkist Influ-</p>
<p style="top:717.5pt;left:44.4pt">ence points total.</p>
<p style="top:736.3pt;left:44.4pt"><b>History. </b>One of the few instances when Henry VI’s power over </p>
<p style="top:751.3pt;left:44.4pt">the Parliament was felt was in December 1459, when York, War-</p>
<p style="top:766.3pt;left:44.4pt">wick, and Salisbury suffered attainder. Their lands were returned </p>
<p style="top:781.3pt;left:44.4pt">to the king and their lives were forfeit. Their loss of political pow-</p>
<p style="top:796.3pt;left:44.4pt">er after this was great, although not definitive.</p>
<p style="top:821.5pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">L16. Warden of the Marches</p>
<p style="top:841.3pt;left:44.4pt"><b><i>Hold: </i></b>Play upon Death check in the North. Move any Routed </p>
<p style="top:856.3pt;left:44.4pt">Lancastrians to a Friendly Stronghold there instead of rolling </p>
<p style="top:871.3pt;left:44.4pt">Death or Disband</p>
<p style="top:890.0pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Tips. </b>Play the Event only in a Battle at a Stronghold in the North </p>
<p style="top:905.0pt;left:44.4pt">Area (1.3.1), before rolling for Death (4.4.3). Any Lancastrian </p>
<p style="top:920.0pt;left:44.4pt">Lords who Routed may choose before rolling (only) instead to </p>
<p style="top:77.9pt;left:393.1pt">move their cylinder to a Friendly Stronghold in the North (other </p>
<p style="top:92.9pt;left:393.1pt">than the Battle Locale). If there is no such Stronghold, the Event </p>
<p style="top:107.9pt;left:393.1pt">has no effect. Lords who move keep their Assets, Capabilities, </p>
<p style="top:122.9pt;left:393.1pt">and Unrouted Troops. If left without Troops, they Disband (1.6). </p>
<p style="top:141.6pt;left:393.1pt"><b>History.</b> The position of Wardens of the Marches historically be-</p>
<p style="top:156.6pt;left:393.1pt">longed to the Percys. Though there were some short periods when </p>
<p style="top:171.6pt;left:393.1pt">the Nevilles were able to steal it from them, all the decades spent </p>
<p style="top:186.6pt;left:393.1pt">as protectors of the North against Scottish incursions let the Per-</p>
<p style="top:201.6pt;left:393.1pt">cys create a strong net of allies and supporters there.</p>
<p style="top:226.9pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">L17. My crown is in my heart</p>
<p style="top:246.6pt;left:393.1pt"><b><i>This Levy</i></b> Henry VI may Parley twice for 0 Lordship (with Influ-</p>
<p style="top:261.6pt;left:393.1pt">ence checks)</p>
<p style="top:280.4pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Lord.</b> Henry VI.</p>
<p style="top:299.1pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Tips. </b>During this Levy (only), Henry VI may optionally take two </p>
<p style="top:314.1pt;left:393.1pt">additional Parley actions, for the usual Influence point costs and </p>
<p style="top:329.1pt;left:393.1pt">Influence checks required (3.4.1). This Event allows Parley on </p>
<p style="top:344.1pt;left:393.1pt">London even if Event Y15 London for York has placed double </p>
<p style="top:359.1pt;left:393.1pt">Favour markers there. The Event has no effect if Henry VI is not </p>
<p style="top:374.1pt;left:393.1pt">on map and does not affect Parley during Campaign (4.6.4). This </p>
<p style="top:389.1pt;left:393.1pt">card’s Capability is not available this Turn (3.1.3).</p>
<p style="top:407.9pt;left:393.1pt"><b>History. </b>Henry VI speaks the Event’s title line in Shakespeare’s </p>
<p style="top:422.9pt;left:393.1pt"><i>Henry VI</i> part III. Henry VI was so pious and good mannered that </p>
<p style="top:437.9pt;left:393.1pt">even at the height of Yorkist rebellion, Yorkists could not argue </p>
<p style="top:452.9pt;left:393.1pt">that he was evil. Even his staunchest enemies could not help but </p>
<p style="top:467.9pt;left:393.1pt">listen to what he had to say.</p>
<p style="top:493.1pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">L18. Parliament Votes</p>
<p style="top:512.9pt;left:393.1pt"><b><i>This Levy</i></b> 1 Parley action by each Lancastrian Lord costs less by </p>
<p style="top:527.9pt;left:393.1pt">–1 Influence point and automatically succeeds</p>
<p style="top:546.6pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Tips. </b>During this Levy (only), each Lancastrian Lord may reduce </p>
<p style="top:561.6pt;left:393.1pt">the cost of any one Parley action taken by one Influence point, </p>
<p style="top:576.6pt;left:393.1pt">and that Parley succeeds without rolling an Influence Check. (An-</p>
<p style="top:591.6pt;left:393.1pt">nounce use of the option before rolling.) This Event allows Par-</p>
<p style="top:606.6pt;left:393.1pt">ley on London even if Event Y15 London for York has placed </p>
<p style="top:621.6pt;left:393.1pt">double Favour markers there. The Event does not affect Parley </p>
<p style="top:636.6pt;left:393.1pt">during Campaign (4.6.4). This card’s Capability is not available </p>
<p style="top:651.6pt;left:393.1pt">this Turn (3.1.3).</p>
<p style="top:670.4pt;left:393.1pt"><b>History.</b> Just before the Battle of Ludford Bridge, Henry VI </p>
<p style="top:685.4pt;left:393.1pt">seemed to have the parliament again in his favor and was able </p>
<p style="top:700.4pt;left:393.1pt">to enact hard measures against the rebels. That was short lived, </p>
<p style="top:715.4pt;left:393.1pt">however, as York and Warwick upon their return from exile took </p>
<p style="top:730.4pt;left:393.1pt">control of the nobles.</p>
<p style="top:755.6pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">L19. Henry’s Proclamation</p>
<p style="top:775.4pt;left:393.1pt">Yorkists shift all their Vassals’ Calendar markers to the current </p>
<p style="top:790.4pt;left:393.1pt">Turn box</p>
<p style="top:809.1pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Tips.</b> All Yorkist Vassal markers on the Calendar immediately </p>
<p style="top:824.1pt;left:393.1pt">move to the current Turn box (then discard the card). Pay or Dis-</p>
<p style="top:839.1pt;left:393.1pt">band (3.2.3-.4) will affect those Vassals this Levy.</p>
<p style="top:857.9pt;left:393.1pt"><b>History.</b> The Acts of Attainder against York, Warwick, and Salis-</p>
<p style="top:872.9pt;left:393.1pt">bury in 1459 made some of the nobles rethink their allegiances in </p>
<p style="top:887.9pt;left:393.1pt">the conflict and brought them closer to the Lancastrian faction.</p>
</div>
<div id="page44" style="background-image:url('playbook/playbook44.jpg');width:765.4pt;height:991.3pt">
<p style="top:946.8pt;left:321.9pt;font-size:11.2pt"><i>© 2023 GMT Games, LLC</i></p>
<p style="top:44.0pt;left:272.6pt;font-size:15.7pt" class="hr">Plantagenet Background Book</p>
<p style="top:46.9pt;left:65.8pt;font-size:13.8pt">44</p>
<p style="top:80.3pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">L20. Parliament’s Truce</p>
<p style="top:100.0pt;left:44.4pt"><b><i>Hold: </i></b>Play to prohibit all Approach and Intercept for the rest of </p>
<p style="top:115.0pt;left:44.4pt"><b><i>this Campaign</i></b></p>
<p style="top:133.8pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Tips.</b> A player can use this Event at any moment during a Cam-</p>
<p style="top:148.8pt;left:44.4pt">paign (only), including at the moment of an Enemy March trig-</p>
<p style="top:163.8pt;left:44.4pt">gering an Approach (4.3.5) or an Enemy Intercept. Use of the </p>
<p style="top:178.8pt;left:44.4pt">Event forbids (and cancels) all Approach and Intercept by both </p>
<p style="top:193.8pt;left:44.4pt">sides for the rest of the Turn. </p>
<p style="top:212.5pt;left:44.4pt"><b>History.</b> After the Battle of Ludford Bridge, Henry VI briefly re-</p>
<p style="top:227.5pt;left:44.4pt">covered his influence among the nobles and was able to stop their </p>
<p style="top:242.5pt;left:44.4pt">skirmishes and petty conflicts for a few months.</p>
<p style="top:267.8pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">L21. French Fleet</p>
<p style="top:287.5pt;left:44.4pt"><b><i>This Campaign</i></b> Yorkist Lords may not Sail</p>
<p style="top:306.3pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Tips.</b> This Event forbids Sail for Yorkists during this Turn’s Cam-</p>
<p style="top:321.3pt;left:44.4pt">paign, even if another card, such as Event Y6 Seamanship would </p>
<p style="top:336.3pt;left:44.4pt">enable it. This card’s Capability is not available this Turn (3.1.3).</p>
<p style="top:355.0pt;left:44.4pt"><b>History.</b> French help was essential to the Lancastrians during the </p>
<p style="top:370.0pt;left:44.4pt">war. Part of that consisted of raids along the coast and the use of </p>
<p style="top:385.0pt;left:44.4pt">French ships to block Yorkist naval movement.</p>
<p style="top:410.3pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">L22. French Troops</p>
<p style="top:430.0pt;left:44.4pt">Add up to 2 Men-at-Arms and 2 Militia to a Lancastrian Lord at </p>
<p style="top:445.0pt;left:44.4pt">a Port</p>
<p style="top:463.8pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Tips.</b> This Event is optional, not mandatory. The Lancastrian </p>
<p style="top:478.8pt;left:44.4pt">Player may immediately choose one Lancastrian Lord at a Port </p>
<p style="top:493.8pt;left:44.4pt">Stronghold (regardless of Favour, but not an Exile box), and add </p>
<p style="top:508.8pt;left:44.4pt">zero, one, or two Men-at-Arms plus zero, one, or two Militia units </p>
<p style="top:523.8pt;left:44.4pt">to that one Lord’s mat, within those available in the pool (1.6). If </p>
<p style="top:538.8pt;left:44.4pt">no Lancastrian Lord is at a Port, the Event has not effect.</p>
<p style="top:557.5pt;left:44.4pt"><b>History.</b> French King Charles VII “the Victorious” showed his </p>
<p style="top:572.5pt;left:44.4pt">son, Louis XI, the way to keep England off Continenal soil: </p>
<p style="top:587.5pt;left:44.4pt">feed its internal struggles. The fact that Margaret d’Anjou was </p>
<p style="top:602.5pt;left:44.4pt">Charles’s niece and Louis’s cousin made it natural for the French </p>
<p style="top:617.5pt;left:44.4pt">Crown to provide help to the Lancastrians. (See also Events L27 </p>
<p style="top:632.5pt;left:44.4pt">L’Universelle Aragne and L30 French War Loans and Capa-</p>
<p style="top:647.5pt;left:44.4pt">bility L37 Madame La Grande.)</p>
<p style="top:669.3pt;left:44.4pt;font-size:15.0pt" class="h3">Scenario II</p>
<p style="top:697.8pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">L23 & L24. Warwick’s Propaganda</p>
<p style="top:717.5pt;left:44.4pt">Select 3 Yorkist Strongholds. For each, Yorkists either pay 2 Influ-</p>
<p style="top:732.5pt;left:44.4pt">ence points or remove Favour</p>
<p style="top:751.3pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Tips. </b>The Lancastrian player must immediately select any three </p>
<p style="top:766.3pt;left:44.4pt">Strongholds with Yorkist Favour (or all of them if fewer than three. </p>
<p style="top:781.3pt;left:44.4pt">They may include Special Strongholds (London, Calais, Harlech). </p>
<p style="top:796.3pt;left:44.4pt">For each Stronghold selected, the Yorkist player chooses either to </p>
<p style="top:811.3pt;left:44.4pt">lose two Influence points or to remove that Yorkist Favour mark-</p>
<p style="top:826.3pt;left:44.4pt">er. Adjust Stronghold markers on the edge track accordingly.</p>
<p style="top:845.0pt;left:44.4pt"><b>History.</b> Warwick saw himself as a Renaissance Prince. As </p>
<p style="top:860.0pt;left:44.4pt">such, he made use of the most modern techniques of influenc-</p>
<p style="top:875.0pt;left:44.4pt">ing the common people and the bourgeoisie. Propaganda be-</p>
<p style="top:890.0pt;left:44.4pt">came one of his main weapons, enlarging his figure and gath-</p>
<p style="top:905.0pt;left:44.4pt">ering popular support.</p>
<p style="top:80.3pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">L25. Welsh Rebellion</p>
<p style="top:100.0pt;left:393.1pt">Remove 2 Troops from each Yorkist Lord in Wales OR, if no </p>
<p style="top:115.0pt;left:393.1pt">Yorkist Lords there, 2 Yorkist Favour from Wales</p>
<p style="top:133.8pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Tips.</b> If there is any Yorkist Lord cylinder on the map within the </p>
<p style="top:148.8pt;left:393.1pt">Wales Area (1.3.1), the Lancastrian player chooses and returns to </p>
<p style="top:163.8pt;left:393.1pt">the pool any two wooden Troops units (not Retinues or Vassals) </p>
<p style="top:178.8pt;left:393.1pt">from each such Yorkist Lord in Wales. If that leaves any Lords </p>
<p style="top:193.8pt;left:393.1pt">without Troops, they immediately Disband (1.6, 3.2.4). If there </p>
<p style="top:208.8pt;left:393.1pt">are no Yorkist Lords in Wales, the Lancastrian player chooses and </p>
<p style="top:223.8pt;left:393.1pt">removes two Yorkist Favour markers from Wales (or one if only </p>
<p style="top:238.8pt;left:393.1pt">one is there). Adjust Stronghold markers on the edge track ac-</p>
<p style="top:253.8pt;left:393.1pt">cordingly. The Event has no effect if there are no Yorkist Lords or </p>
<p style="top:268.8pt;left:393.1pt">Favour markers in Wales.</p>
<p style="top:287.5pt;left:393.1pt"><b>History. </b>Although Pembroke was able to pacify the south of </p>
<p style="top:302.5pt;left:393.1pt">Wales, the influence of Jasper Tudor was greater, and the presence </p>
<p style="top:317.5pt;left:393.1pt">of English troops resented. This made Wales a dangerous place </p>
<p style="top:332.5pt;left:393.1pt">for Yorkist armies.</p>
<p style="top:357.8pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">L26. Henry Released</p>
<p style="top:377.5pt;left:393.1pt">If London Favours Lancastrians, add 5 Lancastrian Influence </p>
<p style="top:392.5pt;left:393.1pt">points</p>
<p style="top:411.3pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Tips. </b>This effect is immediate and can happen multiple times in a </p>
<p style="top:426.3pt;left:393.1pt">game. The Event has no effect if London has Lancastrian Favour </p>
<p style="top:441.3pt;left:393.1pt">or no Favour marker.</p>
<p style="top:460.0pt;left:393.1pt"><b>History.</b> The highest moment of Warwick’s rebellion, whence </p>
<p style="top:475.0pt;left:393.1pt">came his nickname “Kingmaker”, was Henry VI’s release from </p>
<p style="top:490.0pt;left:393.1pt">the Tower of London. Henry was King again for a few months, </p>
<p style="top:505.0pt;left:393.1pt">and Warwick increased his hold on the Kingdom.</p>
<p style="top:530.3pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">L27. L’Universelle Aragne – <i>Louis XI of France, a </i></p>
<p style="top:545.3pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt"><i>cunning King</i></p>
<p style="top:565.0pt;left:393.1pt">Select 2 Yorkist Mustered Vassals. Their Lords check Influence </p>
<p style="top:580.0pt;left:393.1pt">for each—failure Disbands the Vassal</p>
<p style="top:598.8pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Tips.</b> The Lancastrian player chooses any two Vassals Mustered </p>
<p style="top:613.8pt;left:393.1pt">to Yorkist mats. They may include Special Vassal Hastings. For </p>
<p style="top:628.8pt;left:393.1pt">each one, the Yorkist Lord that has the Vassal on his mat must </p>
<p style="top:643.8pt;left:393.1pt">make an Influence check, the Yorkist player spending Influence </p>
<p style="top:658.8pt;left:393.1pt">points normally (1.4.3). If the check fails, the Vassal Disbands </p>
<p style="top:673.8pt;left:393.1pt">(3.2.4). If Hastings Disbands, discard Capability card Y24 HAST-</p>
<p style="top:688.8pt;left:393.1pt">INGS from Edward IV’s mat (1.5.4).</p>
<p style="top:707.5pt;left:393.1pt"><b>History.</b> The Lancastrian cause would have been totally lost if </p>
<p style="top:722.5pt;left:393.1pt">not for the maneuvers behind the curtain of Louis XI. He used </p>
<p style="top:737.5pt;left:393.1pt">influence, persuasion, and bribes to increase the tension among </p>
<p style="top:752.5pt;left:393.1pt">the English factions and thus make France more secure.</p>
<p style="top:777.8pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">L28. Rebel Supply Depot</p>
<p style="top:797.5pt;left:393.1pt"><b><i>Hold: </i></b>Play after a Lord or Group Marches or Sails to a Port for </p>
<p style="top:812.5pt;left:393.1pt">them to receive 4 Provender and ignore their next Feed</p>
<p style="top:831.3pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Tips. </b>Play just after a March or Sail action by a Lord or Group </p>
<p style="top:846.3pt;left:393.1pt">that is now at a Port (only). The Lord or Lords who moved (only) </p>
<p style="top:861.3pt;left:393.1pt">receive four Provender distributed among them as the player </p>
<p style="top:876.3pt;left:393.1pt">wishes. The qualifying Lord(s) also will remove Moved/Fought </p>
<p style="top:891.3pt;left:393.1pt">markers in the upcoming Feed step (4.7) without expending any </p>
<p style="top:906.3pt;left:393.1pt">Provender or Pillaging, regardless of that or any further March, </p>
<p style="top:921.3pt;left:393.1pt">Sail, or Battle on that Command Card.</p>
</div>
<div id="page45" style="background-image:url('playbook/playbook45.jpg');width:765.4pt;height:991.3pt">
<p style="top:947.9pt;left:321.9pt;font-size:11.2pt"><i>© 2023 GMT Games, LLC</i></p>
<p style="top:44.0pt;left:272.6pt;font-size:15.7pt" class="hr">Plantagenet Background Book</p>
<p style="top:46.9pt;left:685.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">45</p>
<p style="top:77.9pt;left:44.4pt"><b>History. </b>Hard work made sure that Margaret’s army would re-</p>
<p style="top:92.9pt;left:44.4pt">turn to England in 1471 in the best of condition. Multiple ports </p>
<p style="top:107.9pt;left:44.4pt">in the South were prepared to receive the French army that went </p>
<p style="top:122.9pt;left:44.4pt">with her.</p>
<p style="top:148.1pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">L29. To wilful disobedience<i> and Rebel!</i></p>
<p style="top:167.9pt;left:44.4pt">Remove Yorkist Favour from 2 Strongholds at or adjacent to a </p>
<p style="top:182.9pt;left:44.4pt">Lancastrian Lord and not at or adjacent to Yorkist Lords</p>
<p style="top:201.6pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Tips. </b>The Lancastrian player must immediately select and re-</p>
<p style="top:216.6pt;left:44.4pt">move Yorkist Favour markers from any two Strongholds (or one, </p>
<p style="top:231.6pt;left:44.4pt">if only one qualifies) that:</p>
<p style="top:250.4pt;left:44.4pt">• Are adjacent by Way (1.3.1) to a Lancastrian Lord or have a </p>
<p style="top:265.4pt;left:54.4pt">Lancastrian Lord present at the Stronghold itself, and</p>
<p style="top:282.9pt;left:44.4pt">• Have no Yorkist Lord at the Stronghold or adjacent to it by Way.</p>
<p style="top:302.9pt;left:44.4pt">The Strongholds may include Special Strongholds (London, Cal-</p>
<p style="top:317.9pt;left:44.4pt">ais, Harlech). Adjust Stronghold markers on the edge track.</p>
<p style="top:336.6pt;left:44.4pt"><b>History.</b> Robin of Redesdale’s rebellion and other multiple skir-</p>
<p style="top:351.6pt;left:44.4pt">mishes around England marked the start of Warwick’s movement </p>
<p style="top:366.6pt;left:44.4pt">against Edward, which used the growth of malcontent to reduce </p>
<p style="top:381.6pt;left:44.4pt">Edward IV’s support. (See also Event L31 Robin’s Rebellion.)</p>
<p style="top:406.9pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">L30. French War Loans</p>
<p style="top:426.6pt;left:44.4pt">Add 1 Coin and 1 Provender to each Lancastrian Lord on map</p>
<p style="top:445.4pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Tips.</b> The effect is immediate and mandatory. Lords on map </p>
<p style="top:460.4pt;left:44.4pt">include those at Strongholds and in Exile boxes, not those on </p>
<p style="top:475.4pt;left:44.4pt">the Calendar.</p>
<p style="top:494.1pt;left:44.4pt"><b>History. </b>French help was essential for the Lancastrians. Louis XI </p>
<p style="top:509.1pt;left:44.4pt">brokered the deal between Warwick and Margaret, and French </p>
<p style="top:524.1pt;left:44.4pt">money paid the army that she brought to England in 1471.</p>
<p style="top:549.4pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">L31. Robin’s Rebellion</p>
<p style="top:569.1pt;left:44.4pt">Place and/or remove up to 3 Favour total in the North</p>
<p style="top:587.9pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Tips. </b>The Lancastrian player immediately selects Strongholds </p>
<p style="top:602.9pt;left:44.4pt">within the North Area (1.3.1) and removes Yorkist Favour mark-</p>
<p style="top:617.9pt;left:44.4pt">er(s) there and/or then places Lancastrian Favour marker(s) on </p>
<p style="top:632.9pt;left:44.4pt">neutral Stronghold(s) there, in any combination involving no </p>
<p style="top:647.9pt;left:44.4pt">more than three markers total. Lords present have no effect. Ad-</p>
<p style="top:662.9pt;left:44.4pt">just Stronghold markers on the edge track.</p>
<p style="top:681.6pt;left:44.4pt"><b>History. </b>Insurrection by Robin of Redesdale (also known as </p>
<p style="top:696.6pt;left:44.4pt">Robin Mend-All) in 1469 was probably the first movement in </p>
<p style="top:711.6pt;left:44.4pt">Warwick’s rebellion. Robin rose against John Neville and asked </p>
<p style="top:726.6pt;left:44.4pt">for the reinstatement of Henry Percy as Earl of Northumberland, </p>
<p style="top:741.6pt;left:44.4pt">which happened just a few months later.</p>
<p style="top:79.3pt;left:393.1pt;font-size:15.0pt" class="h3">Scenarios III & III(B)</p>
<p style="top:107.8pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">L32. Tudor Banners</p>
<p style="top:127.5pt;left:393.1pt">If Henry Tudor is at a Friendly Stronghold, mark all adjacent </p>
<p style="top:142.5pt;left:393.1pt">Strongholds that are free of Yorkist Lords with Lancastrian Favour</p>
<p style="top:161.3pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Lord.</b> Henry Tudor.</p>
<p style="top:180.0pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Tips.</b> Unless Henry Tudor is on map at a Stronghold with Lan-</p>
<p style="top:195.0pt;left:393.1pt">castrian Favour, this Event has no effect. If he is so, remove all </p>
<p style="top:210.0pt;left:393.1pt">Yorkist Favour markers from Strongholds that both are adjacent </p>
<p style="top:225.0pt;left:393.1pt">to him by Way (1.3.1) and have no Yorkist Lord there. Then, place </p>
<p style="top:240.0pt;left:393.1pt">a Lancastrian Favour marker at all such Strongholds (whether or </p>
<p style="top:255.0pt;left:393.1pt">not they had a Yorkist marker). Adjust Stronghold markers on the </p>
<p style="top:270.0pt;left:393.1pt">edge track accordingly.</p>
<p style="top:288.8pt;left:393.1pt"><b>History.</b> Henry Tudor had his own supporters on English soil, but </p>
<p style="top:303.8pt;left:393.1pt">he benefitted from the behaviour of Richard III, who became very </p>
<p style="top:318.8pt;left:393.1pt">aggressive in his response to any hint of treachery. This made it </p>
<p style="top:333.8pt;left:393.1pt">easier for Henry to bring the nobility to him.</p>
<p style="top:359.0pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">L33. Surprise Landing</p>
<p style="top:378.8pt;left:393.1pt"><b><i>Hold: </i></b>Play after Sailing to a Port to add a free March action</p>
<p style="top:397.5pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Tips.</b> Play just after a Lord or Group uses a Sail action to reach </p>
<p style="top:412.5pt;left:393.1pt">a Port Stronghold (only). The active Lord—plus, if that Lord is </p>
<p style="top:427.5pt;left:393.1pt">a Marshal or Lieutenant, any other Lancastrian Lords there de-</p>
<p style="top:442.5pt;left:393.1pt">sired—may not conduct a single March action without using up </p>
<p style="top:457.5pt;left:393.1pt">Command. As March along a Path uses all actions of a Command </p>
<p style="top:472.5pt;left:393.1pt">card, this bonus March action may not use a Path. Feed will hap-</p>
<p style="top:487.5pt;left:393.1pt">pen after this free March action, not after the Sail action. </p>
<p style="top:506.3pt;left:393.1pt"><b>History.</b> Richard III was anxious to know where the invasion </p>
<p style="top:521.3pt;left:393.1pt">force led by Henry and Jasper Tudor was going to land. Their </p>
<p style="top:536.3pt;left:393.1pt">first intention had been to land at a port on the English Channel. </p>
<p style="top:551.3pt;left:393.1pt">But, as these were heavily guarded, they decided on Dale near </p>
<p style="top:566.3pt;left:393.1pt">Pembroke in Wales, and marched from there into England proper.</p>
<p style="top:591.5pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">L34. Buckingham’s Plot <i>backfires</i></p>
<p style="top:611.3pt;left:393.1pt"><b><i>This Levy</i></b> each Yorkist Vassal Levy costs +2 extra Influence </p>
<p style="top:626.3pt;left:393.1pt">points</p>
<p style="top:645.0pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Tips. </b>Each Yorkist Vassal Levy action this Turn will cost two </p>
<p style="top:660.0pt;left:393.1pt">more Influence points than usual. Any Vassal Levy Influence cost </p>
<p style="top:675.0pt;left:393.1pt">reduced to zero or “free” by Capability or Event will cost two </p>
<p style="top:690.0pt;left:393.1pt">points. Card L34’s Capability is not available this Turn (3.1.3).</p>
<p style="top:708.8pt;left:393.1pt"><b>History.</b> The Event’s title refers not to Buckingham’s rebellion </p>
<p style="top:723.8pt;left:393.1pt">in 1483 but rather to the theory that he was the mastermind be-</p>
<p style="top:738.8pt;left:393.1pt">hind the assassination under Richard III of the two princes held </p>
<p style="top:753.8pt;left:393.1pt">in the Tower. While Buckingham’s involvement is only a hy-</p>
<p style="top:768.8pt;left:393.1pt">pothesis, the fact is that this event hurt views of the Yorkists </p>
<p style="top:783.8pt;left:393.1pt">among the nobility.</p>
<p style="top:809.0pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">L35. Margaret Beaufort – <i>Henry Tudor’s mother</i></p>
<p style="top:828.8pt;left:393.1pt"><b><i>This Levy</i></b> Henry Tudor may attempt to Levy any Vassals on the </p>
<p style="top:843.8pt;left:393.1pt">map</p>
<p style="top:862.5pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Tips.</b> This Event eliminates the Friendly Stronghold and Enemy </p>
<p style="top:877.5pt;left:393.1pt">Lord restrictions on Henry Tudor’s Levy Vassal actions this Turn. </p>
<p style="top:892.5pt;left:393.1pt">Provided that Henry Tudor is on map, including in an Exile box, </p>
<p style="top:907.5pt;left:393.1pt">he need not be at a Friendly Stronghold, nor need the target Vas-</p>
<p style="top:922.5pt;left:393.1pt">sal’s Seat have Lancastrian Favour or be free of Yorkist Lords. </p>
</div>
<div id="page46" style="background-image:url('playbook/playbook46.jpg');width:765.4pt;height:991.3pt">
<p style="top:946.8pt;left:321.9pt;font-size:11.2pt"><i>© 2023 GMT Games, LLC</i></p>
<p style="top:44.0pt;left:272.6pt;font-size:15.7pt" class="hr">Plantagenet Background Book</p>
<p style="top:46.9pt;left:65.8pt;font-size:13.8pt">46</p>
<p style="top:77.9pt;left:44.4pt">The Lordship and Influence costs and Influence check to Levy a </p>
<p style="top:92.9pt;left:44.4pt">Vassal still apply (3.4.3). The Event does not allow Levy of Vas-</p>
<p style="top:107.9pt;left:44.4pt">sals who are already Mustered nor of Special Vassals (1.5.4). It </p>
<p style="top:122.9pt;left:44.4pt">has no effect if Henry Tudor is not on map. This card’s Capability </p>
<p style="top:137.9pt;left:44.4pt">is not available this Turn (3.1.3).</p>
<p style="top:156.6pt;left:44.4pt"><b>History.</b> There are lots of intelligent characters in the Wars of </p>
<p style="top:171.6pt;left:44.4pt">the Roses—capable politicians and diplomats and manipulative </p>
<p style="top:186.6pt;left:44.4pt">masterminds working in the shadows. Margaret Beaufort is prob-</p>
<p style="top:201.6pt;left:44.4pt">ably one of the less known but surely one the most interesting and </p>
<p style="top:216.6pt;left:44.4pt">influential. Dan Jones’s documentary TV series Britain’s Bloody </p>
<p style="top:231.6pt;left:44.4pt">Crown dedicated its chapter 4 to Margaret Beaufort and might be </p>
<p style="top:246.6pt;left:44.4pt">of interest to those intrigued by the life of this remarkable woman.</p>
<p style="top:271.9pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">L36. Talbot to the Rescue</p>
<p style="top:291.6pt;left:44.4pt"><b><i>Hold:</i></b> Play upon Death check to Disband any Routed Lancastri-</p>
<p style="top:306.6pt;left:44.4pt">ans instead of rolling for Death</p>
<p style="top:325.4pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Tips.</b> Play during a Battle, before rolling for Death (4.4.3). Any </p>
<p style="top:340.4pt;left:44.4pt">Lancastrian Lords who Routed may choose before rolling (only) </p>
<p style="top:355.4pt;left:44.4pt">instead to Disband (3.2.4). Because Yorkist Capability Y33 </p>
<p style="top:370.4pt;left:44.4pt">Bloody thou art skips Death checks entirely, it blocks this </p>
<p style="top:385.4pt;left:44.4pt">Event.</p>
<p style="top:404.1pt;left:44.4pt"><b>History.</b> It’s said that Richard’s famous last charge at Bosworth </p>
<p style="top:419.1pt;left:44.4pt">was cut short when Talbot intercepted him in order to earn some </p>
<p style="top:434.1pt;left:44.4pt">time for Henry Tudor to flee. That time was not necessary, as </p>
<p style="top:449.1pt;left:44.4pt">Richard fell there, and was killed by Henry’s bodyguards—end-</p>
<p style="top:464.1pt;left:44.4pt">ing the Plantagenet dynasty.</p>
<p style="top:490.5pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:12.4pt">L37. The Earl of Richmond <i>is with a mighty power landed at Milford</i></p>
<p style="top:509.1pt;left:44.4pt">This Levy Lancastrian Vassal Levy always succeeds</p>
<p style="top:527.9pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Tips.</b> Lancastrian Vassal Levy this Turn need not roll for success. </p>
<p style="top:542.9pt;left:44.4pt">The Stronghold requirements, Vassal eligibility, and Lordship and </p>
<p style="top:557.9pt;left:44.4pt">Influence point costs of Vassal Levy actions still apply (3.4.3). </p>
<p style="top:572.9pt;left:44.4pt">This card’s Capability is not available this Turn (3.1.3).</p>
<p style="top:591.6pt;left:44.4pt"><b>History.</b> Catesby speaks the Event’s title line in Shakespeare’s </p>
<p style="top:606.6pt;left:44.4pt"><i>Richard III</i>. Upon news of the arrival of Henry Tudor, known at </p>
<p style="top:621.6pt;left:44.4pt">the time as the Earl of Richmond, nobles started defecting to him </p>
<p style="top:636.6pt;left:44.4pt">away from Richard III.</p>
<p style="top:79.3pt;left:393.1pt;font-size:17.5pt" class="h3">Lancastrian Capabilities</p>
<p style="top:104.5pt;left:393.1pt"><i>(bottom half of card)</i></p>
<p style="top:126.3pt;left:393.1pt;font-size:15.0pt" class="h3"> All Scenarios</p>
<p style="top:154.8pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">L1 & L2. Culverins and Falconets</p>
<p style="top:174.5pt;left:393.1pt">At start of Round 1 of Battle, this Lord may discard this card to </p>
<p style="top:189.5pt;left:393.1pt">add 1 die roll of Missile Hits</p>
<p style="top:208.3pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Lords. </b>Any.</p>
<p style="top:227.0pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Tips and History. </b>See Yorkist Capability Y1 & Y2.</p>
<p style="top:252.3pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">L3. Muster’d my soldiers <i>Gather’d flocks of friends</i></p>
<p style="top:272.0pt;left:393.1pt">Each Battle at a Friendly Stronghold, this Lord adds 2 Men-at-</p>
<p style="top:287.0pt;left:393.1pt">Arms and 1 Longbowmen. Remove them after Battle</p>
<p style="top:305.8pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Lords.</b> Any.</p>
<p style="top:324.5pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Tips and History.</b> See Yorkist Capability Y3.</p>
<p style="top:349.8pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">L4. Heralds</p>
<p style="top:369.5pt;left:393.1pt">This Lord at Port may use full Command card for an Influence </p>
<p style="top:384.5pt;left:393.1pt">check. If successful, shift a Lord cylinder on Calendar to next </p>
<p style="top:399.5pt;left:393.1pt">Turn</p>
<p style="top:418.3pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Lords.</b> Any.</p>
<p style="top:437.0pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Tips. </b>The Lord with Heralds while at any Port Stronghold (not </p>
<p style="top:452.0pt;left:393.1pt">in an Exile box), regardless of Favour, Depletion, or Exhaustion </p>
<p style="top:467.0pt;left:393.1pt">there, may use all actions of that Lord’s Command card to make </p>
<p style="top:482.0pt;left:393.1pt">an Influence check in the usual manner (1.4.3, at the usual In-</p>
<p style="top:497.0pt;left:393.1pt">fluence point cost, no Route). Success shifts a selected (typical-</p>
<p style="top:512.0pt;left:393.1pt">ly, Lancastrian) Lord cylinder already on the Calendar (possibly </p>
<p style="top:527.0pt;left:393.1pt">marked Exile) to the next Turn’s box. The Lord may do so on </p>
<p style="top:542.0pt;left:393.1pt">several Command cards during a Campaign.</p>
<p style="top:560.8pt;left:393.1pt">History. Lancastrian negotiations with foreign powers, especially </p>
<p style="top:575.8pt;left:393.1pt">France and Scotland, let them gather support and resources very </p>
<p style="top:590.8pt;left:393.1pt">fast and return from exile with their followers in almost no time.</p>
<p style="top:616.0pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">L5. Church Blessing</p>
<p style="top:635.8pt;left:393.1pt">This Lord’s Men-at-Arms have Armour 1-4</p>
<p style="top:654.5pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Lords. </b>Any.</p>
<p style="top:673.3pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Tips. </b>When rolling for protection, Men-at-Arms have Armour 1-4 </p>
<p style="top:688.3pt;left:393.1pt">instead of 1-3. Men-at-Arms with both Church Blessing and </p>
<p style="top:703.3pt;left:393.1pt">Capability L34 Piquiers have Armour 1 4. The modification does </p>
<p style="top:718.3pt;left:393.1pt">not apply when rolling for Losses (4.4.3).</p>
<p style="top:737.0pt;left:393.1pt"><b>History. </b>Henry VI was a pious man. He placed great impor-</p>
<p style="top:752.0pt;left:393.1pt">tance in following Christian principles. And because of that he </p>
<p style="top:767.0pt;left:393.1pt">was loved by the people and considered a good example by the </p>
<p style="top:782.0pt;left:393.1pt">Church. Although this was not a religious war, soldiers loyal to </p>
<p style="top:797.0pt;left:393.1pt">Henry VI may have felt that they were also fighting with God’s </p>
<p style="top:812.0pt;left:393.1pt">protection on their side, as Shakespeare notes during Clifford’s </p>
<p style="top:827.0pt;left:393.1pt">speech in the play Henry VI.</p>
</div>
<div id="page47" style="background-image:url('playbook/playbook47.jpg');width:765.4pt;height:991.3pt">
<p style="top:947.9pt;left:321.9pt;font-size:11.2pt"><i>© 2023 GMT Games, LLC</i></p>
<p style="top:44.0pt;left:272.6pt;font-size:15.7pt" class="hr">Plantagenet Background Book</p>
<p style="top:46.9pt;left:685.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">47</p>
<p style="top:80.3pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">L6. Great Ships</p>
<p style="top:100.0pt;left:44.4pt">This Lord’s Ships count <i>double</i> for Sail and Supply and connect </p>
<p style="top:115.0pt;left:44.4pt">all Ports of all Seas</p>
<p style="top:132.5pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Lords. </b>Any.</p>
<p style="top:150.0pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Tips and History.</b> See Yorkist Capability Y6.</p>
<p style="top:175.3pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">L7. Harbingers</p>
<p style="top:195.0pt;left:44.4pt">This Lord’s Supply actions draw twice the usual Provender</p>
<p style="top:212.5pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Lords.</b> Any.</p>
<p style="top:230.0pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Tips and History. </b>See Yorkist Capability Y7.</p>
<p style="top:255.3pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">L8. Hay Wains</p>
<p style="top:275.0pt;left:44.4pt">This Lord’s Carts count double for March and Supply</p>
<p style="top:293.8pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Lords. </b>Any.</p>
<p style="top:312.5pt;left:106.2pt"><b>Tips.</b> Each Cart on this Lord’s mat equals two Carts </p>
<p style="top:327.5pt;left:106.4pt">for all March—both Haul and Intercept (4.3.2, 4.3.4) </p>
<p style="top:342.5pt;left:106.4pt">and Supply (4.5.1-.2) purposes (only), not for Levy </p>
<p style="top:357.5pt;left:106.4pt">Transport (3.4.5), Spoils (4.4.3), Sail (4.6.1), or </p>
<p style="top:372.5pt;left:44.4pt">Waste (4.8.5). Shared with another Lord (1.5.3), this Lord’s Carts </p>
<p style="top:387.5pt;left:44.4pt">count double in the same way, while another Lord’s Carts Shared </p>
<p style="top:402.5pt;left:44.4pt">with this Lord do not.</p>
<p style="top:421.3pt;left:44.4pt"><b>History. </b>“Wains” were wagons considerably larger than standard </p>
<p style="top:436.3pt;left:44.4pt">wagons used in the period. They were excellent for bringing sup-</p>
<p style="top:451.3pt;left:44.4pt">plies when a campaign led far away from the power base of the </p>
<p style="top:466.3pt;left:44.4pt">army, so it would not pillage the country.</p>
<p style="top:491.5pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">L9. Quartermasters</p>
<p style="top:511.3pt;left:44.4pt">This Lord Levies Troops without Depleting or Exhausting Strong-</p>
<p style="top:526.3pt;left:44.4pt">holds</p>
<p style="top:545.0pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Lords. </b>Any.</p>
<p style="top:563.8pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Tips. </b>See Yorkist Capability Y31 Woodvilles. Quartermasters </p>
<p style="top:578.8pt;left:44.4pt">works the same.</p>
<p style="top:597.5pt;left:44.4pt"><b>History. </b>Commissions of Array, paid conscriptions, were the </p>
<p style="top:612.5pt;left:44.4pt">main source of soldiers for Wars of the Roses armies. Good quar-</p>
<p style="top:627.5pt;left:44.4pt">termasters were able to get more troops from a town or city. (See </p>
<p style="top:642.5pt;left:44.4pt">also Capability L12 Commission of Array.)</p>
<p style="top:667.8pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">L10. Chamberlains</p>
<p style="top:687.5pt;left:44.4pt">This Lord’s Supply and Levy Troops do not Deplete the Strong-</p>
<p style="top:702.5pt;left:44.4pt">hold at his or her Vassals’ Seats</p>
<p style="top:721.3pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Lords.</b> Any.</p>
<p style="top:740.0pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Tips.</b> With this Capability, a Lord can Levy Troops and draw Sup-</p>
<p style="top:755.0pt;left:44.4pt">ply from the Seats of any regular Vassals on the Lord’s mat with-</p>
<p style="top:770.0pt;left:44.4pt">out adding Depleted markers or flipping Depleted to Exhausted </p>
<p style="top:785.0pt;left:44.4pt">(3.4.4, 4.5). The benefit applies to each such Levy or Command </p>
<p style="top:800.0pt;left:44.4pt">action, so it can enable repeated use of the same Locales. All other </p>
<p style="top:815.0pt;left:44.4pt">Levy Troops and Supply rules still apply.</p>
<p style="top:833.8pt;left:44.4pt"><b>History. </b>Chamberlain is a word derived from the French that </p>
<p style="top:848.8pt;left:44.4pt">was used for the post of managing the household and finances </p>
<p style="top:863.8pt;left:44.4pt">of high-ranking nobles, mostly kings. Nobles with good help-</p>
<p style="top:878.8pt;left:44.4pt">ers who acted as chamberlains would be able to gather more </p>
<p style="top:893.8pt;left:44.4pt">resources from their estates. Thomas Stanley, Salisbury, and </p>
<p style="top:908.8pt;left:44.4pt">Hastings acted at some point as Lord Chamberlain for the King </p>
<p style="top:923.8pt;left:44.4pt">(Henry VI or Edward IV).</p>
<p style="top:80.3pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">L11. In the Name of the King –<i> Sealed royal letter</i></p>
<p style="top:100.0pt;left:393.1pt">This Lord has Influence +1 for Parley</p>
<p style="top:118.8pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Lords.</b> Any.</p>
<p style="top:137.5pt;left:393.1pt">Tips. This Capability increases the value of this Lord’s Influence </p>
<p style="top:152.5pt;left:393.1pt">rating by one for Parley actions (3.4.1, 4.6.4) only.</p>
<p style="top:171.3pt;left:393.1pt"><b>History.</b> Richard York, Edward IV, and Richard III as pretend-</p>
<p style="top:186.3pt;left:393.1pt">ers or kings usually took matters into their own hands. Henry VI, </p>
<p style="top:201.3pt;left:393.1pt">Margaret, and Henry Tudor were, on the other hand, more prone </p>
<p style="top:216.3pt;left:393.1pt">to delegate to trusted councillors like Somerset or Jasper Tudor.</p>
<p style="top:241.5pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">L12. Commission of Array</p>
<p style="top:261.3pt;left:393.1pt">This Lord can Levy Troops from adjacent Friendly Strongholds </p>
<p style="top:276.3pt;left:393.1pt">where no Enemy Lord</p>
<p style="top:295.0pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Lords.</b> Any.</p>
<p style="top:313.8pt;left:393.1pt">Tips. A Lord with this Capability Levies Troops standard manner </p>
<p style="top:328.8pt;left:393.1pt">(3.4.4) except that he can draw Troops and Deplete or Exhaust </p>
<p style="top:343.8pt;left:393.1pt">action can only be taken on the Strongholds adjacent to him by </p>
<p style="top:358.8pt;left:393.1pt">Way (1.3.1) instead of his own location. All other requirements, </p>
<p style="top:373.8pt;left:393.1pt">such as that the target Stronghold not be Exhausted, still apply.</p>
<p style="top:392.5pt;left:393.1pt"><b>History. </b>During the Wars of the Roses, there were more instanc-</p>
<p style="top:407.5pt;left:393.1pt">es of Yorkists having problems raising troops than Lancastrians. </p>
<p style="top:422.5pt;left:393.1pt">Even as the Tudors first came onto the scene, they had plenty of </p>
<p style="top:437.5pt;left:393.1pt">troops, while Richard III had some difficulties.</p>
<p style="top:462.8pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">L13. Expert Counsellors</p>
<p style="top:482.5pt;left:393.1pt">This Lord’s has Valour +2</p>
<p style="top:501.3pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Lords.</b> Any.</p>
<p style="top:520.0pt;left:393.1pt">Tips. This Lord adds two to the Valour rating shown on that Lord </p>
<p style="top:535.0pt;left:393.1pt">card, increasing Interception chances (4.3.4) and adding two extra </p>
<p style="top:550.0pt;left:393.1pt">Valour markers for re-rolls in Battle (4.4.1-.2).</p>
<p style="top:568.8pt;left:393.1pt"><b>History. </b>The Hundred Years War ended in 1453, less than 10 </p>
<p style="top:583.8pt;left:393.1pt">years before the start of the Wars of the Roses. Many veterans of </p>
<p style="top:598.8pt;left:393.1pt">the wars in France took part on the early stages of the new conflict </p>
<p style="top:613.8pt;left:393.1pt">and were highly regarded as advisers in battle tactics and strategy. </p>
<p style="top:628.8pt;left:393.1pt">(Andrew Trollope was a good example of that, see L19 below.) </p>
<p style="top:643.8pt;left:393.1pt">Later in the conflict, they became less common and even more </p>
<p style="top:658.8pt;left:393.1pt">appreciated.</p>
<p style="top:680.5pt;left:393.1pt;font-size:15.0pt" class="h3">Scenarios Ia, Ib, & Ic</p>
<p style="top:709.0pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">L14. Percy’s Power</p>
<p style="top:728.8pt;left:393.1pt">While this Lord is in the North, Lancastrian Pay (3.2) there is free</p>
<p style="top:747.5pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Lord. </b>Northumberland.</p>
<p style="top:766.3pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Tips. </b>If Northumberland with Percy’s Power is in any Strong-</p>
<p style="top:781.3pt;left:393.1pt">hold in the North Area (1.3.1), neither he nor any other Lancas-</p>
<p style="top:796.3pt;left:393.1pt">trian Lord at any Strongholds in the North (regardless of Favour, </p>
<p style="top:811.3pt;left:393.1pt">Depletion, or Exhaustion) need Pay Coin to their Troops to avoid </p>
<p style="top:826.3pt;left:393.1pt">Pillage or Influence points to avoid Disband or to shift their Vas-</p>
<p style="top:841.3pt;left:393.1pt">sals by one box right each Pay step (3.2.1-.3).</p>
<p style="top:860.0pt;left:393.1pt"><b>History. </b>The Wars of the Roses also were a continuation of the </p>
<p style="top:875.0pt;left:393.1pt">Percy-Neville feud. The Percys were strong in the North, with </p>
<p style="top:890.0pt;left:393.1pt">plenty of resources and available troops. Sadly for them, however, </p>
<p style="top:905.0pt;left:393.1pt">their influence to the south waned, unlike that of the Nevilles.</p>
</div>
<div id="page48" style="background-image:url('playbook/playbook48.jpg');width:765.4pt;height:991.3pt">
<p style="top:946.8pt;left:321.9pt;font-size:11.2pt"><i>© 2023 GMT Games, LLC</i></p>
<p style="top:44.0pt;left:272.6pt;font-size:15.7pt" class="hr">Plantagenet Background Book</p>
<p style="top:46.9pt;left:65.8pt;font-size:13.8pt">48</p>
<p style="top:80.3pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">L15. King’s Parley</p>
<p style="top:100.0pt;left:44.4pt">Upon Yorkist Approach to this Lord, discard this card to cancel </p>
<p style="top:115.0pt;left:44.4pt">that Approach and end Command card</p>
<p style="top:133.8pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Lord. </b>Henry VI.</p>
<p style="top:152.5pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Tips.</b> If Henry VI with this Capability is the target of an Approach </p>
<p style="top:167.5pt;left:44.4pt">(4.3.5), including because he Intercepted (4.3.4), before declar-</p>
<p style="top:182.5pt;left:44.4pt">ing any Exile, the Lancastrian player may choose to Discard this </p>
<p style="top:197.5pt;left:44.4pt">Capability and cancel the Approach. The moving Yorkist Lord(s) </p>
<p style="top:212.5pt;left:44.4pt">would return to their previous location. The current Command </p>
<p style="top:227.5pt;left:44.4pt">card would end immediately, and play would proceed to Feed </p>
<p style="top:242.5pt;left:44.4pt">(4.7). Only Lords who moved on that card before the cancelled </p>
<p style="top:257.5pt;left:44.4pt">Approach move would be considered to have Moved/Fought.</p>
<p style="top:276.3pt;left:44.4pt"><b>History. </b>Twice during the unrest ahead of the Wars of the Roses </p>
<p style="top:291.3pt;left:44.4pt">(in 1450 and 1451) did Henry VI use the same trick when Richard </p>
<p style="top:306.3pt;left:44.4pt">York had gathered an army and come to meet him. Henry would </p>
<p style="top:321.3pt;left:44.4pt">call York to a parley and offer concessions. Once York disbanded </p>
<p style="top:336.3pt;left:44.4pt">his army, Henry would renege on the concessions, and Richard </p>
<p style="top:351.3pt;left:44.4pt">would end in a worse situation. When Henry tried the same at </p>
<p style="top:366.3pt;left:44.4pt">First St Albans (1455), Richard refused to parley and attacked.</p>
<p style="top:391.5pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">L16. Northmen</p>
<p style="top:411.3pt;left:44.4pt">Each Tides of War, Lancastrians Dominate the North with this </p>
<p style="top:426.3pt;left:44.4pt">Lord and 3+ Friendly Strongholds there</p>
<p style="top:445.0pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Lord. </b>Northumberland.</p>
<p style="top:463.8pt;left:44.4pt">Tips. See Yorkist Capability Y19 Welshmen. Southerners </p>
<p style="top:478.8pt;left:44.4pt">works the same way for the Area, Lords, and number of Strong-</p>
<p style="top:493.8pt;left:44.4pt">holds stated.</p>
<p style="top:512.5pt;left:44.4pt"><b>History.</b> Percys’ power in the North was so great that most of the </p>
<p style="top:527.5pt;left:44.4pt">towns and cities supported them regardless of the side they took </p>
<p style="top:542.5pt;left:44.4pt">in the Wars of the Roses.</p>
<p style="top:567.8pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">L17. Margaret <i>takes the reins</i></p>
<p style="top:587.5pt;left:44.4pt">Each Tides of War, this Lord at a Stronghold outside London or in </p>
<p style="top:602.5pt;left:44.4pt">an Exile box adds +2 Lancastrian Influence points</p>
<p style="top:621.3pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Lord. </b>Henry VI.</p>
<p style="top:640.0pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Tips.</b> Each Turn’s Tides of War step (4.8.1) that Henry VI with </p>
<p style="top:655.0pt;left:44.4pt">this Capability is on map anywhere outside London—at any </p>
<p style="top:670.0pt;left:44.4pt">Stronghold other than London (regardless of Favour) or in an Ex-</p>
<p style="top:685.0pt;left:44.4pt">ile box—add two extra Influence points for the Lancastrians.</p>
<p style="top:703.8pt;left:44.4pt"><b>History. </b>Henry VI became truly involved as an active army leader </p>
<p style="top:718.8pt;left:44.4pt">in the Wars of the Roses only when Margaret pressured him to do </p>
<p style="top:733.8pt;left:44.4pt">so, as when she made him leave London, where she felt hated, </p>
<p style="top:748.8pt;left:44.4pt">to hold court at Coventry. At times that Henry proved incapable, </p>
<p style="top:763.8pt;left:44.4pt">Margaret stepped in herself to command.</p>
<p style="top:789.0pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">L18. Council Member</p>
<p style="top:808.8pt;left:44.4pt">Each Tides of War, this Lord adds +1 Lancastrian Influence point</p>
<p style="top:827.5pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Lord. </b>Exeter, Buckingham, or Somerset.</p>
<p style="top:846.3pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Tips.</b> Each Turn’s Tides of War step (4.8.1) that a Lord with this </p>
<p style="top:861.3pt;left:44.4pt">Capability is anywhere on map, including in a Exile box, add one </p>
<p style="top:876.3pt;left:44.4pt">extra Influence point for the Lancastrians.</p>
<p style="top:895.0pt;left:44.4pt"><b>History. </b>One of Richard York’s complaints that made him rebel </p>
<p style="top:910.0pt;left:44.4pt">was his exclusion from the King’s Council in favor of Somerset. </p>
<p style="top:77.9pt;left:393.1pt">Somerset belonged to the Queen’s faction, and who saw York as a </p>
<p style="top:92.9pt;left:393.1pt">threat. That cost him power among the nobles.</p>
<p style="top:118.1pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">L19. Andrew Trollope</p>
<p style="top:137.9pt;left:454.9pt">This Lord Levies Special Vassal Trollope (free) and </p>
<p style="top:152.9pt;left:455.2pt">has Valour +1</p>
<p style="top:174.1pt;left:455.2pt"><b>Lords.</b> Exeter, Buckingham, Somerset</p>
<p style="top:195.4pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Tips. </b>When a Lord gets this Capability, place the named Special </p>
<p style="top:210.4pt;left:393.1pt">Vassal marker on that Lord’s mat. See rule 1.5.4 regarding Special </p>
<p style="top:225.4pt;left:393.1pt">Vassals. The Valour benefit applies as long as this Lord retains </p>
<p style="top:240.4pt;left:393.1pt">the Capability and Special Vassal. If the Special Vassal Disbands, </p>
<p style="top:255.4pt;left:393.1pt">discard this Capability.</p>
<p style="top:274.1pt;left:393.1pt"><b>History.</b> Andrew Trollope was one of the few brilliant tactical </p>
<p style="top:289.1pt;left:393.1pt">minds in the Wars of the Roses. He was the architect of the Lan-</p>
<p style="top:304.1pt;left:393.1pt">castrian victory at St Albans, where he led a wing of the army—a </p>
<p style="top:319.1pt;left:393.1pt">remarkable feat for a commoner born to a dyer’s family. At St </p>
<p style="top:334.1pt;left:393.1pt">Albans, he stepped on a caltrop. He died at Towton, leading the </p>
<p style="top:349.1pt;left:393.1pt">vanguard with the Earl of Northumberland. </p>
<p style="top:374.4pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">L20. Veteran of French Wars</p>
<p style="top:394.1pt;left:393.1pt">This Lord has Valour +2</p>
<p style="top:412.9pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Lords. </b>Exeter or Somerset.</p>
<p style="top:431.6pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Tips.</b> This Lord adds two to the Valour rating shown on that Lord </p>
<p style="top:446.6pt;left:393.1pt">card, increasing Interception chances (4.3.4) and adding two extra </p>
<p style="top:461.6pt;left:393.1pt">Valour markers for re-rolls in Battle (4.4.1-.2).</p>
<p style="top:480.4pt;left:393.1pt"><b>History. </b>The time of the big battles of the Hundred Years Wars </p>
<p style="top:495.4pt;left:393.1pt">had long passed when the Wars of the Roses began. Nevertheless, </p>
<p style="top:510.4pt;left:393.1pt">there were still plenty of veterans of that conflict available who </p>
<p style="top:525.4pt;left:393.1pt">could be hired as strategic advisors and army officers.</p>
<p style="top:550.6pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">L21. My Father’s Blood</p>
<p style="top:570.4pt;left:454.9pt">This Lord Levies Special Vassal Clifford (free) and </p>
<p style="top:585.4pt;left:455.2pt">has Valour +1</p>
<p style="top:606.6pt;left:455.2pt"><b>Lords.</b> Any.</p>
<p style="top:627.9pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Tips.</b> See Capability L19 Andrew Trollop.</p>
<p style="top:646.6pt;left:393.1pt"><b>History. </b>John, 9<sup>th</sup> Baron Clifford saw his father murdered at the </p>
<p style="top:661.6pt;left:393.1pt">first Battle of St Albans. He became a staunch Lancastrian sup-</p>
<p style="top:676.6pt;left:393.1pt">porter, and his hatred for the Yorkists ended only with his death </p>
<p style="top:691.6pt;left:393.1pt">at Towton in 1461.</p>
<p style="top:716.9pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">L22. Stafford Estates</p>
<p style="top:736.6pt;left:393.1pt">At outset of each Campaign, this Lord receives 1 Coin and 1 Prov-</p>
<p style="top:751.6pt;left:393.1pt">ender</p>
<p style="top:770.4pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Lord.</b> Buckingham.</p>
<p style="top:789.1pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Tips. </b>At the beginning of each Campaign (4.0), Buckingham with </p>
<p style="top:804.1pt;left:393.1pt">Stafford Estates adds one Coin and one Provender to his mat, </p>
<p style="top:819.1pt;left:393.1pt">regardless of his Locale.</p>
<p style="top:837.9pt;left:393.1pt"><b>History. </b>Humphrey Stafford’s estates after inheriting a huge </p>
<p style="top:852.9pt;left:393.1pt">amount of land from his mother ranged from East Anglia to the </p>
<p style="top:867.9pt;left:393.1pt">Welsh border. That made him one of the wealthiest and most pow-</p>
<p style="top:882.9pt;left:393.1pt">erful lords in England.</p>
</div>
<div id="page49" style="background-image:url('playbook/playbook49.jpg');width:765.4pt;height:991.3pt">
<p style="top:947.9pt;left:321.9pt;font-size:11.2pt"><i>© 2023 GMT Games, LLC</i></p>
<p style="top:44.0pt;left:272.6pt;font-size:15.7pt" class="hr">Plantagenet Background Book</p>
<p style="top:46.9pt;left:685.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">49</p>
<p style="top:79.3pt;left:44.4pt;font-size:15.0pt" class="h3">Scenario II</p>
<p style="top:107.8pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">L23. Montagu</p>
<p style="top:127.5pt;left:106.2pt">This Lord Levies Special Vassal Montagu (free), and </p>
<p style="top:142.5pt;left:106.4pt">his Retinue has Armour 1-5</p>
<p style="top:163.8pt;left:106.4pt"><b>Lord. </b>Warwick.</p>
<p style="top:185.0pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Tips.</b> See Capability L19 Andrew Trollop. The Retinue Armour </p>
<p style="top:200.0pt;left:44.4pt">benefit applies as long as this Lord retains the Capability and </p>
<p style="top:215.0pt;left:44.4pt">Special Vassal, including for the remainder of a Battle in which </p>
<p style="top:230.0pt;left:44.4pt">Montagu Routs. </p>
<p style="top:248.8pt;left:44.4pt"><b>History. </b>During the Battle of Barnet, John Neville, 1<sup>st</sup> Marquess </p>
<p style="top:263.8pt;left:44.4pt">of Montagu, allegedly persuaded his brother Warwick to fight on </p>
<p style="top:278.8pt;left:44.4pt">foot. Montagu took the center, enabling Warwick to stay protected </p>
<p style="top:293.8pt;left:44.4pt">in the rear for a final opportunity to escape the battle.</p>
<p style="top:319.0pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">L24. Married to a Neville</p>
<p style="top:338.8pt;left:44.4pt">This Lord at a Friendly Locale with Warwick has Influence +2 </p>
<p style="top:353.8pt;left:44.4pt">and Command +1</p>
<p style="top:372.5pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Lord.</b> Clarence.</p>
<p style="top:391.3pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Tips. </b>When Clarence and Warwick are at the same Stronghold </p>
<p style="top:406.3pt;left:44.4pt">with Lancastrian Favour or in the same Exile box, Clarence’s In-</p>
<p style="top:421.3pt;left:44.4pt">fluence rating increases by two and his Command rating by one. If </p>
<p style="top:436.3pt;left:44.4pt">Clarence and Warwick at any moment part, the Capability ceases </p>
<p style="top:451.3pt;left:44.4pt">effect. <b><i>EXCEPTION:</i></b> If the last Command action of a card sep-</p>
<p style="top:466.3pt;left:44.4pt">arates Clarence from Warwick, the Capability still has effect for </p>
<p style="top:481.3pt;left:44.4pt">that action, as it started with both together. </p>
<p style="top:500.0pt;left:44.4pt"><b>History. </b>Clarence is another of the tragic characters of the Wars of </p>
<p style="top:515.0pt;left:44.4pt">the Roses. He only became relevant when he married Warwick’s </p>
<p style="top:530.0pt;left:44.4pt">elder daughter, Isabel Neville, and lost almost all influence when </p>
<p style="top:545.0pt;left:44.4pt">Anne Neville was betrothed to Edward, son of Henry VI. </p>
<p style="top:570.3pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">L25. Welsh Lord</p>
<p style="top:590.0pt;left:44.4pt">Each Battle in Wales, this Lord adds 2 Longbowmen. Remove </p>
<p style="top:605.0pt;left:44.4pt">them after Battle</p>
<p style="top:623.8pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Lord.</b> Jasper Tudor.</p>
<p style="top:642.5pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Tips. </b>If Jasper Tudor with this Capability is in Battle at a Strong-</p>
<p style="top:657.5pt;left:44.4pt">hold within the Wales Area (1.3.1), at the outset of the Battle </p>
<p style="top:672.5pt;left:44.4pt">Array phase (4.4.1), add two Longbowmen Troop pieces to his </p>
<p style="top:687.5pt;left:44.4pt">mat. Upon Aftermath (4.4.4), remove those Troops (only, not the </p>
<p style="top:702.5pt;left:44.4pt">card). If Jasper Tudor is left without any Troops, he Disbands </p>
<p style="top:717.5pt;left:44.4pt">(1.6, 3.2.4).</p>
<p style="top:736.3pt;left:44.4pt"><b>History.</b> Jasper Tudor was the son of Owen Tudor and Catherine </p>
<p style="top:751.3pt;left:44.4pt">de Valois (Henry V’s widow), and so was the half-brother of Hen-</p>
<p style="top:766.3pt;left:44.4pt">ry VI. He was greatly respected in Wales, and when in trouble, </p>
<p style="top:781.3pt;left:44.4pt">could always find refuge and gather supporters there.</p>
<p style="top:806.5pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">L26. Edward – <i>Prince of Wales</i></p>
<p style="top:826.3pt;left:106.2pt">This Lord Levies Special Vassal Edward (free) and </p>
<p style="top:841.3pt;left:106.4pt">has Valour +1</p>
<p style="top:862.5pt;left:106.4pt"><b>Lord. </b>Margaret.</p>
<p style="top:883.8pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Tips. </b>See Capability L19 Andrew Trollop.</p>
<p style="top:902.5pt;left:44.4pt"><b>History. </b>Edward, Prince of Wales, was the only son of Henry VI </p>
<p style="top:917.5pt;left:44.4pt">and Margaret d’Anjou. He led the Lancastrian army that disem-</p>
<p style="top:77.9pt;left:393.1pt">barked in England in 1471. The Yorkists executed him at Tewkes-</p>
<p style="top:92.9pt;left:393.1pt">bury.</p>
<p style="top:118.1pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">L27. Barded Horse</p>
<p style="top:137.9pt;left:393.1pt">This Lord’s Retinue and his or her Vassals have Armour 1-3 </p>
<p style="top:152.9pt;left:393.1pt">against Missile but Armour 1-5 against Melee</p>
<p style="top:171.6pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Lords. </b>Exeter, Somerset, or Margaret.</p>
<p style="top:190.4pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Tips. </b>Representing the decision of these nobles’ retinues to fight </p>
<p style="top:205.4pt;left:393.1pt">mounted, Barded Horse decreases this Lord’s Retinue and Vas-</p>
<p style="top:220.4pt;left:393.1pt">sals’ Armour against Missile Hits by one and increases it against </p>
<p style="top:235.4pt;left:393.1pt">Melee Hits by one. The modifications do not apply when rolling </p>
<p style="top:250.4pt;left:393.1pt">for Losses (4.4.3).</p>
<p style="top:269.1pt;left:393.1pt"><b>History. </b>There are almost no instances of mounted charges during </p>
<p style="top:284.1pt;left:393.1pt">the Wars of the Roses, the main reason being the common pres-</p>
<p style="top:299.1pt;left:393.1pt">ence of a few thousand longbowmen on the other side of the field. </p>
<p style="top:314.1pt;left:393.1pt">But should a charge have been successful, it would have had dev-</p>
<p style="top:329.1pt;left:393.1pt">astating effect, especially against foot soldiers.</p>
<p style="top:354.4pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">L28. Loyal Somerset</p>
<p style="top:374.1pt;left:393.1pt">This Lord at the same Locale as Margaret has Influence +1 and </p>
<p style="top:389.1pt;left:393.1pt">Valour +1</p>
<p style="top:407.9pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Lord. </b>Somerset.</p>
<p style="top:426.6pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Tips.</b> While at the same Stronghold or in the same Exile box as </p>
<p style="top:441.6pt;left:393.1pt">Margaret, Somerset has his Influence Rating and Valour Rating </p>
<p style="top:456.6pt;left:393.1pt">each increased by one. Margaret’s Rout in Battle does not remove </p>
<p style="top:471.6pt;left:393.1pt">the d on Somerset in the same Battle.</p>
<p style="top:490.4pt;left:393.1pt"><b>History.</b> It seems that there was always a Somerset next to Marga-</p>
<p style="top:505.4pt;left:393.1pt">ret. First Henry and then Edmund, his brother, who accompanied </p>
<p style="top:520.4pt;left:393.1pt">her in her exile to France and then in her return to England at the </p>
<p style="top:535.4pt;left:393.1pt">head of an army.</p>
<p style="top:560.6pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">L29. High Admiral</p>
<p style="top:580.4pt;left:393.1pt">This Lord can Sail to Ports where Enemy Lord(s), triggering Ap-</p>
<p style="top:595.4pt;left:393.1pt">proach (4.3.5)</p>
<p style="top:614.1pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Lord. </b>Exeter.</p>
<p style="top:632.9pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Tips.</b> Exeter with High Admiral Sails normally (4.6.1) <i>except</i> </p>
<p style="top:647.9pt;left:393.1pt">that his destination Port can be occupied by one or more York-</p>
<p style="top:662.9pt;left:393.1pt">ist Lords. If he Sails to a Port where Enemy Lords, it counts as </p>
<p style="top:677.9pt;left:393.1pt">an Approach (4.3.5), as if he had Marched there from his origin </p>
<p style="top:692.9pt;left:393.1pt">(including an Exile box or at Sea). Exeter must take the Sail ac-</p>
<p style="top:707.9pt;left:393.1pt">tion himself to use High Admiral; therefore, as Exeter is not a </p>
<p style="top:722.9pt;left:393.1pt">Marshal or Lieutenant, the effect will never apply to Group Sail. </p>
<p style="top:737.9pt;left:393.1pt">Event Y12 or L20 Parliament’s Truce prevents Exeter from us-</p>
<p style="top:752.9pt;left:393.1pt">ing High Admiral to Approach Yorkists.</p>
<p style="top:771.6pt;left:393.1pt"><b>History.</b> Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter, was appointed High Ad-</p>
<p style="top:786.6pt;left:393.1pt">miral from 1450 to 1461. Curiously, in 1475 he died by drowning </p>
<p style="top:801.6pt;left:393.1pt">on a return voyage from France after having volunteered to go on </p>
<p style="top:816.6pt;left:393.1pt">Edward IV’s campaign.</p>
</div>
<div id="page50" style="background-image:url('playbook/playbook50.jpg');width:765.4pt;height:991.3pt">
<p style="top:946.8pt;left:321.9pt;font-size:11.2pt"><i>© 2023 GMT Games, LLC</i></p>
<p style="top:44.0pt;left:272.6pt;font-size:15.7pt" class="hr">Plantagenet Background Book</p>
<p style="top:46.9pt;left:65.8pt;font-size:13.8pt">50</p>
<p style="top:80.3pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">L30. Merchants</p>
<p style="top:100.0pt;left:44.4pt">This Lord for 1 Command action and successful Influence check </p>
<p style="top:115.0pt;left:44.4pt">removes 2 Depleted or Exhausted at his location and/or adjacent</p>
<p style="top:133.8pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Lord. </b>Warwick.</p>
<p style="top:152.5pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Tips. </b>Warwick with Merchants for any Command action may </p>
<p style="top:167.5pt;left:44.4pt">conduct an Influence Check in the usual manner (1.4.3) that, if </p>
<p style="top:182.5pt;left:44.4pt">successful, enables the Lancastrian player to remove any two De-</p>
<p style="top:197.5pt;left:44.4pt">pleted and/or Exhausted markers at Strongholds adjacent to War-</p>
<p style="top:212.5pt;left:44.4pt">wick by Way (1.3.1). Removal of Exhausted leaves that Strong-</p>
<p style="top:227.5pt;left:44.4pt">hold neither Exhausted nor Depleted. Success must remove two </p>
<p style="top:242.5pt;left:44.4pt">markers if able, otherwise one. Warwick may use Merchants for </p>
<p style="top:257.5pt;left:44.4pt">several actions, as desired. Favour and Enemy Lords have no ef-</p>
<p style="top:272.5pt;left:44.4pt">fect on this Capability.</p>
<p style="top:291.3pt;left:44.4pt"><b>History. </b>If there was ever a lord who could get a deal from any-</p>
<p style="top:306.3pt;left:44.4pt">body, it was Warwick. He was especially friendly with the mer-</p>
<p style="top:321.3pt;left:44.4pt">chant class, as he advanced their interests, sometimes at the cost </p>
<p style="top:336.3pt;left:44.4pt">of the nobility. He got good deals in return, as could be expected.</p>
<p style="top:361.5pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">L31. Yeomen of the Crown</p>
<p style="top:381.3pt;left:44.4pt">If this Lord’s Retinue fails an Armour roll, she may instead Rout </p>
<p style="top:396.3pt;left:44.4pt">1 of her Unrouted Men-at-Arms units</p>
<p style="top:415.0pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Lord. </b>Margaret.</p>
<p style="top:433.8pt;left:106.2pt"><b>Tips. </b>This Capability lets Margaret’s Retinue take </p>
<p style="top:448.8pt;left:106.4pt">Hits without itself having to Rout, optionally Routing </p>
<p style="top:463.8pt;left:106.4pt">her Men-at-Arms instead, in effect giving the latter </p>
<p style="top:478.8pt;left:106.4pt">Armour 1-4 (unless with Barded Horse), or possi-</p>
<p style="top:493.8pt;left:44.4pt">bly 1-5 against Melee only with Barded Horse. Once all Marga-</p>
<p style="top:508.8pt;left:44.4pt">ret’s Men-at-Arms units are Routed, Yeomen of the Crown has </p>
<p style="top:523.8pt;left:44.4pt">no effect that Battle. The card has no effect when rolling for Loss-</p>
<p style="top:538.8pt;left:44.4pt">es (4.4.3).</p>
<p style="top:557.5pt;left:44.4pt"><b>History. </b>The corps of the King’s bodyguards were known as the </p>
<p style="top:572.5pt;left:44.4pt">“Yeomen of the Crown”. In 1485, Henry Tudor, by then Henry </p>
<p style="top:587.5pt;left:44.4pt">VII, made that convention official when he rewarded his body-</p>
<p style="top:602.5pt;left:44.4pt">guards for their exploits at Bosworth with the title Yeomen of the </p>
<p style="top:617.5pt;left:44.4pt">Guard of our Lord the King. </p>
<p style="top:639.3pt;left:44.4pt;font-size:15.0pt" class="h3">Scenarios III & III(B)</p>
<p style="top:667.8pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">L32. Two Roses – <i>Henry Tudor, married to a York, enjoys </i></p>
<p style="top:682.8pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt"><i>Lancastrian support</i></p>
<p style="top:702.5pt;left:44.4pt">This Lord’s Vassal Levy always succeeds</p>
<p style="top:721.3pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Lord. </b>Henry Tudor.</p>
<p style="top:740.0pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Tips. </b>Henry Tudor with TWO ROSES Levies Vassals without </p>
<p style="top:755.0pt;left:44.4pt">having to roll. Instead, the Influence check automatically suc-</p>
<p style="top:770.0pt;left:44.4pt">ceeds. Stronghold requirements, Vassal eligibility, and Lordship </p>
<p style="top:785.0pt;left:44.4pt">and Influence point costs of his Vassal Levy actions still apply </p>
<p style="top:800.0pt;left:44.4pt">(3.4.3).</p>
<p style="top:818.8pt;left:44.4pt"><b>History. </b>Thanks to the work of the Duke of Buckingham (before </p>
<p style="top:833.8pt;left:44.4pt">his execution, of course) and Margaret Beaufort, Henry Tudor </p>
<p style="top:848.8pt;left:44.4pt">emerged from the outset of the third War of the Roses as a prefer-</p>
<p style="top:863.8pt;left:44.4pt">able option to Richard III, so prone to ire and fits of fury.</p>
<p style="top:889.0pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">L33. Philibert de Chandeé – <i>French royal envoy</i></p>
<p style="top:908.8pt;left:44.4pt">Each Battle at or adjacent to Friendly English Channel Port, this </p>
<p style="top:923.8pt;left:44.4pt">Lord adds 2 Men-at-Arms. Remove them after Battle</p>
<p style="top:77.7pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Lords. </b>Oxford or Henry Tudor.</p>
<p style="top:96.4pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Tips. </b>If Oxford or Henry Tudor with this Capability is in Battle </p>
<p style="top:111.4pt;left:393.1pt">at a Stronghold with Lancastrian Favour that is or is adjacent to </p>
<p style="top:126.4pt;left:393.1pt">an English Channel Port (1.3.1), regardless of the presence of any </p>
<p style="top:141.4pt;left:393.1pt">Yorkist Lords at that Port, at the outset of the Battle Array phase </p>
<p style="top:156.4pt;left:393.1pt">(4.4.1), add two Men-at-Arms Troop pieces to his mat. Upon Af-</p>
<p style="top:171.4pt;left:393.1pt">termath (4.4.4), remove those Troops (only, not the card). If the </p>
<p style="top:186.4pt;left:393.1pt">Lord is left without any Troops, he Disbands (1.6, 3.2.4).</p>
<p style="top:205.2pt;left:393.1pt"><b>History. </b>King Charles VIII of France—or more probably his sis-</p>
<p style="top:220.2pt;left:393.1pt">ter Anne, who was the regen—sent Philibert de Chandeé to take </p>
<p style="top:235.2pt;left:393.1pt">care of Henry Tudor while he was their guest. Afterwards, de </p>
<p style="top:250.2pt;left:393.1pt">Chandeé commanded the French troops that accompanied Henry </p>
<p style="top:265.2pt;left:393.1pt">in his invasion.</p>
<p style="top:290.4pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">L34. Piquiers – <i>French pikemen</i></p>
<p style="top:310.2pt;left:393.1pt">This Lord’s Men-at-Arms and Militia have Armour 1-4 until 3 of </p>
<p style="top:325.2pt;left:393.1pt">them Rout</p>
<p style="top:343.9pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Lords. </b>Oxford or Henry Tudor.</p>
<p style="top:362.7pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Tips.</b> All this Lord’s Men-at-Arms and Militia begin any Battle as </p>
<p style="top:377.7pt;left:393.1pt">Armoured Troops with modified Armour 1-4, regardless of how </p>
<p style="top:392.7pt;left:393.1pt">many of each type he has. Men-at-Arms with both Piquiers and </p>
<p style="top:407.7pt;left:393.1pt">Capability L5 Church Blessing have Armour 1 4. At the mo-</p>
<p style="top:422.7pt;left:393.1pt">ment that this Lord’s third unit of the two types combined—Men-</p>
<p style="top:437.7pt;left:393.1pt">at-Arms plus Militia—Routs, Piquiers loses its effect for the rest </p>
<p style="top:452.7pt;left:393.1pt">of that Battle (only). The modification does not apply when roll-</p>
<p style="top:467.7pt;left:393.1pt">ing for Losses (4.4.3).</p>
<p style="top:486.4pt;left:393.1pt"><b>History. </b>The breaking point at the battle of Bosworth probably </p>
<p style="top:501.4pt;left:393.1pt">was the attack from the flank of French pikemen against Norfolk’s </p>
<p style="top:516.4pt;left:393.1pt">vanguard, as Yorkist arms could not reach the enemy across the </p>
<p style="top:531.4pt;left:393.1pt">length of the French pikes.</p>
<p style="top:556.7pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">L35. Thomas Stanley</p>
<p style="top:576.4pt;left:454.9pt">This Lord Levies Special Vassal Stanley (free). Once </p>
<p style="top:591.4pt;left:455.2pt">per Levy, he can Levy Troops for 0 Lordship</p>
<p style="top:612.7pt;left:455.2pt"><b>Lords.</b> Jasper Tudor or Henry Tudor.</p>
<p style="top:633.9pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Tips.</b> See Capability L19 Andrew Trollop. The Levy benefit </p>
<p style="top:648.9pt;left:393.1pt">otherwise has the same requirements and effects as Levy Troops </p>
<p style="top:663.9pt;left:393.1pt">(3.4.4) and applies as long as this Lord retains the Capability and </p>
<p style="top:678.9pt;left:393.1pt">Special Vassal.</p>
<p style="top:697.7pt;left:393.1pt"><b>History.</b> Thomas Stanley was the deciding actor at Bosworth. </p>
<p style="top:712.7pt;left:393.1pt">Had he respected his oath to Richard III, there probably would </p>
<p style="top:727.7pt;left:393.1pt">never have been a Tudor dynasty. Sadly for the Plantagenets, </p>
<p style="top:742.7pt;left:393.1pt">Stanley was married and loyal to Henry Tudor’s mother, Mar-</p>
<p style="top:757.7pt;left:393.1pt">garet Beaufort.</p>
<p style="top:782.9pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">L36. Chevaliers – <i>French knights</i></p>
<p style="top:802.7pt;left:393.1pt">This Lord’s Men-at-Arms suffer –1 Armour against Missiles but </p>
<p style="top:817.7pt;left:393.1pt">Melee Strike x2</p>
<p style="top:836.4pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Lords. </b>Jasper Tudor, Oxford, or Henry Tudor.</p>
<p style="top:855.2pt;left:393.1pt"><b>Tips.</b> All this Lord’s Men-at-Arms units (regardless of how many </p>
<p style="top:870.2pt;left:393.1pt">he has) reduce their range of successful Protection rolls against </p>
<p style="top:885.2pt;left:393.1pt">Missiles (only) by one, for example, from unmodified Armour 1-3 </p>
<p style="top:900.2pt;left:393.1pt">to Armour 1-2. The modification is cumulative with other card </p>
<p style="top:915.2pt;left:393.1pt">effects, such as Capabilities L5 Church Blessing or L34 Piqui-</p>
</div>
<div id="page51" style="background-image:url('playbook/playbook51.jpg');width:765.4pt;height:991.3pt">
<p style="top:947.9pt;left:321.9pt;font-size:11.2pt"><i>© 2023 GMT Games, LLC</i></p>
<p style="top:44.0pt;left:272.6pt;font-size:15.7pt" class="hr">Plantagenet Background Book</p>
<p style="top:46.9pt;left:685.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">51</p>
<p style="top:77.9pt;left:44.4pt">ers. During Melee, this Lord’s Men-at Arms units each generate </p>
<p style="top:92.9pt;left:44.4pt">two Hits instead of one. The Armour modification does not apply </p>
<p style="top:107.9pt;left:44.4pt">when rolling for Losses (4.4.3).</p>
<p style="top:126.6pt;left:44.4pt"><b>History.</b> Henry Tudor’s army was mainly French. And with the </p>
<p style="top:141.6pt;left:44.4pt">French army, came a significant number of mounted men-at-arms, </p>
<p style="top:156.6pt;left:44.4pt">chevaliers. They were vulnerable to the English longbows, but </p>
<p style="top:171.6pt;left:44.4pt">once their charge succeeded, they became an almost unstoppable </p>
<p style="top:186.6pt;left:44.4pt">force.</p>
<p style="top:211.9pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt">L37. Madame La Grande – <i>Louis XI’s daughter Anne </i></p>
<p style="top:226.9pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:13.8pt"><i>finances Tudors</i></p>
<p style="top:246.6pt;left:44.4pt">Each Pay segment (3.2) that this Lord at or adjacent to a Friendly </p>
<p style="top:261.6pt;left:44.4pt">English Channel Port, he receives 1 Coin</p>
<p style="top:280.4pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Lords.</b> Jasper Tudor, Oxford, or Henry Tudor.</p>
<p style="top:299.1pt;left:44.4pt"><b>Tips. </b>At the beginning of each Turn’s Pay segment (3.2), if this </p>
<p style="top:314.1pt;left:44.4pt">Lord is adjacent by Way to an English Channel Port with Lancas-</p>
<p style="top:329.1pt;left:44.4pt">trian Favour (regardless of the presence of any Yorkist Lords) or </p>
<p style="top:344.1pt;left:44.4pt">at such a Friendly English Channel Port (1.3.1), he adds one Coin </p>
<p style="top:359.1pt;left:44.4pt">to his mat. </p>
<p style="top:377.9pt;left:44.4pt"><b>History.</b> Anne of France, Madame La Grande, was the daugh-</p>
<p style="top:392.9pt;left:44.4pt">ter of Louis XI and sister of Charles VIII. She was the regent of </p>
<p style="top:407.9pt;left:44.4pt">France from 1483 to 1491 and applied diligently her father’s les-</p>
<p style="top:422.9pt;left:44.4pt">sons on how to treat with the English. Money spent helping create </p>
<p style="top:437.9pt;left:44.4pt">internal tension was money saved fighting English invasions.</p>
<p style="top:474.1pt;left:48.1pt;font-size:21.9pt"><span style="color:#ffffff" class="h1">Design Notes</span></p>
<p style="top:507.4pt;left:44.4pt">The Wars of the Roses is one of the most interesting periods of </p>
<p style="top:522.4pt;left:44.4pt">English history. It has been the inspiration of multiple fiction-</p>
<p style="top:537.4pt;left:44.4pt">al works, such as Shakespeare’s plays and Martin’s <i>Game of </i></p>
<p style="top:552.4pt;left:44.4pt"><i>Thrones</i>. And its iconography and legends still feel different from </p>
<p style="top:567.4pt;left:44.4pt">any other historical situation. </p>
<p style="top:586.1pt;left:44.4pt">The period first struck me when I was a kid and read a book called </p>
<p style="top:601.1pt;left:44.4pt"><i>The Black Arrow</i> that featured a guy who went by the name of </p>
<p style="top:616.1pt;left:44.4pt">Richard Crookback. That interest has accompanied me all my life. </p>
<p style="top:631.1pt;left:44.4pt">So, when I started thinking about designing my own wargames, </p>
<p style="top:646.1pt;left:44.4pt">it was natural that the first topic in my list would be the Wars of </p>
<p style="top:661.1pt;left:44.4pt">the Roses.</p>
<p style="top:679.9pt;left:44.4pt">One could wonder why I designed my own game about this sub-</p>
<p style="top:694.9pt;left:44.4pt">ject instead of just playing one of the existing ones. The answer is </p>
<p style="top:709.9pt;left:44.4pt">easy. I felt that none of them covered the aspects of the conflict in </p>
<p style="top:724.9pt;left:44.4pt">the way that I wanted to play it. Either the scale was too big or the </p>
<p style="top:739.9pt;left:44.4pt">military detail too little or too much. The representation of politi-</p>
<p style="top:754.9pt;left:44.4pt">cal influence did not intermix with the building and maintenance </p>
<p style="top:769.9pt;left:44.4pt">of armies, as I felt they should. Indeed, these games gave almost </p>
<p style="top:784.9pt;left:44.4pt">no attention to the logistical needs of armies during the period. </p>
<p style="top:799.9pt;left:44.4pt">And the different personalities that led the wars at various points </p>
<p style="top:814.9pt;left:44.4pt">were not given different proficiencies in the way that I wanted. </p>
<p style="top:833.6pt;left:44.4pt">While tinkering with some systems and subsystems with the </p>
<p style="top:848.6pt;left:44.4pt">invaluable help of my eldest son Eidur, I acquired and played </p>
<p style="top:863.6pt;left:44.4pt"><i>Nevsky</i>. I fell immediately in love with that system and asked </p>
<p style="top:878.6pt;left:44.4pt">Volko Ruhnke for permission to use parts of it on my own game. </p>
<p style="top:893.6pt;left:44.4pt">Not only was the answer positive, but the future game became </p>
<p style="top:908.6pt;left:44.4pt">part of the <i>Levy & Campaign</i> <i>Series</i>.</p>
<p style="top:77.9pt;left:393.1pt">The <i>Levy & Campaign</i> system provided for some of the details </p>
<p style="top:92.9pt;left:393.1pt">that I wanted to see represented in a Wars of the Roses game. We </p>
<p style="top:107.9pt;left:393.1pt">would now be able to see how different Warwick was from Rich-</p>
<p style="top:122.9pt;left:393.1pt">ard III, thanks to Lord ratings and Capability cards. And we would </p>
<p style="top:137.9pt;left:393.1pt">not have armies that stayed in the field for 30 years. Players would </p>
<p style="top:152.9pt;left:393.1pt">have to take care of their pay and their sustenance and disband </p>
<p style="top:167.9pt;left:393.1pt">them occasionally because they could not feed or pay them, and </p>
<p style="top:182.9pt;left:393.1pt">they would start pillaging.</p>
<p style="top:201.7pt;left:393.1pt">I added a political layer, by a system that I had already developed, </p>
<p style="top:216.7pt;left:393.1pt">and adapted some aspects that did not really fit the historical facts </p>
<p style="top:231.7pt;left:393.1pt">of the Wars of the Roses. </p>
<p style="top:250.4pt;left:393.1pt">An Influence mechanic represents the diplomacy and negotiations </p>
<p style="top:265.4pt;left:393.1pt">among the nobles and serves as a victory condition. My interpre-</p>
<p style="top:280.4pt;left:393.1pt">tation of the conflict is that it was about who used political influ-</p>
<p style="top:295.4pt;left:393.1pt">ence better to convince the rest of the nobles to come to their side. </p>
<p style="top:310.4pt;left:393.1pt">Sometimes that required a victory on the battlefield to cement that </p>
<p style="top:325.4pt;left:393.1pt">position (or to turn it upside down). Political power can be won </p>
<p style="top:340.4pt;left:393.1pt">but also must be spent. And sometimes the political cost of a ven-</p>
<p style="top:355.4pt;left:393.1pt">ture is higher than the benefits that it will reap. <i>Plantagenet</i>’s sys-</p>
<p style="top:370.4pt;left:393.1pt">tem represents that by making Influence a net amount that, when </p>
<p style="top:385.4pt;left:393.1pt">overdrawn, can bring a side to defeat.</p>
<p style="top:404.2pt;left:393.1pt">Battles was also something to change from the original <i>Levy & </i></p>
<p style="top:419.2pt;left:393.1pt"><i>Campaign</i>. Looking at the data for all the battles of the period </p>
<p style="top:434.2pt;left:393.1pt">(and helped by Graham Evans, who has acted as historical advi-</p>
<p style="top:449.2pt;left:393.1pt">sor for the game and helped in lot of other ways), we saw that the </p>
<p style="top:464.2pt;left:393.1pt">traditional advantage presumed for the defender in a battle did not </p>
<p style="top:479.2pt;left:393.1pt">accrue in this conflict. We adapted the system so that the balance </p>
<p style="top:494.2pt;left:393.1pt">was not so biased against the attacker and even brought it further </p>
<p style="top:509.2pt;left:393.1pt">by giving an advantage to it. </p>
<p style="top:527.9pt;left:393.1pt">Why is it that in this war the attackers tended to win? Any reason </p>
<p style="top:542.9pt;left:393.1pt">may be the valid one. My own opinion is that the commitment to </p>
<p style="top:557.9pt;left:393.1pt">fighting was greater by the ones initiating the attack. This was not </p>
<p style="top:572.9pt;left:393.1pt">a war of conquest; it was a civil war. So both sides probably were </p>
<p style="top:587.9pt;left:393.1pt">not too keen on fighting against their cousins and brothers, and </p>
<p style="top:602.9pt;left:393.1pt">the side showing a higher intention of escalating to the clash had a </p>
<p style="top:617.9pt;left:393.1pt">significant advantage. It’s difficult to know for sure.</p>
<p style="top:636.7pt;left:393.1pt">We removed Sieges from the game. These campaigns were not </p>
<p style="top:651.7pt;left:393.1pt">marked by the intention to take one stronghold or another, and </p>
<p style="top:666.7pt;left:393.1pt">fortresses and cities did not impede movement. With sieges not </p>
<p style="top:681.7pt;left:393.1pt">significant enough to call for a specific mechanic, their inclusion </p>
<p style="top:696.7pt;left:393.1pt">would have altered the flow of the game away from the histor-</p>
<p style="top:711.7pt;left:393.1pt">ical facts.</p>
<p style="top:730.4pt;left:393.1pt">These wars also saw a clear avoidance of damaging the popula-</p>
<p style="top:745.4pt;left:393.1pt">tion. Lords seldom ravaged lands, and, when they did, the reac-</p>
<p style="top:760.4pt;left:393.1pt">tion benefitted the opponent. When that did occur, it resulted in </p>
<p style="top:775.4pt;left:393.1pt">bad feelings all around the kingdom against that side doing. That </p>
<p style="top:790.4pt;left:393.1pt">is why Pillage in this game is a negative consequence rather than </p>
<p style="top:805.4pt;left:393.1pt">not a source of victory points like Ravage in the others. </p>
<p style="top:824.2pt;left:393.1pt">We also changed some of the ways the assets worked. Troops </p>
<p style="top:839.2pt;left:393.1pt">during the Wars of the Roses were paid. Not only the mercenaries </p>
<p style="top:854.2pt;left:393.1pt">but also the forces recruited by conscription had an established </p>
<p style="top:869.2pt;left:393.1pt">salary that had to be fulfilled or they would leave the army. That is </p>
<p style="top:884.2pt;left:393.1pt">why we can read of huge debts that nobles in the Wars of the Ros-</p>
<p style="top:899.2pt;left:393.1pt">es amassed to recruit armies. Tax became an essential mechan-</p>
<p style="top:914.2pt;left:393.1pt">ic in the game that linked the maintenance of troops with allies </p>
</div>
<div id="page52" style="background-image:url('playbook/playbook52.jpg');width:765.4pt;height:991.3pt">
<p style="top:946.8pt;left:321.9pt;font-size:11.2pt"><i>© 2023 GMT Games, LLC</i></p>
<p style="top:44.0pt;left:272.6pt;font-size:15.7pt" class="hr">Plantagenet Background Book</p>
<p style="top:46.9pt;left:65.8pt;font-size:13.8pt">52</p>
<p style="top:77.9pt;left:44.4pt">amongst the noble houses that a side could enlist. Historically, an </p>
<p style="top:92.9pt;left:44.4pt">extended network of allies helped obtain resources and loans to </p>
<p style="top:107.9pt;left:44.4pt">pay armies. If there is one limited resource in the game, it is Coin.</p>
<p style="top:126.6pt;left:44.4pt">Once we had put together and tested all the pieces of the game </p>
<p style="top:141.6pt;left:44.4pt">system, with the help of my friend Marc Aliaga, who also did all </p>
<p style="top:156.6pt;left:44.4pt">the prototype graphics, the hard work started.</p>
<p style="top:175.4pt;left:44.4pt">Christophe Correia with Volko led development. They and others </p>
<p style="top:190.4pt;left:44.4pt">did a lot of work to make sure that the mechanics had histori-</p>
<p style="top:205.4pt;left:44.4pt">cal justification, that the model made sense. We adjusted some </p>
<p style="top:220.4pt;left:44.4pt">systems and subsystems to reduce the excess of calculations and </p>
<p style="top:235.4pt;left:44.4pt">make them more elegant and less fiddly. I have a tendency to </p>
<p style="top:250.4pt;left:44.4pt">overcomplicate some mechanics, and Volko led me in a Socratic </p>
<p style="top:265.4pt;left:44.4pt">way on how to change them into something simpler that was clos-</p>
<p style="top:280.4pt;left:44.4pt">er to what we wanted the model to do and a lot more fun to play.</p>
<p style="top:299.1pt;left:44.4pt">We also worked hard on the balance and on increasing the strate-</p>
<p style="top:314.1pt;left:44.4pt">gic options for the players, so that the game would not have just </p>
<p style="top:329.1pt;left:44.4pt">one way of being played well. In <i>Plantagenet</i>, each side may win </p>
<p style="top:344.1pt;left:44.4pt">by a strategy of focusing on Influence, or a strategy of focusing </p>
<p style="top:359.1pt;left:44.4pt">on Battles, or a mixed strategy. And there are lots of ways of con-</p>
<p style="top:374.1pt;left:44.4pt">ducting each of them. The credit for creating such an open game </p>
<p style="top:389.1pt;left:44.4pt">belongs to Christophe, who pushed me hard to give more options </p>
<p style="top:404.1pt;left:44.4pt">to the players and provided some key ideas to achieve that. Chris-</p>
<p style="top:419.1pt;left:44.4pt">tophe designed the full Wars of the Roses scenario, and it is a </p>
<p style="top:434.1pt;left:44.4pt">piece of art.</p>
<p style="top:452.9pt;left:44.4pt">Many other people helped at one time or another during the de-</p>
<p style="top:467.9pt;left:44.4pt">velopment of the game. <i>Plantagenet</i> is a product of teamwork </p>
<p style="top:482.9pt;left:44.4pt">that followed a specific idea: to provide players an experience that </p>
<p style="top:497.9pt;left:44.4pt">brings them into the historical period and, apart from having a </p>
<p style="top:512.9pt;left:44.4pt">good time playing the game, hopefully teaches them something </p>
<p style="top:527.9pt;left:44.4pt">about why the conflict developed as it did and what else might </p>
<p style="top:542.9pt;left:44.4pt">have happened.</p>
<p style="top:561.6pt;left:241.9pt"><i>Francisco Gradaille</i></p>
<p style="top:576.6pt;left:241.9pt"><i>Barcelona, Spain</i></p>
<p style="top:591.6pt;left:241.9pt"><i>December 2022</i></p>
<p style="top:82.7pt;left:396.9pt;font-size:21.9pt"><span style="color:#ffffff" class="h1">Selected Sources</span></p>
<p style="top:116.0pt;left:393.1pt">Bicheno, Hugh. <i>Battle Royal, The Wars of Lancaster and York, </i></p>
<p style="top:131.0pt;left:393.1pt"><i>1440-1462</i> (2015) and <i>Blood Royal, The Wars of Lancaster and </i></p>
<p style="top:146.0pt;left:393.1pt"><i>York, 1462-1485</i> (2016). Hugh Bicheno displays his engaging </p>
<p style="top:161.0pt;left:393.1pt">narrative in these two excellent books. They include abundant </p>
<p style="top:176.0pt;left:393.1pt">charts, lists, and maps that provide data about the conflict and </p>
<p style="top:191.0pt;left:393.1pt">the times, such as lists of bishops and archbishops and of the En-</p>
<p style="top:206.0pt;left:393.1pt">glish Peerage and a map showing the geographic distribution of </p>
<p style="top:221.0pt;left:393.1pt">the main nobles’ estates.</p>
<p style="top:239.8pt;left:393.1pt">Butley, Peter, Michael Elliot, and Harvey Watson. <i>The Battles of </i></p>
<p style="top:254.8pt;left:393.1pt"><i>St Albans</i> (2007). An exhaustive account of these famous battles, </p>
<p style="top:269.8pt;left:393.1pt">with extra information about the campaigns that led to them and </p>
<p style="top:284.8pt;left:393.1pt">the military tactics employed.</p>
<p style="top:303.5pt;left:393.1pt">Evans, Graham. <i>The Battle of Edgcote 1469, Re-evaluating the </i></p>
<p style="top:318.5pt;left:393.1pt"><i>evidence</i> (2019). The best source of information for this rela-</p>
<p style="top:333.5pt;left:393.1pt">tively unknown battle. It includes an analysis of problems re-</p>
<p style="top:348.5pt;left:393.1pt">garding the validity of sources that any book about this conflict </p>
<p style="top:363.5pt;left:393.1pt">might encounter.</p>
<p style="top:382.3pt;left:393.1pt">Ingram, Mike. <i>Richard III and the Battle of Bosworth</i> (2019). An </p>
<p style="top:397.3pt;left:393.1pt">account of the famous battle that ended the Plantagenet dynasty. </p>
<p style="top:412.3pt;left:393.1pt">The first chapter of some 20 pages is the best summary of the </p>
<p style="top:427.3pt;left:393.1pt">Wars of the Roses to be found. The book adds lots of informa-</p>
<p style="top:442.3pt;left:393.1pt">tion about weaponry, army structure, and the personalities of both </p>
<p style="top:457.3pt;left:393.1pt">Richard III and Henry VI.</p>
<p style="top:476.0pt;left:393.1pt">Lewis, Matthew. <i>The Wars of the Roses: The Key Players in the </i></p>
<p style="top:491.0pt;left:393.1pt"><i>Struggle for Supremacy</i> (2015). A different approach to narrating </p>
<p style="top:506.0pt;left:393.1pt">the Wars of the Roses. In this book we follow the lives of the main </p>
<p style="top:521.0pt;left:393.1pt">actors in the war, and with them we understand how their person-</p>
<p style="top:536.0pt;left:393.1pt">alities shaped the conflict.</p>
<p style="top:554.8pt;left:393.1pt">Seward, Desmond. <i>The Wars of the Roses: Through the Lives of </i></p>
<p style="top:569.8pt;left:393.1pt"><i>Five Men and Women of the Fifteenth Century</i> (1995). This book </p>
<p style="top:584.8pt;left:393.1pt">provides a very valuable and unusual point of view, as it is fo-</p>
<p style="top:599.8pt;left:393.1pt">cused in the second level actors of the conflict. Characters such as </p>
<p style="top:614.8pt;left:393.1pt">Margaret Beaufort, Jane Shore, Dr Morton, and William Hastings </p>
<p style="top:629.8pt;left:393.1pt">become the protagonists of this telling of the wars.</p>
<p style="top:648.5pt;left:393.1pt">Shakespeare, William. <i>Henry VI, Parts 1, 2 & 3; Richard III </i></p>
<p style="top:663.5pt;left:393.1pt">(1591-1594). Not the most accurate historical recollection, but a </p>
<p style="top:678.5pt;left:393.1pt">very entertaining one to read. </p>
<p style="top:697.3pt;left:393.1pt">Weir, Alison. <i>Lancaster and York: The Wars of the Roses</i> (1995). </p>
<p style="top:712.3pt;left:393.1pt">If anybody wanted to understand the Wars of the Roses by reading </p>
<p style="top:727.3pt;left:393.1pt">only one book, it should be this one. Although a bit lacking in the </p>
<p style="top:742.3pt;left:393.1pt">military analysis, it more than compensates with the information </p>
<p style="top:757.3pt;left:393.1pt">given about how economics, religion, and foreign interests influ-</p>
<p style="top:772.3pt;left:393.1pt">enced the faction leaders’ actions.</p>
<p style="top:791.0pt;left:393.1pt">Wise, Terence. <i>The Wars of the Roses</i> (1983). This Osprey book </p>
<p style="top:806.0pt;left:393.1pt">of around 40 pages provides a good summary of the conflict, with </p>
<p style="top:821.0pt;left:393.1pt">abundant illustrations and maps. Not the most up-to-date source </p>
<p style="top:836.0pt;left:393.1pt">of information, but more than enough to get a quick understand-</p>
<p style="top:851.0pt;left:393.1pt">ing of how the conflict’s battles developed.</p>
</div>
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<p style="top:947.9pt;left:321.9pt;font-size:11.2pt"><i>© 2023 GMT Games, LLC</i></p>
<p style="top:44.0pt;left:272.6pt;font-size:15.7pt" class="hr">Plantagenet Background Book</p>
<p style="top:46.9pt;left:685.9pt;font-size:13.8pt">53</p>
<p style="top:143.3pt;left:393.1pt"><b>ART:</b> </p>
<p style="top:160.8pt;left:414.4pt">Robert Altbauer—Gameboard, counters, mats, screens, </p>
<p style="top:175.8pt;left:414.4pt">stickers, Lord cards, Command cards, card backs.</p>
<p style="top:193.3pt;left:414.4pt">Matthew Wallhead—Box cover, Arts of War cards, </p>
<p style="top:208.3pt;left:414.4pt">player aid charts, titling.</p>
<p style="top:225.8pt;left:414.4pt">Charlie Kibler—Manuals.</p>
<p style="top:243.3pt;left:414.4pt">Marc Aliaga—Prototype Art.</p>
<p style="top:260.8pt;left:414.4pt">Sodacan—Prince of Wales Coat of Arms.</p>
<p style="top:280.8pt;left:393.1pt"><b>VASSAL MODULE:</b> Christophe Correia, Brian Reynolds, </p>
<p style="top:295.8pt;left:393.1pt">Stephen Stone.</p>
<p style="top:141.9pt;left:64.7pt"><b>GAME DESIGN:</b> Francisco Gradaille. </p>
<p style="top:161.9pt;left:64.7pt"><b>DEVELOPMENT & SCENARIO DESIGN: </b>Christophe </p>
<p style="top:176.9pt;left:64.7pt">Correia.</p>
<p style="top:196.9pt;left:64.7pt"><b>SERIES CREATOR:</b> Volko Ruhnke.</p>
<p style="top:216.9pt;left:64.7pt"><b>HISTORICAL ADVISOR:</b> Graham Evans.</p>
<p style="top:236.9pt;left:64.7pt"><b>PLAYTEST: </b>Marc Aliaga, Joseph Bottoms, John Camp-</p>
<p style="top:251.9pt;left:64.7pt">bell, Joe Dewhurst, Carlos Gete, Antoine McNicoll, John </p>
<p style="top:266.9pt;left:64.7pt">O’Reilly, Marc Pyolle, Stephen Rangazas. Special thanks to </p>
<p style="top:281.9pt;left:64.7pt">attendees of TSCON21 in Cádiz, BellotaCon22 in Badajoz, </p>
<p style="top:296.9pt;left:64.7pt">and Batalladores 2022 in Zaragoza, Spain.</p>
<p style="top:316.9pt;left:64.7pt"><b>PROOFING:</b> Joseph Bottoms, Stuart Ellis Gorman, Justin </p>
<p style="top:331.9pt;left:64.7pt">Fassino, Mark Greenwald, Arno Van de Velde.</p>
<p style="top:96.8pt;left:289.2pt;font-size:37.5pt"><span style="color:#87603d">CREDITS</span></p>
</div>
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</div>
<div id="page55" style="background-image:url('playbook/playbook55.jpg');width:765.4pt;height:991.3pt">
</div>
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<p style="top:44.0pt;left:272.6pt;font-size:15.7pt" class="hr">Plantagenet Background Book</p>
<p style="top:46.9pt;left:65.8pt;font-size:13.8pt">56</p>
<p style="top:79.3pt;left:248.3pt;font-size:25.0pt" class="h1">Arts of War – Card List</p>
<p style="top:107.3pt;left:115.5pt;font-size:13.8pt"><i>This chart provides at a glance the numbers, titles, and pairings of each side’s Arts of War cards.</i></p>
<p style="top:125.0pt;left:181.0pt;font-size:13.8pt"><i>See pages 31 to 51 for detailed notes on each Event and each Capability.</i></p>
<p style="top:155.9pt;left:52.2pt;font-size:11.2pt"><b><span style="color:#ffffff">No.</span></b></p>
<p style="top:156.2pt;left:80.9pt;font-size:11.0pt"><b><span style="color:#ffffff">Roses</span></b></p>
<p style="top:155.9pt;left:144.2pt;font-size:11.2pt"><b><span style="color:#ffffff">Yorkist Events</span></b></p>
<p style="top:155.9pt;left:266.3pt;font-size:11.2pt"><b><span style="color:#ffffff">Yorkist Capabilities</span></b></p>
<p style="top:155.9pt;left:387.1pt;font-size:11.2pt"><b><span style="color:#ffffff">No.</span></b></p>
<p style="top:156.2pt;left:414.8pt;font-size:11.0pt"><b><span style="color:#ffffff">Roses</span></b></p>
<p style="top:155.9pt;left:466.1pt;font-size:11.2pt"><b><span style="color:#ffffff">Lancastrian Events</span></b></p>
<p style="top:155.9pt;left:590.1pt;font-size:11.2pt"><b><span style="color:#ffffff">Lancastrian Capabilities</span></b></p>
<p style="top:173.7pt;left:53.6pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Y1</span></p>
<p style="top:173.7pt;left:127.9pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Leeward Battle Line</span></p>
<p style="top:173.8pt;left:253.1pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Culverins and Falconets</span></p>
<p style="top:173.7pt;left:389.1pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">L1</span></p>
<p style="top:173.7pt;left:461.3pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Leeward Battle Line</span></p>
<p style="top:173.7pt;left:587.9pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Culverins and Falconets</span></p>
<p style="top:191.5pt;left:53.6pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Y2</span></p>
<p style="top:191.5pt;left:145.7pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Flank Attack</span></p>
<p style="top:191.6pt;left:253.1pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Culverins and Falconets</span></p>
<p style="top:191.5pt;left:389.1pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">L2</span></p>
<p style="top:191.5pt;left:479.2pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Flank Attack</span></p>
<p style="top:191.5pt;left:587.9pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Culverins and Falconets</span></p>
<p style="top:209.3pt;left:53.6pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Y3</span></p>
<p style="top:209.3pt;left:151.0pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Escape Ship</span></p>
<p style="top:209.3pt;left:261.0pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Muster’d my soldiers</span></p>
<p style="top:209.3pt;left:389.1pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">L3</span></p>
<p style="top:209.3pt;left:484.5pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Escape Ship</span></p>
<p style="top:209.3pt;left:596.4pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Muster’d my soldiers</span></p>
<p style="top:227.1pt;left:53.6pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Y4</span></p>
<p style="top:227.1pt;left:154.3pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Jack Cade</span></p>
<p style="top:227.5pt;left:255.1pt;font-size:10.8pt"><span style="color:#626366">We done deeds of charity</span></p>
<p style="top:227.1pt;left:389.1pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">L4</span></p>
<p style="top:227.1pt;left:484.8pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Be sent for</span></p>
<p style="top:227.1pt;left:628.9pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Heralds</span></p>
<p style="top:244.9pt;left:53.6pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Y5</span></p>
<p style="top:244.9pt;left:156.1pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Suspicion</span></p>
<p style="top:244.9pt;left:268.0pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Thomas Bourchier</span></p>
<p style="top:244.9pt;left:389.1pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">L5</span></p>
<p style="top:244.9pt;left:489.5pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Suspicion</span></p>
<p style="top:244.9pt;left:607.4pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Church Blessing</span></p>
<p style="top:262.7pt;left:53.6pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Y6</span></p>
<p style="top:262.7pt;left:151.7pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Seamanship</span></p>
<p style="top:262.7pt;left:285.6pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Great Ships</span></p>
<p style="top:262.7pt;left:389.1pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">L6</span></p>
<p style="top:262.7pt;left:485.2pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Seamanship</span></p>
<p style="top:262.7pt;left:621.0pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Great Ships</span></p>
<p style="top:280.5pt;left:53.6pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Y7</span></p>
<p style="top:280.9pt;left:118.1pt;font-size:10.8pt"><span style="color:#626366">Yorkists block Parliament</span></p>
<p style="top:280.5pt;left:285.9pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Harbingers</span></p>
<p style="top:280.5pt;left:389.1pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">L7</span></p>
<p style="top:280.5pt;left:468.4pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">For trust not him</span></p>
<p style="top:280.5pt;left:621.3pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Harbingers</span></p>
<p style="top:298.3pt;left:53.6pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Y8</span></p>
<p style="top:298.3pt;left:153.7pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Exile Pact</span></p>
<p style="top:298.3pt;left:264.3pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">England is my Home</span></p>
<p style="top:298.3pt;left:389.1pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">L8</span></p>
<p style="top:298.3pt;left:471.8pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Forced Marches</span></p>
<p style="top:298.3pt;left:624.3pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Hay Wains</span></p>
<p style="top:316.1pt;left:53.6pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Y9</span></p>
<p style="top:316.1pt;left:151.0pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Escape Ship</span></p>
<p style="top:316.1pt;left:286.2pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Barricades</span></p>
<p style="top:316.1pt;left:389.1pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">L9</span></p>
<p style="top:316.1pt;left:480.7pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Rising Wages </span></p>
<p style="top:316.1pt;left:609.8pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Quartermasters</span></p>
<p style="top:333.9pt;left:50.8pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Y10</span></p>
<p style="top:333.9pt;left:140.6pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Tax Collectors</span></p>
<p style="top:333.9pt;left:289.8pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Agitators</span></p>
<p style="top:333.9pt;left:386.3pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">L10</span></p>
<p style="top:333.9pt;left:455.1pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">New Act of Parliament</span></p>
<p style="top:333.9pt;left:615.3pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Chamberlains</span></p>
<p style="top:351.7pt;left:51.0pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Y11</span></p>
<p style="top:351.7pt;left:144.0pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Blocked Ford</span></p>
<p style="top:351.7pt;left:263.1pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Yorkists Never Wait</span></p>
<p style="top:351.7pt;left:386.5pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">L11</span></p>
<p style="top:351.7pt;left:477.5pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Blocked Ford</span></p>
<p style="top:351.7pt;left:589.5pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">In the Name of the King</span></p>
<p style="top:369.5pt;left:50.8pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Y12</span></p>
<p style="top:369.5pt;left:131.6pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Parliament’s Truce</span></p>
<p style="top:369.5pt;left:263.9pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Soldiers of Fortune</span></p>
<p style="top:369.5pt;left:386.3pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">L12</span></p>
<p style="top:369.5pt;left:496.8pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Ravine</span></p>
<p style="top:369.5pt;left:598.6pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Commission of Array</span></p>
<p style="top:387.3pt;left:50.8pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Y13</span></p>
<p style="top:387.3pt;left:156.7pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Aspielles</span></p>
<p style="top:387.3pt;left:291.1pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Scourers</span></p>
<p style="top:387.3pt;left:386.3pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">L13</span></p>
<p style="top:387.3pt;left:490.2pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Aspielles</span></p>
<p style="top:387.3pt;left:599.7pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Expert Counsellors</span></p>
<p style="top:405.1pt;left:50.7pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Y14</span></p>
<p style="top:405.1pt;left:137.4pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Richard of York</span></p>
<p style="top:405.1pt;left:281.4pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Burgundians</span></p>
<p style="top:405.1pt;left:386.3pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">L14</span></p>
<p style="top:405.1pt;left:498.7pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Scots</span></p>
<p style="top:405.1pt;left:613.4pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Percy’s Power</span></p>
<p style="top:422.9pt;left:50.7pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Y15</span></p>
<p style="top:422.9pt;left:135.5pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">London for York</span></p>
<p style="top:422.9pt;left:274.1pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Naval Blockade</span></p>
<p style="top:422.9pt;left:386.3pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">L15</span></p>
<p style="top:422.9pt;left:467.1pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Henry Pressures…</span></p>
<p style="top:422.9pt;left:615.4pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">King’s Parley</span></p>
<p style="top:440.7pt;left:50.8pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Y16</span></p>
<p style="top:440.7pt;left:146.2pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">The Commons</span></p>
<p style="top:440.7pt;left:269.7pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Beloved Warwick</span></p>
<p style="top:440.7pt;left:386.3pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">L16</span></p>
<p style="top:440.7pt;left:453.4pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Warden of the Marches</span></p>
<p style="top:440.7pt;left:624.2pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Northmen</span></p>
<p style="top:458.5pt;left:50.8pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Y17</span></p>
<p style="top:458.5pt;left:129.0pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">She-Wolf of France</span></p>
<p style="top:458.5pt;left:275.7pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Alice Montagu</span></p>
<p style="top:458.5pt;left:386.3pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">L17</span></p>
<p style="top:458.7pt;left:454.3pt;font-size:11.1pt"><span style="color:#626366">My crown is in my heart</span></p>
<p style="top:458.6pt;left:591.1pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Margaret </span><i><span style="color:#626366">takes the reins</span></i></p>
<p style="top:476.3pt;left:50.8pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Y18</span></p>
<p style="top:476.3pt;left:152.5pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Succession</span></p>
<p style="top:476.3pt;left:293.0pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Irishmen</span></p>
<p style="top:476.3pt;left:386.3pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">L18</span></p>
<p style="top:476.3pt;left:469.5pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Parliament Votes</span></p>
<p style="top:476.3pt;left:608.2pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Council Member</span></p>
<p style="top:494.1pt;left:50.8pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Y19</span></p>
<p style="top:494.1pt;left:157.1pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Caltrops</span></p>
<p style="top:494.1pt;left:288.7pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Welshmen</span></p>
<p style="top:494.1pt;left:386.3pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">L19</span></p>
<p style="top:494.1pt;left:458.0pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Henry’s Proclamation</span></p>
<p style="top:494.1pt;left:604.5pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Andrew Trollope</span></p>
<p style="top:511.9pt;left:50.8pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Y20</span></p>
<p style="top:511.9pt;left:141.4pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Yorkist Parade</span></p>
<p style="top:511.9pt;left:261.6pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">York’s Favoured Son</span></p>
<p style="top:511.9pt;left:386.3pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">L20</span></p>
<p style="top:511.9pt;left:469.0pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Parliament Truce</span></p>
<p style="top:511.9pt;left:588.2pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Veteran of French Wars</span></p>
<p style="top:529.7pt;left:50.8pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Y21</span></p>
<p style="top:529.7pt;left:134.5pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Sir Richard Leigh</span></p>
<p style="top:529.7pt;left:282.3pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Southerners</span></p>
<p style="top:529.7pt;left:386.3pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">L21</span></p>
<p style="top:529.7pt;left:479.8pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">French Fleet</span></p>
<p style="top:529.7pt;left:602.3pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">My Father’s Blood</span></p>
<p style="top:547.5pt;left:50.8pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Y22</span></p>
<p style="top:547.5pt;left:133.5pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Loyalty and Trust</span></p>
<p style="top:547.5pt;left:283.7pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Fair Arbiter</span></p>
<p style="top:547.5pt;left:386.3pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">L22</span></p>
<p style="top:547.5pt;left:476.1pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">French Troops</span></p>
<p style="top:547.5pt;left:608.2pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Stafford Estates</span></p>
<p style="top:565.3pt;left:50.8pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Y23</span></p>
<p style="top:565.3pt;left:135.1pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Charles the Bold</span></p>
<p style="top:565.3pt;left:281.4pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Burgundians</span></p>
<p style="top:565.3pt;left:386.3pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">L23</span></p>
<p style="top:565.3pt;left:455.5pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Warwick’s Propaganda</span></p>
<p style="top:565.3pt;left:626.3pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Montagu</span></p>
<p style="top:583.1pt;left:50.8pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Y24</span></p>
<p style="top:583.1pt;left:135.6pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Sun in Splendour</span></p>
<p style="top:583.1pt;left:292.1pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Hastings</span></p>
<p style="top:583.1pt;left:386.3pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">L24</span></p>
<p style="top:583.1pt;left:455.5pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Warwick’s Propaganda</span></p>
<p style="top:583.1pt;left:596.7pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Married to a Neville</span></p>
<p style="top:600.9pt;left:50.8pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Y25</span></p>
<p style="top:600.9pt;left:139.6pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Owain Glyndŵr</span></p>
<p style="top:600.9pt;left:290.3pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Pembroke</span></p>
<p style="top:600.9pt;left:386.3pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">L25</span></p>
<p style="top:600.9pt;left:471.9pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Wales Rebellion</span></p>
<p style="top:600.9pt;left:619.3pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Welsh Lord</span></p>
<p style="top:618.7pt;left:50.8pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Y26</span></p>
<p style="top:618.7pt;left:134.7pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Dubious Clarence</span></p>
<p style="top:618.7pt;left:274.6pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Fallen Brother</span></p>
<p style="top:618.7pt;left:386.3pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">L26</span></p>
<p style="top:618.7pt;left:473.9pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Henry Released</span></p>
<p style="top:618.7pt;left:592.9pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Edward </span><i><span style="color:#626366">Prince of Wales</span></i></p>
<p style="top:636.5pt;left:50.8pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Y27</span></p>
<p style="top:636.5pt;left:142.7pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Yorkist North</span></p>
<p style="top:636.5pt;left:278.4pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Percy’s North</span></p>
<p style="top:636.5pt;left:386.3pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">L27</span></p>
<p style="top:636.5pt;left:459.4pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">L’universelle Aragne</span></p>
<p style="top:636.5pt;left:614.6pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Barded Horse</span></p>
<p style="top:654.3pt;left:50.8pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Y28</span></p>
<p style="top:654.3pt;left:131.9pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Gloucester as Heir</span></p>
<p style="top:654.3pt;left:290.7pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">First Son</span></p>
<p style="top:654.3pt;left:386.3pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">L28</span></p>
<p style="top:654.3pt;left:464.5pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Rebel Supply Depot</span></p>
<p style="top:654.3pt;left:610.9pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Loyal Somerset</span></p>
<p style="top:672.1pt;left:50.8pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Y29</span></p>
<p style="top:672.1pt;left:162.0pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Dorset</span></p>
<p style="top:672.1pt;left:271.1pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Stafford Branch</span></p>
<p style="top:672.1pt;left:386.3pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">L29</span></p>
<p style="top:672.1pt;left:455.1pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">To wilful disobediance</span></p>
<p style="top:672.1pt;left:615.3pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">High Admiral</span></p>
<p style="top:689.9pt;left:50.8pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Y30</span></p>
<p style="top:689.9pt;left:158.0pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Regroup</span></p>
<p style="top:689.9pt;left:294.8pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Captain</span></p>
<p style="top:689.9pt;left:386.3pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">L30</span></p>
<p style="top:689.9pt;left:466.7pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">French War Loans</span></p>
<p style="top:689.9pt;left:621.7pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Merchants</span></p>
<p style="top:707.7pt;left:50.8pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Y31</span></p>
<p style="top:707.7pt;left:150.5pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Earl Rivers</span></p>
<p style="top:707.7pt;left:284.8pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Woodvilles</span></p>
<p style="top:707.7pt;left:386.3pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">L31</span></p>
<p style="top:707.7pt;left:468.5pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Robin’s Rebellion</span></p>
<p style="top:707.7pt;left:594.5pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Yeomen of the Crown</span></p>
<p style="top:725.5pt;left:50.8pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Y32</span></p>
<p style="top:725.5pt;left:138.2pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">The King’s Name</span></p>
<p style="top:725.5pt;left:280.4pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Final Charge</span></p>
<p style="top:725.5pt;left:386.3pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">L32</span></p>
<p style="top:725.5pt;left:474.8pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Tudor Banners</span></p>
<p style="top:725.5pt;left:623.3pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Two Roses</span></p>
<p style="top:743.3pt;left:50.8pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Y33</span></p>
<p style="top:743.3pt;left:154.5pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Edward V</span></p>
<p style="top:743.3pt;left:271.8pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Bloody thou art</span></p>
<p style="top:743.3pt;left:386.3pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">L33</span></p>
<p style="top:743.3pt;left:469.8pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Surprise Landing</span></p>
<p style="top:743.3pt;left:596.8pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Philibert de Chandeé</span></p>
<p style="top:761.1pt;left:50.8pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Y34</span></p>
<p style="top:761.1pt;left:119.9pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">An honest tale speeds…</span></p>
<p style="top:761.1pt;left:270.5pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">So wise, so young</span></p>
<p style="top:761.1pt;left:386.3pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">L34</span></p>
<p style="top:761.1pt;left:464.9pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Buckingham’s Plot</span></p>
<p style="top:761.1pt;left:629.6pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Piquiers</span></p>
<p style="top:778.9pt;left:50.8pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Y35</span></p>
<p style="top:778.9pt;left:144.3pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Privy Council</span></p>
<p style="top:778.9pt;left:273.1pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Kingdom United</span></p>
<p style="top:778.9pt;left:386.3pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">L35</span></p>
<p style="top:778.9pt;left:463.2pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Margaret Beaufort</span></p>
<p style="top:778.9pt;left:609.9pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Thomas Stanley</span></p>
<p style="top:796.7pt;left:50.8pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Y36</span></p>
<p style="top:796.7pt;left:138.7pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Swift Maneuver</span></p>
<p style="top:796.7pt;left:288.9pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Vanguard</span></p>
<p style="top:796.7pt;left:386.3pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">L36</span></p>
<p style="top:796.7pt;left:460.2pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Talbot to the Rescue</span></p>
<p style="top:796.7pt;left:625.2pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Chevalier</span></p>
<p style="top:814.5pt;left:50.8pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Y37</span></p>
<p style="top:814.5pt;left:132.3pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Patrick de la Mote</span></p>
<p style="top:814.5pt;left:278.4pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Percy’s North</span></p>
<p style="top:814.5pt;left:386.3pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">L37</span></p>
<p style="top:814.5pt;left:457.2pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">The Earl of Richmond</span></p>
<p style="top:814.5pt;left:601.1pt;font-size:11.2pt"><span style="color:#626366">Madame La Grande</span></p>
<p style="top:889.8pt;left:343.5pt">© 2023 GMT Games LLC</p>
<p style="top:906.0pt;left:343.5pt">P.O. Box 1308, Hanford, CA 93232 </p>
<p style="top:922.3pt;left:343.5pt">www.GMTGames.com</p>
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